Trogon | |
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Elegant trogon (Trogon elegans) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Trogoniformes |
Family: | Trogonidae |
Genus: | Trogon Brisson, 1760 |
Type species | |
Trogon viridis Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Species | |
See text. |
Trogon is a genus of Coraciimorphae birds in the trogon family. Its members occur in forests and woodlands of the Americas, ranging from southeastern Arizona to northern Argentina.
They have large eyes, stout hooked bills, short wings, and long, squared-off, strongly graduated tails; black and white tail-feather markings form distinctive patterns on the underside. Males have richly colored metallic plumage, metallic on the upperparts. [1] Although many have brightly coloured bare eye-rings, they lack the colorful patches of bare facial skin in their African counterparts, Apaloderma . [2] Females and young are duller and sometimes hard to identify in the field. [1] Eggs are white or bluish-white, unlike the pale blue eggs of quetzals. [2] See the family account for further details.
The genus Trogon was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the green-backed trogon (Trogon viridis) as the type species. [3] [4] The name of the genus is from the Ancient Greek τρωγων trōgōn for "fruit-eating" or "gnawing". [5] The name had previously been used by the German naturalist Paul Möhring in 1752 for the blue-crowned trogon (Trogon curucui). [6]
The following cladogram shows the relationships between the 20 species placed in the genus. It is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by Jeffrey Dacosta and John Klicka that was published in 2008. [7] The cladogram incorporates the species splits that resulted from this study. [8]
Trogon |
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Certain plumage features map onto the phylogeny. In Clade A the females are brown-backed while in the other two clades females are gray-backed. The males in Clade A are all green-headed. In Clade B the males are green-headed and have mostly dark undertail patterns. In Clade C males are blue- or black-headed and have white or contrasting black-and-white undertail patterns. The belly color does not map onto the phylogeny. For example, in Clade C Baird's trogon is red-bellied while the white-tailed trogon is yellow-bellied. Similarly, the blue-crowned trogon is red-bellied while the Guianan trogon is yellow-bellied. [7]
The 20 species now recognised in the genus are: [8]
Male | Female | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
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![]() | ![]() | Black-throated trogon or Yellow-bellied Trogon | Trogon rufus | Honduras south to western Ecuador and northern Argentina |
![]() | ![]() | Elegant trogon | Trogon elegans | Guatemala in the south as far north as the upper Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico |
![]() | ![]() | Mountain trogon | Trogon mexicanus | Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico and has occurred in El Salvador |
![]() | Collared trogon | Trogon collaris | northern Colombia, northern Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago | |
![]() | ![]() | Masked trogon | Trogon personatus | the Andes |
![]() | ![]() | Lattice-tailed trogon | Trogon clathratus | Costa Rica and Panama |
![]() | ![]() | Slaty-tailed trogon | Trogon massena | southeastern Mexico south through Central America, to Colombia, and a small region of northwestern Ecuador |
![]() | Ecuadorian trogon | Trogon mesurus (split from T. melanurus) | western Ecuador and far north-western Peru | |
![]() | Chocó trogon | Trogon comptus | western Colombia and north-western Ecuador. | |
![]() | ![]() | Black-tailed trogon | Trogon melanurus | north-western South America and adjacent Panama |
![]() | Citreoline trogon | Trogon citreolus | western Mexico | |
![]() | ![]() | Black-headed trogon | Trogon melanocephalus | northern Colombia, northern Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago |
![]() | ![]() | Green-backed trogon | Trogon viridis | the Amazon, the Guiana Shield, Trinidad, and the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil |
![]() | ![]() | Baird's trogon | Trogon bairdii | Costa Rica and far western Panama |
![]() | White-tailed trogon | Trogon chionurus (split from T. viridis) | Chocó, ranging from Panama, through western Colombia, to western Ecuador | |
![]() | ![]() | Gartered trogon | Trogon caligatus (split from T. violaceus) | east-central Mexico, south through Central America, to west or north of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela |
Amazonian trogon | Trogon ramonianus (split from T. violaceus) | the Amazon | ||
![]() | ![]() | Surucua trogon | Trogon surrucura | south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and far north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay |
![]() | Guianan trogon | Trogon violaceus | Mexico, Central America, and northern South America | |
| Blue-crowned trogon | Trogon curucui | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru | |
The trogons and quetzals are birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family, the Trogonidae. The family Trogonidae contains 46 species in seven genera. The fossil record of the trogons dates back 49 million years to the Early Eocene. They might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order Coraciiformes and order Passeriformes or be closely related to mousebirds and owls. The word trogon is Greek for "nibbling" and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests.
The todies are a family, Todidae, of tiny Caribbean birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. The family has one living genus, Todus, and one genus known from the fossil record, Palaeotodus.
The African grey hornbill is a member of the hornbill family of mainly tropical near-passerine birds found in the Old World. It is a widespread resident breeder in much of sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula. The African grey hornbill has escaped or been deliberately released into Florida, USA, but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes.
The Guianan trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon and quetzal family Trogonidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.
The Namaqua dove is a small pigeon. It is the only species in the genus Oena. It is found over much of Sub-Saharan Africa as well as Arabia and Madagascar.
The blue-headed parrot, also known as the blue-headed pionus is a medium-sized parrot of about 27 cm (11 in) in length. The body is mostly green, with a blue head and neck, and red undertail coverts. It is a resident in tropical and subtropical South America and southern Central America, from Costa Rica, Venezuela and the Caribbean island of Trinidad south to Bolivia and Brazil.
The painted redstart or painted whitestart is a species of New World warbler found in mountainous areas across inland Central America. They are among the largest warblers, reaching the length of 6 inches (150 mm), tail included. Adult birds have glossy black plumage, with white strips on the wing and a bright red belly. Female and male birds have similar appearance. Female painted redstarts have a rare feature of being as good singers as the males.
The collared aracari or collared araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.
The little black cormorant is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. It is common in smaller rivers and lakes throughout most areas of Australia and northern New Zealand, where it is known as the little black shag. It is around sixty centimetres long, and is all black with blue-green eyes.
The yellow-faced grassquit is a passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae and is the only member of the genus Tiaris. It is native to the Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
The Cape bulbul is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is an endemic resident breeder in coastal bush, open forest, gardens and fynbos in western and southern South Africa. This species nests mainly in the southern spring from September to November. The nest is a thick-walled cup concealed by foliage in a small tree or shrub.
The souimanga sunbird is a small passerine bird of the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western Indian Ocean where it occurs on Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.
The vervain hummingbird is a species of hummingbird in tribe Mellisugini of subfamily Trochilinae, the "bee hummingbirds". It is found on Hispaniola and Jamaica.
Galbula is the type and largest genus of the jacamar family (Galbulidae) of piciform birds, and its suborder Galbulae. Sometimes, the Piciformes are split in two, with the Galbulae upranked to full order Galbuliformes.
The Cuban trogon or tocororo is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is endemic to Cuba, where it is also the national bird.
The orange-bellied trogon is a subspecies of the collared trogon in the family Trogonidae. It is now usually considered as a morph of the collared trogon, but was previously sometimes treated as a separate species. It is found in the Talamancan montane forests of Costa Rica and Panama.
The blue-crowned trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru. As with all trogons, this species is sexually dimorphic. The male has a blue head with an orange orbital ring, a red belly with a narrow white breastband and a green back. The female differs in having a grey head, a grey back and a broken white eye-ring.
The mountain trogon, also known as the Mexican trogon, is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. First described by William John Swainson in 1827, it is resident in Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico and has occurred in El Salvador as a vagrant. Like all trogons, the mountain trogon is sexually dimorphic. The male is metallic green on the crown, nape, upperparts and chest, the latter separated from its bright red belly and vent by a narrow band of white. The female is warm brown on the head, upperparts and chest, separated from its paler brown lower chest and red belly and vent by a narrow white band.
The white-bellied tanager is a medium-sized passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is a resident bird of the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil. It is restricted to areas with humid forest. It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the turquoise tanager.
The green-backed trogon, also known as the Amazonian white-tailed trogon, is a bird in the trogon family Trogonidae. It is widely distributed across the Amazon rainforest with a disjunct population on the southeast coast of Brazil. As with all trogons, this species is sexually dimorphic. The male has a yellow belly without a white breastband, a blue head with a pale-blue orbital eye-ring, a blue bill, a green back and a green tail that is mostly white below. The female is duller with a dark grey head, a dark grey back and some black barring beneath the tail.