| Red-headed trogon | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Trogoniformes |
| Family: | Trogonidae |
| Genus: | Harpactes |
| Species: | H. erythrocephalus |
| Binomial name | |
| Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834) | |
The red-headed trogon (Harpactes erythrocephalus) is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae.
H. erythrocephalus comes from the Ancient Greek terms ἐρυθρός eruthros meaning red and κεφαλή, kephalē meaning head.
The red-headed trogon is on average 34 cm (13 in) in length. The male has a red head and breast, a unique feature in the Trogon group. The female resembles the Diard's trogon without a speckled undertail. [2]
The head, neck and upper breast of an adult male is dull crimson. A narrow white band crosses the mid breast, underneath which the lower breast to abdomen is light red to pink. Pale red can be observed on the flanks whereas the mantle and back of the bird are rusty brown. The male perches on branches with the support of mauve-blue legs. Regarding wing colouration, the lesser and median wing coverts, secondary coverts, as well as outer webs of tertials and secondaries are vermiculated black and white. The primary feathers also appear black and white. As for the bird's long tail, the central feathers are dark brown with a black tip, the second and third pairs are black and the outer pairs are white with black bases. Finally, a black-tipped cobalt blue bill, a deep mauve-blue gape and eyering and reddish-brown irises shape the bird's face. [2]
The head, neck and upper breast of an adult female are olive-brown. Just like the male, a narrow white band crosses the mid breast, underneath which the lower breast to abdomen is light red to pink. The mantle and back appear orange to brown in colour. The wings are vermiculated dark brown and yellowish brown. The tail feathers are very similar to those of the males. The bill, gape and bare eyering are pale blue on females. [2]
At the juvenile stage, the head, neck and upper-parts are buff brown, whereas the underparts appear buff white. No black tip on the narrower central tail feathers can be observed. [2]
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Mass (g) | 85-110 | 76 |
| Wing length (mm) | 144-156 | 140-156 |
| Tail length (mm) | 154-185 | 160-192 |
| Bill length (mm) | 19-21 | 19-21 |
| Tarsal length (mm) | 16-18 | 16-18 |
Trogon erythrocephalus was the scientific name proposed by John Gould in 1834 for a red-headed trogon specimen from Yangon in Myanmar. [3] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several specimens were described:
The red-headed trogon is widely distributed from central Nepal, Southeast Asia, southern China to Sumatra. [1] It is uncommon to scarce in Nepal where habitat destruction most certainly explains a rapid decline in population numbers. [13] It is fairly common in northeastern India, frequent in Bhutan, and locally dispersed in Bangladesh. [14] [15] It prefers upland forests and lives in dense broadleaved forests and in tropical and subtropical zones in the Himalayan foothills. In Southeast Asia, it frequents broadleaved evergreen forests from 300 to 2,600 m (980 to 8,530 ft). [16] [17] In Myanmar, it lives in bamboo and oak forests at an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). [18] [19] In Laos, it occurs in evergreen forests and adjacent plains 1,700 m (5,600 ft). [20] [21] The forests in Vietnam appear to be a stronghold. [22] [23] In northern, western and southern Thailand, it favours climax broadleaved evergreen forests between 400 and 2,000 m (1,300 and 6,600 ft). [24] [25] On the Malay Peninsula, it inhabits evergreen lowland, lower montane and taller upper montane forests at elevations ranging from 300 to 1,680 m (980 to 5,510 ft). Farther south, it is rarely seen below 700 m (2,300 ft). [26] [17]
The red-headed trogon has often been observed perching on shaded branches waiting for prey, alone or in pairs. Its flight between trees is often sluggish and very low, only a few meters above the ground. [2] It is most active in the early morning hours and at night, when pursuing moths at the edges of forest clearings. [27] In central southern Thailand, it shares habitat with the Orange-breasted trogon (Harpactes oreskios). The two species often follow flocks of foraging birds taking advantage of the insects they flush out. [24] In most regions, it is sedentary, but also been observed to migrate between different elevations in northern and southern Laos. [20] [17]
The male's call resembles that of the Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus): a sequence of usually five to six, well-spaced mellow “tyaup” notes, repeated every minute. [17] [28] Occasionally the male calls an extended “pluu-du” note marked by a significant terminal drop in pitch. The call is repeated every 3–6 seconds. [29]
The red-headed trogon feeds primarily on insects and their larvae, including green orthopterans, stick-insects, cicadas, millipedes, flies, beetles, centipedes, woodlice and moths. It also feeds on leaves and fruits. [17] [30]
The red-headed trogon usually builds nests in a natural tree cavity 1.5 to 5 m (4 ft 11 in to 16 ft 5 in) above the ground. The entrance hole is generally wide, and occasionally, the mating pair excavates the entire nesting cavity. Sometimes, it uses old nesting holes of woodpeckers and barbets. [2] The female lays 2 to 4 round, cream coloured, glossy eggs, measuring approximately 26.5 mm–27.5 mm × 23.5 mm–24.0 mm (1.04 in–1.08 in × 0.93 in–0.94 in). Both sexes contribute to the nesting process, namely excavating, incubating the eggs, brooding and feeding the offspring. Females incubate and spend more time brooding, also at night. Males provide food for the chicks. During the day, the pair broods in turns, but also incubate together. In Thailand, nesting occurs in March and continues until July. Chicks hatch after an incubation period of 18 days and leave the nest after 13.4 days. [31] In Northern India, females lay eggs between mid April and mid July, with a peak in May and June. [32] In China and Myanmar, they lay eggs in April. [17] [19] On the Malay Peninsula dependent juveniles have been observed between early March and late May. [26] [17] [31]
The trogons and quetzals are birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family, the Trogonidae. The family Trogonidae contains 46 species in seven genera. The fossil record of the trogons dates back 49 million years to the Early Eocene. They might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order Coraciiformes and order Passeriformes or be closely related to mousebirds and owls. The word trogon is Greek for "nibbling" and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests.
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Media related to Harpactes erythrocephalus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Harpactes erythrocephalus at Wikispecies