Pulchrocladia retipora

Last updated

Pulchrocladia retipora
Pulchrocladia retipora 158581993.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Pulchrocladia
Species:
P. retipora
Binomial name
Pulchrocladia retipora
(Labill.) S.Stenroos, Pino-Bodas & Ahti (2018)
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Baeomyces reteporusLabill. (1806)
  • Lichen retiporus(Labill.) DC. (1813)
  • Cenomyce retipora(Labill.) Ach. (1814)
  • Pycnothelia retipora(Labill.) Fée (1825) [2]
  • Cladonia retipora(Labill.) Fr. (1826)
  • Cladina retipora(Labill.) Nyl. (1868) [3]
  • Cladia retipora(Labill.) Nyl. (1876)
  • Clathrina retipora(Labill.) Müll.Arg. (1883)

Pulchrocladia retipora, commonly known as the coral lichen, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found predominantly in Australasia, its habitats range from the Australian Capital Territory to New Zealand's North and South Islands, and even the Pacific region of New Caledonia, where it grows in coastal and alpine heathlands. The lichen features coral-like branches and subbranches with numerous intricate, netlike perforations. It is known by multiple names, with some sources referring to it by its synonym Cladia retipora, or the common name lace lichen.

Contents

The lichen was first scientifically collected by the French biologist Jacques Labillardière on board Bruni d'Entrecasteaux's 1792 expedition. Labillardière erroneously classified it as an alga rather than a lichen. Pulchrocladia retipora holds the distinction of being the first Australian lichen to be scientifically documented. It is now the type species of the genus Pulchrocladia . This genus was established in 2018 as a result of a molecular phylogenetics-led restructuring of the Cladoniaceae.

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by Jacques Labillardière in 1806, as Baeomyces reteporus. The type specimen was collected from Tasmania. [4] This sample was obtained as part of the botanical collections he made during Labillardière's 1791–1794 voyage to the South Seas with the French explorer Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux in an unsuccessful search for the French naval officer Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse. Labillardière had first collected the lichen in 1792, and published the description in Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen, erroneously describing the lichen as an alga. [5] According to the Australian lichenologist Rex Filson, this lichen was the first to be described for Australia. [6]

In its taxonomic history, the species has been shuffled to several genera, some of which are no longer used or have been synonymized with other genera. [1] In 1814, the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius changed the spelling of the specific epithet to retipora (from retepora) when he introduced the new combination Cenomyce retipora. [7] It is not known for certain if Acharius's change was intentional, as he still referred to the basionym as Baeomyces retiporus Labill. The term rete translates to "net", and the correct connecting vowel in such compounds is "i", making retiporus the appropriate spelling. The original spelling by Labillardière is considered an orthographical variant due to the lack of evidence indicating a deliberate choice of spelling. Since retipora is widely recognized, the current spelling has been maintained to avoid confusion. [8]

Other genera that have housed the species are Pycnothelia (Fée, 1825), Cladonia (Fries, 1826), Cladina (Nylander, 1868), Cladia (Nylander, 1876), and Clathrina (Johann Müller, 1883). [1] Nylander proposed the genus Cladia in 1870 to contain three Cladonia species based on their shared trait of having a cortex made of conglutinate (stuck together), longitudinally aligned filaments. In 1883, [9] the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis suggested that the name Cladia could be confused with Cladium (a genus of sedges), and proposed a replacement genus Clathrina. [10] Nylander persisted with the genus name Cladia, a decision that was largely accepted by later taxonomists. Cladia retiporus was the most prevalent name for the lichen for more than a century. [10]

Pulchrocladia retipora is now the type species of genus Pulchrocladia , which was circumscribed in 2018 by Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-Bodas, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, and Teuvo Ahti following a large-scale molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Cladoniaceae. [11]

It is commonly known as the coral lichen, [12] or the lace lichen. [13]

Description

Closeup of highly perforated podetia, with dark reddish brown-coloured apothecia at the end of some branchlets Pulchrocladia retipora 98007710.jpg
Closeup of highly perforated podetia, with dark reddish brown-coloured apothecia at the end of some branchlets

Like most species in the family Cladoniaceae, Pulchrocladia retipora has a cladoniiform growth form, meaning it has both a primary (horizontal) and secondary (vertical) thallus. The primary thallus is nodular (i.e. with small raised areas or swellings), white, and only lasts for a short period. [11] Podetia are the secondary thallus that originate from the primary thallus. The podetia are typically up to 5 cm (2 in) tall, white to pale grey in colour, sometimes tinged pinkish or yellowing or superficially blackening at tips. They are rigid when dry, but become spongy when wet. They are irregularly or dichotomously branched, forming cushiony clumps. The wall is highly perforated (about 5–11 perforations per centimetre), with large, round to ellipsoidal holes. The surface of the podetium is continuously corticate and lacks soredia. The inner medulla is made of twisted strands of hyphae with a cobweb-like form. [11] The lichen, nonetheless, generates soredia-like clusters of algal cells and hyphae within the strands of the inner medulla. [14]

Apothecia occur infrequently. When present, they are small, black, peltate , and crowd together at the ends of small, terminal branches ( branchlets ). The colour of the hymenium ranges from dark reddish-brown to black. Ascospores have dimensions of 25–27 by 5  μm. The conidiomata end on branchlets, and are covered with translucent slime; they produce curved or straight conidia measuring 6 by 1 μm. [11] Specimens collected in Australia tend to have a brownish colouring, while New Zealand specimens range from pure white to grey, to grayish-green, or slightly yellowish. [15] The photobiont partner is green algae from the Trebouxia . Occasionally, free-living algae become trapped in the irregularly intertwined hyphae of the medulla. [16]

Usnic acid and atranorin are the major secondary compounds present in Pulchrocladia retipora. Other compounds present in smaller quantities, identifiable through thin-layer chromatography, are protolichesterinic and ursolic acids, [16] as well as rangiformic acid and norrangiformic acids in many cases. [11] Usnic acid is thought to be responsible for the antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic biological activity of Pulchrocladia retipora lichen extracts tested in in vitro experiments. [17] The hue of P. retipora is determined by the concentration of usnic acid in the thallus, leading to a colour spectrum that ranges from an opaque greyish-white through yellowish-white to a distinct yellow. [14]

Pulchrocladia retipora and P. corallaizon are closely related species, and their similarities may lead to confusion in identifying them. However, one can distinguish them by observing the inner-medulla of Pulchrocladia retipora, which is characteristically tightly packed. In the more mature pseudopodetia of C. corallaizon, there may be areas where the inner medulla is missing or appears less dense. Nonetheless, the medulla always remains compacted in the top branches of the pseudopodetia, ensuring it never appears stranded or corticated. [18]

Habitat and distribution

Pulchrocladia retipora in its native habitat Pulchrocladia retipora 107889002.jpg
Pulchrocladia retipora in its native habitat

Pulchrocladia retipora is widely distributed throughout Australasia. In Australia, it has been recorded from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania. In New Zealand, it is known from both the North and South Islands as well as the Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, and Chatham Islands. In the Pacific, it occurs in New Caledonia. [11]

The coral lichen is common in subalpine peat bogs; it is often found in association with the lichens Cladonia confusa , Rexiella sullivani , and Stereocaulon ramulosum . It is found on peaty soils among tussocks or in heaths comprising Dracophyllum and Leptospermum , most often at the margins of Nothofagus forests, in fellfield, or rarely on surfaces such as rocks, logs, and sand dunes. [12] In the moorlands of the Meredith Range area in Tasmania, it thrives in well-drained, elevated locations, especially close to decomposing buttongrass hummocks. [19]

The lichen replicates vegetatively when new podetia grow from fragments of old podetia. [15] It has highly variable growth rates, ranging from less than 1 mm per year to up to a few centimetres per year. [20] It has been noted to grow in clusters, sometimes up a metre in diameter. The unique morphology of the lichen helps it to survive the exposed heaths it inhabits, as the coral structure increases gas exchange, moderates temperature extremes, and maximises light and water access. [16]

Pulchrocladia retipora grows in cushion-like growths ranging in diameter from about 10 centimetres (4 in) to 100 centimetres (40 in). [12] The New Zealand botanist William Martin remarked finding square metre-sized cushions in the area of Lewis Pass in Canterbury, New Zealand. Lichen cushions about the size of a football have been observed growing on the mountain range in Australia's Grampians National Park. According to Martin, the lichen forms large growths only occur in subalpine zones, with lowland forms being only 5–10 centimetres (2–4 in) in size. [21]

Uses and research

Pulchrocladia retipora is depicted in the top row, centre, of Ernst Haeckel's chart of lichens first published in his 1904 work Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"). Americana 1920 Lichens.jpg
Pulchrocladia retipora is depicted in the top row, centre, of Ernst Haeckel's chart of lichens first published in his 1904 work Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature").

The complex net-like structures of Pulchrocladia retipora are known as fenestrations. [16] Rosmarie Honegger referred to the thallus of this species as "likely to be among the most complex vegetative structures ever produced in the fungal kingdom". [22] The appearance of the lichen has been described as "of considerable beauty resembling lace or coral". As a result, it has been used in floral decoration and architectural design. [12] In his review of The Lichenologist journal's cover designs, German lichenologist Robert Lücking highlighted the design of volume 37, issue 1, from 2005, as particularly striking. This issue featured an image of Pulchrocladia retipora set against a blue-themed background. [23]

Thallus development

Understanding the branching pattern of Pulchrocladia retipora is important for comprehending its unique developmental biology, and some studies have focused on this aspect. The first structure to emerge from the primary thallus is a meristem, which is a solid bundle of tissue comprising only fungal cells. Two adjacent meristem bundles give rise to the erect secondary thallus, the podetium. These bundles continue to split dichotomously , resulting in groups of three meristem bundles. Because the development of same-age bundles is unequal, the developmental differences become more pronounced as the meristem bundles grow farther apart. Splitting of the meristem is not synchronized between approximately same-age bundles; consequently, one meristem bundle or one side of the podetium can grow beyond the others. During its early development, the meristem of P. retipora undergoes slight bends and twists. These early changes become noticeable later in the form of varying angles between the meristem bundles. Perforations that are developmentally unrelated to the central perforation tend to occur early in the lichenised tissue distal to the meristem, while perforations that occur between meristem bundles happen later in development. [24]

Resynthesis

The Pulchrocladia retipora lichen thallus has been successfully resynthesized from isolated mycobiont and photobiont under laboratory conditions. In these experiments, lichen primordia, consisting of fungal mycelia and enclosed algae appear after about one month. After four months, the cultures form small scales that are the starting units for the development of the complex hyphal network that becomes the thallus. Later, the scales differentiate into columns that grow together vertically to form a thin network, and more hyphae join and fuse together to strengthen and stabilize the network. Eventually, algae colonise the network prior to further development of the inner medulla and connecting of the fenestrations. In the laboratory, the entire process takes about two years. [16]

Biomonitoring

The Baseline Air Pollution Station in Tasmania (part of the World Meteorological Organization-Global Atmosphere Watch network) has used Pulchrocladia retipora as a bioindicator to identify how atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Tasmania is affected by human pollution. [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladoniaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<i>Cladonia furcata</i> Species of fungus

Cladonia furcata or the many-forked cup lichen is a species of cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It has an intermediate to tolerant air pollution sensitivity. Extracts of this species have been shown to kill leukemia cells in vitro, and may have possible value in the treatment of cancer.

<i>Cladia</i> Genus of fungi

Cladia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Cladia species have a crustose primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, Cladia aggregata, is widely distributed, occurring from South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

Cladonia mongkolsukii is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Described as new to science in 2011, it is found in lower-elevation montane scrub forests of northeast Thailand and in Sri Lanka. The specific epithet honors Pachara Mongolsuk, a Thai lichenologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichen growth forms</span> Gross morphological classification

Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up of multiple species: a fungus, one or more photobionts and sometimes a yeast. They are regularly grouped by their external appearance – a characteristic known as their growth form. This form, which is based on the appearance of vegetative part of the lichen, varies depending on the species and the environmental conditions it faces. Those who study lichens (lichenologists) have described a dozen of these forms: areolate, byssoid, calicioid, cladoniform, crustose, filamentous, foliose, fruticose, gelatinous, leprose, placoidioid and squamulose. Traditionally, crustose (flat), foliose (leafy) and fruticose (shrubby) are considered to be the three main forms. In addition to these more formalised, traditional growth types, there are a handful of informal types named for their resemblance to the lichens of specific genera. These include alectorioid, catapyrenioid, cetrarioid, hypogymnioid, parmelioid and usneoid.

Teuvo ("Ted") Tapio Ahti is a Finnish botanist and lichenologist. He has had a long career at the University of Helsinki that started in 1963, and then following his retirement in 1997, at the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History. Known as a specialist of the lichen family Cladoniaceae, Ahti has published more than 280 scientific publications. A Festschrift was dedicated to him in 1994, and in 2000 he was awarded the prestigious Acharius Medal for lifetime contributions to lichenology.

Cladonia wainioi or the Wainio's cup lichen is a species of cup lichen found in boreal and arctic regions of the Russian Far East and northern North America.

<i>Cladonia subradiata</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia subradiata is a widely distributed species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is found in Asia, Africa, Melanesia, Australia, New Zealand, and South, Central, and North America.

<i>Cladonia arbuscula</i> Species of cup lichen

Cladonia arbuscula, also referred to as shrubby cup lichen or green reindeer lichen, is a species of cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae.

Rexiella is a lichen genus in the family Cladoniaceae. The genus, originally circumscribed with the name Rexia by authors Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-Bodas, and Teuvo Ahti in 2018, was created to contain the species Cladonia sullivanii, first formally described in 1882 by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis. After publication of the new genus, it was discovered that the name was illegitimate, because an earlier homonym had been published; the generic name RexiaD.A.Casamatta, S.R.Gomez & J.R.Johansen had already been created in 2006 to contain the cyanobacterial species Rexia erecta. The new name Rexiella was therefore proposed in 2019. This name honours the Australian lichenologist Rex Filson, who published monographs on the genera Cladia and Heterodea.

<i>Pulchrocladia</i> Genus of lichen

Pulchrocladia is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2018 by lichenologists Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-Bodas, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, and Teuvo Ahti. The genus name refers to "the beautiful morphology of its species".

<i>Cladonia boryi</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia boryi, also commonly known as fishnet cladonia or fishnet lichen, is a species of lichen. It is distinctive in the genus Cladonia because the stalks (podetia) are very wide, seemingly hollow, and often perforated, hence the colloquial name - the fishnet lichen. It is also known as Bory's cup lichen.

Cladonia camerunensis is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Cameroon, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologists Teuvo Ahti and Adam Flakus. The type specimen was collected on Minloua Mountain, west of Yaoundé, at an altitude of 780 m (2,560 ft). Here the lichen was found growing among plant debris over rock in open areas. The species is only known to occur in two locations on Minloua Mountain, which is a tropical inselberg. Secondary chemicals that are found in the lichen include barbatic acid and didymic acid.

Cladonia compressa is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Bolivia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologists Teuvo Ahti and Adam Flakus. The type specimen was collected by the second author near Siniari colony at an altitude of 2,186 m (7,172 ft). Here, in a Yungas secondary cloud forest, the lichen was found growing on the ground, in humus-rich mineral soil. The specific epithet compressa refers to the compressed podetia. Secondary compounds that occur in the lichen include fumarprotocetraric acid (major), and minor to trace amounts of protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.

Pulchrocladia corallaizon is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It was first formally described as Cladia corallaizon. The specific epithet corallaizon, modified from Greek, means "ever-living coral". In 2018, it was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Pulchrocladia.

Pulchrocladia ferdinandii is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It was first formally described as Cladonia ferdinandii by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1882. The specific epithet honours German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, who collected the type specimen near Esperance, Western Australia. Rex Filson transferred the taxon to Cladia in 1970. In 2018, it was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Pulchrocladia.

<i>Cladonia rei</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia rei, commonly known as the wand lichen, is a species of ground-dwelling, fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is a widely distributed species, having been reported from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America. It is identified by its slightly dirty-colored, rough-surfaced, slender podetia that grow up to 9 cm (3.5 in) tall. Diagnostic characters of the lichen include the continuously sorediate, green-and-brown-mottled, podetia that taper upward to a point, while chemically, it contains homosekikaic and sekikaic acids. Its reduced capacity to bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals from its surroundings, as well as its ability to switch photobiont partners, allows the lichen to colonize and survive highly polluted habitats. There are several other Cladonia species that are somewhat similar in appearance, but can be distinguished either by subtle differences in morphology, or by the secondary chemicals they contain.

Cladonia trassii is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It has a circumpolar distribution and is found in arctic/alpine and subarctic habitats.

Cladonia longisquama is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It occurs in the Seychelles, where it grows on moss-covered rocks.

Cladonia vescula is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is known for its small size and unique chemical composition. It can be found in the montane cloud forests and pre-Andean Amazonian forests of Bolivia and Peru, where it grows on mineral soil mixed with humus. This species closely resembles Cladonia peziziformis and Cladonia corymbosula in morphology, but it is more slender and almost entirely lacking a cortex.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Synonymy: Pulchrocladia retipora (Labill.) S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas & Ahti, in Stenroos, Pino-Bodas, Hyvönen, Lumbsch & Ahti, Cladistics: 10.1111/cla.12363, 30 (2018)". Species Fungorum. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Fée, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire (1825). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot père et fils. p. xcviii.
  3. ↑ Nylander, W. (1876). "Lichenes rapportes de l'Isle Campbell, par M. Filhol". Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in Latin). 83: 87–90.
  4. ↑ Labillardière, JJ. (1806). Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen (in Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Ex typographia Dominæ Huzard. p. 110.
  5. ↑ "Coral lichen - a scientific first". Shaping Tasmania: a journey in 100 objects. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  6. ↑ Filson, Rex (1976). "Australian lichenology: a brief history" (PDF). Muelleria. 3 (3): 183–190.
  7. ↑ Acharius, Erik (1814). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum (in Latin). Lund: Svanborg and Company. p. 248.
  8. ↑ Filson 1981, pp. 2–3, 24.
  9. ↑ Müller, J. (1883). "Lichenologische Beiträge XVII". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 66: 75–80.
  10. 1 2 Filson 1981, pp. 2–3.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stenroos, Soili; Pino‐Bodas, Raquel; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Lumbsch, Helge Thorsten; Ahti, Teuvo (2018). "Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci". Cladistics. 35 (4): 351–384. doi:10.1111/cla.12363. hdl: 10261/247495 . PMID   34633698. S2CID   92664622.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Hutchison, Melissa. "Pulchrocladia retipora". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  13. ↑ Wassilieff, Maggy (24 September 2007). "Lichens - Lichens in New Zealand". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  14. 1 2 Filson 1981, p. 6.
  15. 1 2 Martin, William (1958). "Notes on Cladonia, subgenus Clathrina". The Bryologist. 61 (1): 78–81. doi:10.2307/3239970. JSTOR   3239970.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Stocker-Wörgötter, Elfie; Elix, John A. (2006). "Morphogenetic strategies and induction of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in cultured lichen-forming Ascomycota, as exemplified by Cladia retipora (Labill.) Nyl. and Dactylina arctica (Richards) Nyl" (PDF). Symbiosis. 40: 9–20.
  17. ↑ Perry, Nigel B.; Benn, Michael H.; Brennan, Nerida J.; Burgess, Elain J.; Ellis, Gil; Galloway, David J.; Lorimer, Stephen D.; Tangney, Raymond S. (1999). "Antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activity of New Zealand lichens". The Lichenologist. 31 (6): 627–636. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0241.
  18. ↑ Filson 1981, p. 20.
  19. ↑ Kantvilas, Gintaras; Jarmin, Jean (March 2011). Lichens of the Meredith Range (Report). Tasmanian Herbarium.
  20. 1 2 Hogan, Chad M.; Proemse, Bernadette C.; Barmuta, Leon A. (2017). "Isotopic fingerprinting of atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur using lichens (Cladia retipora) in Tasmania, Australia". Applied Geochemistry. 84: 126–132. Bibcode:2017ApGC...84..126H. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.06.007.
  21. ↑ Martin, William (1965). "The lichen genus Cladia". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 3 (2): 8.
  22. ↑ Honegger, Rosmarie (1993). "Developmental biology of lichens". New Phytologist. 125 (4): 659–677 [672]. doi: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.1993.TB03916.X . PMID   33874446.
  23. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2021). "Peter D. Crittenden: meta-analysis of an exceptional two-decade tenure as senior editor of The Lichenologist, the flagship journal of lichenology". The Lichenologist. 53 (1): 3–19 [5]. doi: 10.1017/s0024282920000560 .
  24. ↑ Hammer, Samuel (2000). "Meristem growth dynamics and branching patterns in the Cladoniaceae". American Journal of Botany. 87 (1): 33–47. doi: 10.2307/2656683 . PMID   10636828.

Cited literature

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.