Phoeniculus

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Phoeniculus
Stavenn Phoeniculus purpureus 00.jpg
Green wood hoopoe (P. purpureus)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Bucerotiformes
Family: Phoeniculidae
Genus: Phoeniculus
Jarocki, 1821
Type species
Upupa erythrorhynchus [1]
Latham, 1790

Phoeniculus is a genus of bird in the family Phoeniculidae. They are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.

Taxonomy

The genus Phoeniculus was introduced in 1821 by the Polish zoologist Feliks Paweł Jarocki with Upupa erythrorhynchus (Latham) (the green wood hoopoe) as the type species. [2] [3] The genus name is a diminutive of the Ancient Greek φοινιξ/phoinix, φοινικος/phoinikos, the phoenix. [4]

The genus contains the following 5 species: [5]

ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
White-headed Wood Hoopoe (cropped).jpg Phoeniculus bollei White-headed wood hoopoe Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Phoeniculus castaneiceps Forest wood hoopoe Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda.
Phoeniculus damarensis granti 190391376.jpg Phoeniculus damarensis Violet wood hoopoe Angola, Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania.
Black-billed Wood-hoopoe (Phoeniculus somaliensis).jpg Phoeniculus somaliensis Black-billed wood hoopoe Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan
Green Woodhoopoe RWD7.jpg Phoeniculus purpureus Green wood hoopoe Sub-Saharan Africa.

Members of this genus have long, slightly down-curved, pointed bills with stout bases. Most spend the day in flocks of 5 to 12 birds, acrobatically climbing in trees or hanging underneath branches, sticking their bills into crevices in search of insects and other small arthropods. [6] They may brace themselves with their long tails as woodpeckers do, but the tail feathers are not stiff like woodpeckers' and wear easily. [7] Though their feet are strong, their floppy and bounding flight is weak and not sustained long. [6] [7] They are noisy and may take breaks from foraging to engage in a "rally": they "cackle" [6] or "chuckle" [7] together and rock back and forth, the wings half opened, the tail oscillating up and down. This ceremony helps keep the group together. [6]

In adult green wood hoopoes (Phoeniculus purpureus), males exhibit a notable sexual dimorphism with bills that are 36% longer than those of females. This characteristic is not attributed to sexual selection or reproductive roles, but rather to ecological separation, which minimizes foraging competition among the sexes. [8]

The groups consist largely of parents, helpers, and young. Helpers are birds that, instead of breeding, help another pair defend the nest and feed the young. This practice improves reproductive success. The helpers may breed the following year; as a result of the bonds they formed with the young they helped, the latter may become their helpers in turn. [6]

References

  1. ↑ "Picidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ↑ Jarocki, Feliks Paweł (1821). Zoologiia czyli Zwiérzętopismo ogólne podług náynowszego systematu (in Polish and German). Vol. 2. Warsaw: w Drukarni Łątkiewicza. p. 63.
  3. ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 250.
  4. ↑ Jobling, James A. "Phoeniculus". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  5. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Fry, C. Hilary (2003). "Wood-hoopoes" . In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp.  383. ISBN   1-55297-777-3.
  7. 1 2 3 Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; Pearson, David J. (1999). Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN   978-0-691-01022-9.
  8. ↑ Radford, A. N.; Du Plessis, M. A. (2004). "Extreme sexual dimorphism in Green Wood hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus) Bill Length: a case of sexual selection?". The Auk. 121 (1): 178–183. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0178:ESDIGW]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0004-8038.


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