Orange-breasted trogon

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Orange-breasted trogon
Harpactes oreskios - Kaeng Krachan.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Trogoniformes
Family: Trogonidae
Genus: Harpactes
Species:
H. oreskios
Binomial name
Harpactes oreskios
(Temminck, 1823)
Synonyms
  • Harpactes dulitensis
In Khao Yai National Park Harpactes oreskios, Orange-breasted trogon.jpg
In Khao Yai National Park

The orange-breasted trogon (Harpactes oreskios) is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is a colorful, sedentary species that inhabits the lower canopy of the lowlands and forest of southern China, southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java.

Contents

The species is insectivorous and hunts from a perch. Adults breed between January and May, excavating their nest into dead tree stumps. Both parents cooperate in raising the chicks.

Taxonomy

The orange-breasted trogon is a member of the order Trogoniformes, in the family Trogonidae, which is a relatively small family made up of 39 tropical species. [2] [3] The genus Harpactes contains the Asian trogons. H. oreskios is the sister group of the Philippine trogon (Harpactes ardens) and Diard's trogon (Harpactes diardii). [4]

Five subspecies are recognized: [5]

Description

Painting by John Gould HarpactesOreskiosGould.jpg
Painting by John Gould

The orange-breasted trogon is a medium-sized bird that measures between 25 and 31 cm in length and weighs about 49 to 57 g. [5] The males have a dull olive-yellow head and a rufous-chestnut colour that extends from the upperparts to the upperpart of the tail. Underneath the tail the body is black and white. Primaries are black with white vertical bars and wing coverts are barred black. There is a yellow-orange lower breast which becomes lighter as it approaches the vent. A blue eye ring is present. The females has a more grey-brown head and upperparts, and a grey breast with yellow at the belly and vent. Both genders have grey feet with two toes pointing backwards, a common trait among trogons. [6] [5] [3]

The subspecies can differ slightly from each other; uniformis and dulitensis are smaller than the other subspecies and have, respectively, a more yellow or green breast; nias has a darker crown and a larger bill that the others; stellae has a paler breast and longer tail. [5]

Distribution and habitat

The different subspecies of the orange-breasted trogon can be found in southern China, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Nias and Laos. [6] [7] [8] [3] [5] H. o. stellae is found form southern China and Myanmar to Indochina; H. o. uniformis is found from southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra; H. o. nias occurs in Nias; H. o. dulitensis occurs in Borneo; and "H. o. oreskios occurs in Java. [5]

The species does not migrate. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and montane forests, humid, lower-to-middle elevation evergreen forests, swampy forests, open dry forests, bamboo forests, thin tree jungles, and sometimes clumps of trees near forests. [5] In Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo, Sumatra and Java they occupy the lowlands at 1100 m, 1300 m, 300–1500 m and 1200 m respectively. In Nias, they occupy low secondary jungle. [5] [6] [3]

Ecology

Vocalization

Generally, the song will start with a 1–3 note “to (to to)” then 3–4 even-pitched “tau-tau-tau”. [5]  The different subspecies might have a slightly different song; the male song of H. o. stellae a five note kek tau-tau-tau-tau-tau with a repeated harsh kek-kek. [6]

Diet

The species is insectivorous. When foraging, the orange-breasted trogon uses the “sally-stall” technique. This consists of pursuing the prey from a perch and then momentarily stalling in front of it with a fluttering motion before seizing it. It can forage from a height of 4.3–13.7 m, most commonly at about 9.5 m. [8] Diet items comprise various arthropods: Phasmatodea, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera larvae. [5] [8]

Reproduction

The period of breeding is different between the different subspecies but on average lasts 2–3 months between January and May. [5] [7] [8] The nest is created by excavating a shallow cavity in the side or on top of a rotten stumps or dead tree limb on an otherwise healthy tree. [7] [8] This is a joint effort from both male and female, where they work in rotation; when one is excavating, the other is perched nearby. [8]

The female lays a clutch of 2–3 eggs. Responsibility of incubation is alternated with the male; males tend to incubate during the day and females overnight. [7] [8] The incubation period lasts around 17–18 days. [5] [7] Eggs are smooth with an oval shape and colored dirty ivory or pale olive, with no markings. [9]

The nestling period is around 12–14 days. [5] [7] Males plays more dominant role in provisioning nestlings than the females; in many cases the male passes food to the female before it is given to the nestlings, rather than feeding them directly. [7]

The species breeds outside the peak availability period for its food items, which is 4–5 months earlier. This may be due to avoidance of the breeding period of the larger red-headed trogon, which competes with the organge-breasted trogon for food. [8]

Conservation

The orange-breasted trogon is classified as Least Concern by the IUNC, however population sizes are decreasing. The species is mostly present in protected areas throughout its range. Current research into the causes of decline is lacking. [1] [5]

Related Research Articles

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The trogons and quetzals are birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family, the Trogonidae. The family Trogonidae contains 46 species in seven genera. The fossil record of the trogons dates back 49 million years to the Early Eocene. They might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order Coraciiformes and order Passeriformes or be closely related to mousebirds and owls. The word trogon is Greek for "nibbling" and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malabar trogon</span> Species of bird

The Malabar trogon is a species of bird in the trogon family. It is found in the forests of India and Sri Lanka. In India it is mainly found in the Western Ghats, hill forests of central India and in parts of the Eastern Ghats. They are insectivorous and although not migratory, may move seasonally in response to rain in hill forest regions. Like in other trogons, males and females vary in plumage. The birds utter low guttural calls that can be heard only at close quarters and the birds perch still on a branch under the forest canopy, often facing away from the viewer making them easy to miss despite their colourful plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resplendent quetzal</span> Species of bird

The resplendent quetzal is a small bird found in southern Mexico and Central America that lives in tropical forests, particularly montane cloud forests. They are part of the family Trogonidae and have two recognized subspecies, P. m. mocinno and P. m. costaricensis. Like other quetzals, the resplendent is mostly omnivorous; its diet mainly consists of fruits of plants in the laurel family, Lauraceae, but it occasionally also preys on insects, lizards, frogs and snails.

<i>Harpactes</i> Genus of birds

Harpactes is a genus of birds in the family Trogonidae found in forests in South and Southeast Asia, extending into southernmost China. They are strongly sexually dimorphic, with females generally being duller than males. Their back is brownish, the tail is partially white, and males of most species have red underparts. They feed on arthropods, small lizards and fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-headed quetzal</span> Species of bird

The golden-headed quetzal or corequenque is a strikingly coloured bird in the genus Pharomachrus. It is found in moist mid-elevation forests from eastern Panama to northern Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jambu fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The jambu fruit dove is a smallish colourful fruit dove. It is a resident breeding species in southern Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei and the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan, Sumatra and Java.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slaty-tailed trogon</span> Species of bird

The slaty-tailed trogon is a near passerine bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Mexico, throughout Central America, and in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eared quetzal</span> Species of bird

The eared quetzal, also known as the eared trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon family, Trogonidae. It is native to streamside pine-oak forests and canyons in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico south to western Michoacán, and southeasternmost Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. This range includes part of the Madrean Sky Islands region of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-breasted malkoha</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-breasted malkoha is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. Found in Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to eastern Java, the Philippines and Borneo, it is a large cuckoo measuring up to 49 cm (19 in) with grey and dark green upperparts and chestnut underparts, and a large curved pale upper mandible. The male and female are similar in plumage. Unlike many cuckoos, it builds its nest and raises its own young.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran trogon</span> Species of bird

The Sumatran trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It was formerly considered conspecific with the Javan trogon under the common name blue-tailed trogon.

<i>Apalharpactes</i> Genus of birds

Apalharpactes is a genus of birds in the family Trogonidae. They are restricted to humid highland forest on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. Unlike all other Asian trogons, their plumage is mainly green above and yellow below. Compared to most trogons, the sexual dimorphism is relatively small. The two species in the genus resemble each other, but A. reinwardtii is larger than A. mackloti, and the male A. mackloti has a chestnut rump-patch, which A. reinwardtii lacks. They feed on arthropods, small lizards and fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine trogon</span> Species of bird

The Philippine trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. Primarily due to its plumage and colors, the bird has been associated with the mythical Ibong Adarna from Filipino epic poems. It is endemic to the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diard's trogon</span> Species of bird

Diard's trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-headed trogon</span> Species of bird

The red-headed trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-naped trogon</span> Species of bird

The red-naped trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinnamon-rumped trogon</span> Species of bird

The cinnamon-rumped trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae or Trogons which are some of the most colourful birds on Earth especially the quetzals found in the Neotropics. There is very little known about this family of birds as a whole and even less information on the cinnamon-rumped trogon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whitehead's trogon</span> Species of bird

Whitehead's trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo, where it is an uncommon resident in primary mountain forest. One of Borneo's largest trogons at 29 to 33 cm long, it is sexually dimorphic. The male is crimson on the head, nape, and underparts, with a black throat and grey chest; the rest of his upperparts are cinnamon-coloured. The female is similarly patterned, but cinnamon-brown where the male is scarlet. The species was first described for science by Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1888, who named it for British explorer and collector John Whitehead. There are no subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispaniolan trogon</span> Species of bird endemic to Hispaniola

The Hispaniolan trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is endemic to Hispaniola in the Caribbean. It is one of the only two trogon species found in the Caribbean. It is the national bird of Haiti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-headed trogon</span> Species of bird

The black-headed trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazonian trogon</span> Species of bird

The Amazonian trogon, is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons and quetzals. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2018). "Harpactes oreskios". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22682851A130084088. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682851A130084088.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Moyle, Robert G. (2005-04-01). "Phylogeny and biogeographical history of Trogoniformes, a pantropical bird order". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 84 (4): 725–738. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00435.x. ISSN   0024-4066.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Robson, Craig (2020-02-06). Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4729-8139-4.
  4. ↑ Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa de los (1998-10-01). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Trogons". The Auk. 115 (4): 937–954. doi: 10.2307/4089512 . ISSN   0004-8038. JSTOR   4089512.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Collar, Nigel; de Juana, Eduardo (2020-03-04). "Orange-breasted Trogon (Harpactes oreskios)". Birds of the World.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Mackinnon, J.R.; Phillipps, K; qi He, F. (2010). A field guide to the birds of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Steward, James S.; Pierce, Andrew J. (2011-05-24). "Breeding biology of Orange-breasted (Harpactes oreskios) and Red-headed (H. erythrocephalus) trogons in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand". Journal of Field Ornithology. 82 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00320.x. ISSN   0273-8570.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Steward, James S.; Round, Philip D.; Milne, John R. (2013-11-01). "Food Availability Fails to Explain Asynchronous Breeding of Two Syntopic Oriental TrogonsLa Disponibilidad de Alimentos No Permite Explicar la Cría Asincrónica de Dos Especies de Trógon Orientales Sintópicas". The Condor. 115 (4): 838–846. doi: 10.1525/cond.2013.120005 . ISSN   0010-5422. S2CID   84758499.
  9. ↑ Hellebrekers, W. P. J.; Hoogerwerf, A. "A further contribution to our zoological knowledge of the island of Java (Indonesia)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 88: 1–64.
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