Resplendent quetzal

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Resplendent quetzal
Pharomachrus mocinno Monteverde 05.jpg
Male in Monteverde, Costa Rica
Resplendent Quetzal female.jpg
Female at nest hole in Savegre, Costa Rica
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Trogoniformes
Family: Trogonidae
Genus: Pharomachrus
Species:
P. mocinno
Binomial name
Pharomachrus mocinno
Subspecies

Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis
Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno

Contents

Pharomachrus mocinno map.png
Range of P. mocinno

The resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) is a small bird found in Central America and southern Mexico that lives in tropical forests, particularly montane cloud forests. They are part of the family Trogonidae and have two recognized subspecies, P. m. mocinno and P. m. costaricensis. Like other quetzals, the resplendent is mostly omnivorous; its diet mainly consists of fruits of plants in the laurel family, Lauraceae, but it occasionally also preys on insects, lizards, frogs and snails.

The species is well known for its colorful and complex plumage that differs substantially between sexes. Males have iridescent green plumes, a red lower breast and belly, black innerwings and a white undertail, whilst females are duller and have a shorter tail. Grey lower breasts, bellies, and bills, along with bronze-green heads are characteristic of females. These birds hollow holes in decaying trees or use ones already made by woodpeckers as a nest site. They are known to take turns while incubating, males throughout the day and females at night. The female usually lays one to three eggs, which hatch in 17 to 19 days. The quetzal is an altitudinal migrant, migrating from the slopes to the canopy of the forest. This occurs during the breeding season, which varies depending on the location, but usually commences in March and extends as far as August.

The resplendent quetzal is considered near threatened on the IUCN Red List, with habitat destruction being the main threat. It has an important role in Mesoamerican mythology, and is closely associated with Quetzalcoatl, a deity. It is the national animal of Guatemala, being pictured on the flag and coat of arms; it also gives its name to the country's currency, the Guatemalan quetzal.

Taxonomy

The resplendent quetzal was first described by Mexican naturalist Pablo de La Llave in 1832. [4] It is one of five species of the genus Pharomachrus , commonly known as quetzals. [5] Quetzal is usually specifically used to refer to the resplendent, but it typically applies to all members of the genera Pharomachrus and Euptilotis . [6] [7] [8] Some scholars label the crested quetzal as a very close relative of the resplendent, and either suggest the crested quetzal to be a subspecies of the resplendent or the two form a superspecies. [9] The quetzal clade is thought to have spread out from where it emerged in the Andes, the resplendent quetzal being the youngest species. [9] The name of the genus, Pharomachrus, refers to the physical characteristics of the bird, with pharos meaning ' mantle ' and makros meaning 'long' in Ancient Greek. [10] The word 'quetzal' came from Nahuatl (Aztec), where quetzalli (from the root quetza, meaning 'stand') means 'tall upstanding plume' and then 'quetzal tail feather'; from that, Nahuatl quetzaltotōtl means 'quetzal-feather bird' and thus 'quetzal'. [11]

Two subspecies are recognized, P. m. mocinno and P. m. costaricensis, although there is an ongoing debate about whether costaricensis should be recognized as a distinct species. [10] The specific epithet mocinno is a Latinization of the name of the biologist José Mariano M. Mociño, a mentor of his. [note 1]

Description

A resplendent quetzal found in the Talamanca cloud forests of Costa Rica Resplendent Quetzal in Costa Rica.jpg
A resplendent quetzal found in the Talamanca cloud forests of Costa Rica

The resplendent quetzal is the largest trogon. [12] It is 36 to 40 cm (14–16 in) long; in the nominate subspecies, the tail streamers measure between 31 cm (12 in) and 100.5 cm (39.6 in), with the median being 75 cm (30 in) for males. The nominate subspecies weighs about 210 g (7.4 oz), while the subspecies costaricensis is slightly smaller than the nominate race, with shorter wings and bills. The tail plumes are shorter and narrower, measuring between 32 cm (13 in) and 86 cm (34 in), with the median being 63 cm (25 in). [13]

Resplendent quetzals have a green body (showing iridescence from green-gold to blue-violet) and a red lower breast and belly. Depending on the light, quetzal feathers can shine in a variant of colors: from green, cobalt, lime, and yellow to ultramarine. [14] Their green upper tail coverts hide their tails and are particularly splendid in breeding males, being longer than the rest of the body. Though the quetzal's plumage appears green, they are actually brown due to the pigment melanin. [10] The primary wing coverts are also unusually long and have a fringed appearance. The male has a helmet-like crest. The bill, which is partly covered by green filamentous feathers, is yellow in mature males and grey in females. Their iridescent feathers, which cause them to appear shiny and green like the canopy leaves, are a camouflage adaptation to hide within the canopy during rainy weather. [14] The quetzal's skin is very thin and easily torn, [15] so it has evolved thick plumage to protect its skin. It has large eyes, adapted to see in the dim light of the forest. [16] Their song is an array of full-toned, mellow, slurred notes in plain patterns and is often remarkably melodious: keow, kowee, keow, k'loo, keeloo. [17]

Distribution and habitat

This species inhabits amidst lush vegetation, in specially moist rainforests at high elevations (900–3,200 m (3,000–10,500 ft)). [note 2] [1] They populate trees that make up the canopy and subcanopy of the rainforest, though they can also be found in ravines and cliffs. [1] It prefers to live in decaying trees, stumps, and abandoned woodpecker hollows. [1] The vivid colors of the quetzal are disguised by the rainforest. [15] The resplendent quetzal can be found from southern Mexico (southernmost Oaxaca and Chiapas) to western Panama (Chiriquí). [18] The ranges of the two subspecies differ: P. m. mocinno is found in southern Mexico, northern El Salvador, and northwestern Nicaragua, Guatemala and Honduras, while P. m. costaricensis is found in Costa Rica and western Panama. [13] The geographical isolation between the two subspecies is caused by the Nicaraguan depression, a 50 km (31 mi) wide, 600 km (370 mi) long bottomland that contains the two largest lakes in Central America, Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua, and the deficiency of the breeding habitats in regions adjoining to. [18] The quetzal migrates from its breeding areas in the lower montane rainforest to the pre-montane rainforest on the Pacific slopes for three to four months (July–October), after which they move across the continental divide to the Atlantic slopes. [19]

Quetzal's abundance in its mating areas is correlated with the total number of fruiting species, although the correlation between quetzal abundance and the number of fruiting Lauraceae species is only marginal. [20]

Behavior

Resplendent quetzals generally display shy and quiet behaviour to elude predators. [21] In contrast, they are rather vocal during the mating season and their behavior is designated to exhibit and attract mates. Their known predators include the ornate hawk-eagle, golden eagle, and other hawks and owls as adults, along with emerald toucanets, brown jays, long-tailed weasels, squirrels, and kinkajous as nestlings or eggs. [21] [22] The resplendent quetzal plays an important ecological role in the cloud forests, helping disseminate the seeds of at least 32 tree species. [10]

Feeding

Female eating a wild avocado Female resplendent quetzal eating a wild avocado.jpg
Female eating a wild avocado

Resplendent quetzals are considered specialized fruit-eaters, feeding on 41 to 43 species, although they also feed on insects (primarily wasps, ants, and larvae), frogs, lizards, and snails. [1] [23] Particularly important are the Symplococarpon purpusii and wild avocados, as well as other fruits of the laurel family, which the birds swallow whole before regurgitating the pits, which helps to disperse these trees. [24] Quetzals feed more frequently in the midday hours. [24] The adults eat a more fruit-based diet than the chicks, who eat insects primarily and some fruits. [24] Over fifty percent of the fruit they eat are laurels. [25] Quetzals use the methods of "hovering" and "stalling" in order to selectively pick the fruit from near the tips of the branches. [24]

Breeding

Resplendent quetzals create their nests over 200 feet (60 m) up in the air and court in the air with specific calls. [14] Six specific vocal calls have been recorded: the two-note whistle, gee-gee, wahc-ah-wahc, wec-wec, whistle, coouee, uwac, chatter, and buzzing. [14] The first call is related to male territorial behavior, while the coouee whistle is a mating call. [14] Resplendent quetzals usually live alone when not breeding. They are monogamous territorial breeders, with the size of their territory in Guatemala being 6–10 ha (15–25 acres). [14] They are also seasonal breeders, with the breeding season lasting from March to April in Mexico, May to June in El Salvador, and March to May in Guatemala. [26] When breeding, females lay one to three pale blue eggs with a mean of 38.9 millimetres (1.53 in) x 32.4 millimetres (1.28 in) in a nest placed in a hole which they carve in a rotten tree. [14] Resplendent quetzals tend to lay two clutches per year and are known to have a high rate of nest failure, 67-78%. [27] One of the most important factors when choosing a nest location for the quetzal is that the tree must be in a stage of decomposition and decay. They often reuse their previous sites. [10] The height of nest stubs is 41 feet (10 m) and the nest holes 31 feet (9 m). [14]

Both parents take turns at incubating, with their long tail coverts folded forwards over out of the hole, giving them the appearance of a bunch of fern growing out of the hole. The incubation period lasts about 17 to 19 days, [1] during which the male generally incubates the eggs during the day while the female incubates them at night. [28] When the eggs hatch, both parents take care of the young, feeding them entire fruits, such as berries and avocados, as early as the second day. However, chicks are primarily fed insects, lizards, snails and small frogs. [22] It was observed that males generally give more food, namely insects, than females. [17] Nestlings are often neglected and even abandoned by females near the end of the rearing period, leaving it up to the male to continue caring for the offspring until they are ready to survive on their own. [17] During the incubation period, parents land and rotate their heads side to side before entering the nest, a process known as "bowing in". [14] This process ends when the chicks hatch. [14] Young quetzals begin flying after a month, but the distinctive long tail feathers can take three years to develop in males. [29]

Conservation status

Monteverde, Costa Rica

The population trend varies between subpopulations but is generally decreasing although certain populations may be increasing or are at least stable. It is classified as being near threatened on the IUCN Red List, with an estimated population of 20,000–49,999 individuals. [1] Due to the remote habitat of the quetzal, more monitoring is required to confirm the rate of decline, and depending on the results it could lead to it moving to a higher threat category. [1] In 2001, the quetzal survived only in 11 small, isolated patches of forest. [30] Its biggest threats are habitat loss because of deforestation, forest fragmentation, and agricultural clearing. [1] The quetzal is also sometimes hunted for food and trapped for illegal trading. [1] [31] Cloud forests, the resplendent quetzal's habitat, are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, [32] but the species occurs in several protected areas and is a sought-after species for birdwatchers and ecotourists. [1]

It was thought that the resplendent quetzal could not be bred or held for a long time in captivity, and was noted for usually dying soon after being captured or caged as a result of assimilation of iron through water ingestion, with this now understood they are now given tannic acid and iron is avoided in their diet. [21] For this reason, it is a traditional symbol of liberty. [33] The national anthem of Guatemala even includes the verse "Antes muerto que esclavo será" (Be rather dead than a slave). However, the scientific discovery about the bird's susceptibility to iron has allowed some zoos, including Miguel Álvarez del Toro Zoo in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, to keep this species. Breeding in captivity was announced in 2004. [34]

In culture

Spiza americana male 94 231051626 13e01e8125 o cropped flipped.png

Songs and calls
Listen to Pharomachrus mocinno on xeno-canto

The resplendent quetzal is of great importance to Guatemalan culture, being present in various legends and myths. It was considered divine and associated with Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent and god of life, light, knowledge and the winds, by pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations. [21] Its scintillating green tail feathers, symbolizes spring plant sprout, were venerated by the Aztec and Maya. [31] The Maya also regarded the quetzal as representative of freedom and wealth on account of quetzals dying in captivity and the worth of their feathers along with jade, correspondingly. [35] Mesoamerican rulers and some high ranked nobles wore diadems created from quetzal feathers, symbolically linking them to Quetzalcoatl. [33] Since the killing of quetzals was forbidden under the Mayas and Aztec criminal law, the bird was merely seized, its prolonged tail feathers deplumed, and was set loose. [21] In ancient Mayan culture, the quetzal feathers were considered so precious that they were even used as a medium of exchange. [21] Thus the name of the Guatemala currency, the quetzal. [36] In various Mesoamerican languages, the word quetzal can as well mean precious, sacred, or king, warrior, prince. [37]

One Mayan legend has it that a resplendent quetzal accompanied the hero, Tecún Umán, prince of the Quiché (K'iche') Maya, during his battle against Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado. Tecún, equipped with just an arrow and bow, nevertheless is able to incapacitate Alvarado's horse on the first strike. Alvarado was then given a second horse and counter-charged against Tecún, running his chest through with a spear. A quetzal flew down and alighted on Tecún's body, drenching its chest in his blood. It was then that the species, which used to be completely green, obtained its characteristic red chest feathers. Additionally, from that day on, the quetzal, which sang delightfully before the Spanish conquest, has been mute ever since; it will sing anew solely when the land is fully liberated. [15] [38]

Notes

^ It is sometimes spelled mocino, but "ñ" was formerly spelled "nn" in Spanish, so the spelling with "nn" is justified and nonetheless now official. [39]
^ There is some variation between sources, some cite that the span is between 1,000–3,000 m (3,300–9,800 ft) while others claim elevations of 1,300–3,000 m (4,300–9,800 ft). [40] [41]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trogon</span> Family of birds

The trogons and quetzals are birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family, the Trogonidae. The family Trogonidae contains 46 species in seven genera. The fossil record of the trogons dates back 49 million years to the Early Eocene. They might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order Coraciiformes and order Passeriformes or be closely related to mousebirds and owls. The word trogon is Greek for "nibbling" and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quetzal</span> Group of birds

Quetzals are strikingly colored birds in the trogon family. They are found in forests, especially in humid highlands, with the five species from the genus Pharomachrus being exclusively Neotropical, while a single species, the eared quetzal, Euptilotis neoxenus, is found in Guatemala, sometimes in Mexico and very locally in the southernmost United States. In the highlands of the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Zacatecas, Jalisco, and Michoacán, the eared quetzal can be found from northwest to west-central Mexico. It is a Mesoamerican indigenous species, but some reports show that it occasionally travels and nests in southeastern Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. June to October is the mating season for eared quetzals. Quetzals are fairly large, slightly bigger than other trogon species. The resplendent quetzal is the national bird of Guatemala because of its vibrant colour and cultural significance to the Maya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collared trogon</span> Species of bird

The collared trogon is a near passerine bird in family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Mexico, throughout Central America, and in northern South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guianan trogon</span> Species of bird

The Guianan trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon and quetzal family Trogonidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

<i>Pharomachrus</i> Genus of birds

Pharomachrus is a genus of birds in the family Trogonidae. Pharomachrus is from Ancient Greek pharos, "mantle", and makros, "long", referring to the wing and tail coverts of the resplendent quetzal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-headed quetzal</span> Species of bird

The golden-headed quetzal or corequenque is a strikingly coloured bird in the genus Pharomachrus. It is found in moist mid-elevation forests from eastern Panama to northern Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slaty-tailed trogon</span> Species of bird

The slaty-tailed trogon is a near passerine bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Mexico, throughout Central America, and in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazonian black-throated trogon</span> Species of bird

The Amazonian black-throated trogon is a bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons and quetzals. Although it has also been called "yellow-bellied trogon" it is not the only trogon with a yellow belly. It is found in every mainland South American country except Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elegant trogon</span> Species of bird

The elegant trogon, previously known as the coppery-tailed trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon family native to Central America. The etymology of the word trogon comes from the Greek word trōgein, meaning "to gnaw", which describes how this species prepares its nests in trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eared quetzal</span> Species of bird

The eared quetzal, also known as the eared trogon, is a near passerine bird in the trogon family, Trogonidae. It is native to streamside pine-oak forests and canyons in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico south to western Michoacán, and southeasternmost Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. This range includes part of the Madrean Sky Islands region of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora.

The bare-cheeked trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae found in the rainforests of western central Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinnamon-rumped trogon</span> Species of bird

The cinnamon-rumped trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae or Trogons which are some of the most colourful birds on Earth especially the quetzals found in the Neotropics. There is very little known about this family of birds as a whole and even less information on the cinnamon-rumped trogon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crested quetzal</span> Species of bird

The crested quetzal /ketSAHL/ is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae native to South America, where it is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-tipped quetzal</span> Species of bird

The white-tipped quetzal is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae found in Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana. Two subspecies have been described. Pharomachrus fulgidus fulgidus is found in the mountains of northern Venezuela and Pharomachrus fulgidus festatus ranges through the Santa Marta mountains of northeast Colombia. Quetzals are iridescent and colourful birds found in forests, woodlands and humid highlands. The white-tipped quetzal has been a limited subject of research. Pharomachrus nests have been studied to analyse the effects of rainfall on breeding, however conclusions are based on single observations. On the IUCN Red list of threatened species, the white-tipped quetzal is listed as a species of least concern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavonine quetzal</span> Species of bird

The pavonine quetzal is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons. It is also known at the peacock trogon, red-billed train bearer, or viuda pico rojo in Spanish. The pavonine quetzal lives in the Neotropics, more specifically in the northern region of the Amazon basin, spreading from Colombia to Bolivia. The most notable characteristics helpful in identifying this bird are its plumage, red beak, and its distribution - it is the only quetzal occupying the lowland rainforest east of the Andes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lattice-tailed trogon</span> Species of bird

The lattice-tailed trogon is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain trogon</span> Species of bird

The mountain trogon, also known as the Mexican trogon, is a species of bird in the family Trogonidae. First described by William John Swainson in 1827, it is resident in Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico and has occurred in El Salvador as a vagrant. Like all trogons, the mountain trogon is sexually dimorphic. The male is metallic green on the crown, nape, upperparts and chest, the latter separated from its bright red belly and vent by a narrow band of white. The female is warm brown on the head, upperparts and chest, separated from its paler brown lower chest and red belly and vent by a narrow white band.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gartered trogon</span> Species of bird

The gartered trogon, also known as the northern violaceous trogon, is a bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Mexico, all of Central America, and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern black-throated trogon</span> Species of bird

The northern black-throated trogon, also known as the graceful black-throated trogon, is a bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons and quetzals. It is found from southeastern Honduras to northwestern Colombia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic black-throated trogon</span> Species of bird

The Atlantic black-throated trogon is a bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons and quetzals. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BirdLife International (2016). "Pharomachrus mocinno". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22682727A92958465. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682727A92958465.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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  3. ↑ "Pharomachrus mocinno". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  4. ↑ Montenegro, Gustavo (2006). "Biografía simbólica". Revista D. Archived from the original on 19 November 2006.
  5. ↑ "Taxonomy of Pharomachrus". ITIS. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  6. ↑ Quetzal. 1890. In: Encyclopædia Britannica a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. Chicago: R. S. Peale & Co. p. 179-180.
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  8. ↑ Gulson, Eric R. (2020). "Eared Quetzal (Euptilotis neoxenus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.earque.01. S2CID   216174032.
  9. 1 2 Dayer, Ashley A. (2020). "Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.resque1.01. S2CID   216317227.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Sittler, Pablo (2019). Acoustic behavior and ecology of the Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno, a flagship tropical bird species. Biodiversity and Ecology. Museum national d'histoire naturelle (phdthesis thesis). Retrieved 6 April 2022.
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  12. ↑ Johnsgard, Paul A. (2001). Trogons and Quetzals of the World. Smithsonian. ISBN   978-1-56098-388-0.
  13. 1 2 Schulz, Ulrich; Eisermann, Knut (December 2017). "Morphometric differentiation between subspecies of Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno and P. m. costaricensis) based on male uppertail-coverts". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (4): 287–291. doi: 10.25226/bboc.v137i4.2017.a6 . ISSN   0007-1595.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A. LABASTILLE; D. G. ALLEN; L. W. DURRELL. "BEHAVIOR AND FEATHER STRUCTURE OF THE QUETZAL" (PDF). Sora.unm.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 Pena, Eric. "Pharomachrus mocinno". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  16. ↑ "National Bird Day Profile: The Resplendent Quetzal". Born Free USA. 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  17. 1 2 3 Dayer, Ashley. "Resplendent Quetzal". Birds of the world. doi:10.2173/nb.resque1.01. S2CID   134966092 . Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  18. 1 2 Solórzano, Sofia; Baker, Allan; Oyama, Ken (2004). "Conservation Priorities for Resplendent Quetzals Based on Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Control-Region Sequences". Ornithological Applications. 106 (3): 449–456. doi: 10.1093/condor/106.3.449 .
  19. ↑ Bjork, Robin; Powell, George (1994). "Implications of altitudinal migration for conservation strategies to protect tropical biodiversity: a case study of the Resplendent Quetzal Pharomacrus mocinno at Monteverde, Costa Rica". Cambridge University Press. 4 (2–3): 161–174. doi: 10.1017/S0959270900002744 . S2CID   73715643.
  20. ↑ Solórzano, Sofía; Castillo, Silvia; Valverde, Teresa; Ívila, Lourdes (2006). "Quetzal Abundance in Relation to Fruit Availability in a Cloud Forest in Southeastern Mexico". Biotropica. 32 (3): 523–532. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00498.x. S2CID   86242565.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tremain, Cara (2016). "Birds of a Feather: Exploring the Acquisition of Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) Tail Coverts in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica". Human Ecology. 44 (4): 399–408. doi:10.1007/s10745-016-9827-8. S2CID   89248314 . Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  22. 1 2 Wheelwright, Nathaniel (1983). "Fruits and the ecology of resplendent quetzals". Ornithology. 100 (2): 286–301. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.286.
  23. ↑ Dayer, Ashley. Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg) (ed.). "Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno)". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  24. 1 2 3 4 H., Ma. Lourdes Avila; O., V. Hugo Hernandez; Verlarde, Enriqueta (25 May 1996). "The Diet of Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus Moncinno mocinno: Trogonidae) in a Mexican Cloud Forest". Biotropica. 28 (4): 720–727. Bibcode:1996Biotr..28..720H. doi:10.2307/2389058. JSTOR   2389058.
  25. ↑ Dayer, Ashley A. (2020). "Resplendent Quetzal - Diet and Foraging - Neotropical Birds Online". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.resque1.01. S2CID   216317227.
  26. ↑ Collar, N.J. (2001). "Family Trogonidae (Trogons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 6 Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp.  126–127. ISBN   84-87334-30-X.
  27. ↑ Dayer, Ashley A. (2020). "Resplendent Quetzal - Breeding - Neotropical Birds Online". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.resque1.01. S2CID   216317227.
  28. ↑ Lebbin, Daniel (2007). "Nesting Behavior and Nestling Care of the Pavonine Quetzal (Pharomachrus pavoninus)". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 119 (3): 458–463. doi:10.1676/06-138.1. JSTOR   20456032. S2CID   85749023 . Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  29. ↑ Tremain, Cara Grace (2016-08-01). "Birds of a Feather: Exploring the Acquisition of Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) Tail Coverts in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica". Human Ecology. 44 (4): 399–408. doi:10.1007/s10745-016-9827-8. ISSN   1572-9915. S2CID   89248314.
  30. ↑ Solórzano, Sofia; Castillo-Santiago, Miguel; Navarrete-Gutiérrez, Dario; Oyama, Ken (2003). "Impacts of the loss of neotropical highland forests on the species distribution: a case study using resplendent quetzal an endangered bird species". Biological Conservation. 114 (3): 341–349. Bibcode:2003BCons.114..341S. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00054-5.
  31. 1 2 "Resplendent Quetzal". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  32. ↑ Reynaud, Javier; Sabillón, Miriam; Barahona, Allan (2022). "Abundance of the Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno (Trogoniformes, Trogonidae) in the tourist sector of a cloud forest reserve". Neotropical. Neotropical Biology and Conservation: 29–38. doi: 10.3897/neotropical.17.e72273 .
  33. 1 2 Evans, Susan Toby; David L. Webster (2000). Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Kahurangi Press. pp. 265–66. ISBN   978-0815308874 . Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  34. ↑ Orellana, Claudia (2004). "Quetzals Bred in Captivity in Chiapas". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2 (7). Ecological Society of America: 345. Bibcode:2004FrEE....2..345O. JSTOR   3868355.
  35. ↑ Owen, Michael (2013). The Maya Book of Life: Understanding the Xultun Tarot. Routledge. p. 423. ISBN   978-0-473-11989-8 . Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  36. ↑ Rafferty, John P. "quetzal". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  37. ↑ Bierhorst, J. 1985. A Nahuatl-English dictionary and concordance to the cantares mexicanos. California: Stanford University Press.
  38. ↑ "Quetzal". Global Village Museum of Arts and Cultures. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  39. ↑ Eisenmann, E. (1959). "The Correct Specific Name of the Quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno". Auk. 76 (1): 108. doi: 10.2307/4081862 . JSTOR   4081862.
  40. ↑ Solórzano, Sofia; Baker, Allan J.; Oyama, Ken (2004). "Conservation Priorities for Resplendent Quetzals Based on Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Control-Region Sequences". The Condor. 106 (3): 449–456. doi: 10.1093/condor/106.3.449 . Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  41. ↑ Dayer, Ashley A. (2010). "Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), version 1.0". Neotropical Birds. doi:10.2173/nb.resque1.01. S2CID   134966092.

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