Ramphastos

Ramphastos
Choco toucan
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Ramphastidae
Genus:	Ramphastos Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Ramphastos erythrorhynchus = Ramphastos tucanus Gmelin, 1788
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Rhamphastos

The Ramphastos genus, also known as toucans, is a genus of brightly colored, tropical birds that are found throughout Central and South America from Southern Mexico to the southern cone of the South American continent. Toucans are typically characterized by their large, colorful bills, which are used for a variety of functions such as thermoregulation, feeding, and social signaling.

Taxonomy

The genus Ramphastos was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . ^[1] The name is from Ancient Greek ῥαμφηστης/rhamphēstēs meaning "snouted" (from ῥαμφη/rhampē meaning "bill"). ^[2] The type species was later designated by Nicholas Aylward Vigors as the white-throated toucan (Ramphastos tucanus). ^{[3] [4]}

Species

The genus contains eight species: ^[5]

Genus Ramphastos – Linnaeus, 1758 – eight species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Red-breasted toucan	Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766	Eastern Brazil, Pantanal of Bolivia, eastern Paraguay and far north-eastern Argentina	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Channel-billed toucan	Ramphastos vitellinus Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823 Three subspecies Yellow-ridged toucan (R. v. culminatus) - (Gould, 1833): R. v. vitellinus - Lichtenstein, 1823 Ariel toucan (R. v. ariel) - Vigors, 1826	Trinidad and in tropical South America as far south as southern Brazil and central Bolivia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Citron-throated toucan	Ramphastos citreolaemus Gould, 1844	Northern Colombia and north-western Venezuela	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Choco toucan	Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee,, 1945	Chocó forests in western Ecuador and western Colombia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Keel-billed toucan	Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, 1830 Two subspecies R. s. sulfuratus – Lesson, 1830 R. s. brevicarinatus – Gould, 1854	Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Toco toucan	Ramphastos toco Statius Müller, 1776 Two subspecies R. t. toco Statius Müller, 1776 R. t. albogularis Cabanis, 1862	Northern and eastern Bolivia, extreme south-eastern Peru, northern Argentina, eastern and central Paraguay, eastern and southern Brazil	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
White-throated toucan	Ramphastos tucanus Linnaeus, 1758 Three subspecies "Red-billed toucan" (R. t. tucanus) Linnaeus, 1758 "Cuvier's toucan" (R. t. cuvieri) Wagler, 1827 "Inca toucan" (R. t. inca) Gould, 1846	The Amazon Basin including the adjacent Tocantins and Araguaia River drainage	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-throated toucan	Ramphastos ambiguus Swainson, 1823 Three subspecies "Chestnut-mandibled" toucan, R. a. swainsonii - (Gould, 1833) "Black-mandibled" toucan (in part), the nominate R. a. ambiguus - Swainson, 1823 "Black-mandibled" toucan (in part), R. a. abbreviatus - Cabanis, 1862	Central and northern South America	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Former species

Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize additional species or subspecies as species belonging to the genus Ramphastos including:

• Green aracari (as Ramphastos viridis) ^[6]
• Ivory-billed aracari (as Ramphastos Azara) ^[7]
• Black-necked aracari (as Ramphastos Aracari) ^[8]
• Black-necked aracari (atricollis) (as Ramphastos atricollis) ^[9]
• Collared aracari (as Ramphastos torquatus) ^[10]
• Saffron toucanet (as Ramphastos Bailloni) ^[11]

Description

This genus comprises the largest toucans, ranging from 42 to 61 centimetres (17 to 24 in) in length. ^[12] All have black wings, tails and thighs, but the colour of the remaining plumage depends on the exact species involved.

Diversity of bills

• 
  Keel-billed toucan
  (Ramphastos sulfuratus)
• 
  Channel-billed toucan
  (Ramphastos vitellinus vitellinus)
• 
  Green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus)
• 
  Chestnut-mandibled toucan
  (Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii)
• 
  White-throated toucan, (Ramphastos tucanus)
• 
  Toco toucan
  (Ramphastos toco)

Distribution and habitat

Toucans are found throughout Central and South America, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. They inhabit a variety of ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, cloud forests, and savannas. Toucans are particularly abundant in the Amazon basin, where they play an important ecological role as seed dispersers and predators.

Behavior and ecology

Breeding

They are arboreal and nest in tree holes laying 2–4 white eggs.

Food and feeding

All the species are basically fruit-eating, but will take insects and other small prey. ^[12]

Threats

The ischnoceran louse Austrophilopterus cancellosus is suspected to parasitize all species of Ramphastos toucans. Its presence has been confirmed on all species except the citron-throated toucan. ^[13]

Evolution

Phylogenetics

The phylogenetic relationships among toucans have been the subject of ongoing debate and research; in the past, the eight toucan species were classified into different subfamilies based on their bill size and shape. However, recent molecular studies have suggested that toucans are more closely related to aracaris and toucanets than previously thought. Several species have also been removed from the Ramphastos genus: Green aracari, Ivory-billed aracari, Black-necked aracari, Black-necked aracari, Collared aracari, Saffron toucanet.

One such study published in the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution in 2015, ^[14] used molecular data to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among toucans. The researchers sequenced several nuclear and mitochondrial genes from 40 toucan species, representing all recognized subgenera within the genus Ramphastos. The study found that toucans could be divided into six distinct clades, each with different bill morphologies and geographic distributions. The study also suggested that the toucan genus had diversified during the Pliocene epoch, around 5 million years ago, with the rapid diversification of several lineages during the Pleistocene epoch, around 1 million years ago.

The Ramphastos genus is divided into two groups which differ in the shape of their bills and their vocalization patterns. These two groups are known colloquially as the “croakers'' and the “yelpers”. The “croakers'' contain the following: R. brevis, R. dicolorus, R. sulfuratus, R. toco, and R. vitellinus. The “yelper” group contains: R. ambiguous and R. tucanus. Of these, R. brevis and R. dicolorus are polytypic.

History

The evolutionary history of toucans can be traced back to the Eocene period, around 50 million years ago, when the first toucan-like bird, known as Paratodus, appeared in Europe. The modern toucan species, however, originated in South America during the Miocene period, around 23 million years ago.

Transposable Elements

Transposable elements are a major source of genetic diversity and can contribute to the evolution of new genes and regulatory elements. Transposable elements have been found in the genomes of all organisms studied so far, including the Ramphastos genus.

One study published in the journal Genome Biology in 2018, ^[15] used a combination of genomic and phylogenetic analyses to investigate the role of transposable elements in the evolution of toucans. The researchers sequenced the genome of the green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus) and compared it to the genomes of other bird species. They found that transposable elements were abundant in the toucan genome, making up approximately 19% of the genome.

The researchers also identified several families of transposable elements that were specific to toucans, indicating that these elements had played a role in the evolution of the toucan genome. In particular, the researchers identified a family of elements called CR1, which had undergone a burst of activity in the toucan genome. This burst of activity was associated with the expansion and diversification of several gene families that are involved in sensory perception and immune response.

The study also found that transposable elements had contributed to the evolution of the toucan bill, which is one of the most distinctive features of toucans. The researchers identified several genes involved in the development of the bill that had been influenced by these elements. In particular, they found that they had inserted into regulatory regions of the genes, altering their expression patterns and contributing to the development of the large and colorful bill.

References

1. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 103.
2. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 330. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1826). "On some species of the Ramphastidae". Zoological Journal. 2: 466–483 [471].
4. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 82.
5. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
6. "Pteroglossus viridis – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
7. "Pteroglossus azara – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
8. "Pteroglossus aracari – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
9. "Pteroglossus aracari atricollis – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
10. "Pteroglossus torquatus – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
11. "Pteroglossus bailloni – Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
12. Short, L. L., & Horne, J. F. M. (2002). Toucans (Ramphastidae). pp. 220–272 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (2002). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 7 Jacamars to Woodpecker. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN   84-87334-37-7
13. Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2005). The genus Austrophilopterus Ewing (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (Piciformes: Ramphastidae). Zootaxa 918: 1–18. PDF fulltext
14. Patané, José S.L.; Weckstein, Jason D.; Aleixo, Alexandre; Bates, John M. (December 2009). "Evolutionary history of Ramphastos toucans: Molecular phylogenetics, temporal diversification, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (3): 923–934. Bibcode:2009MolPE..53..923P. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.017 . PMID   19699308.
15. Manthey, Joseph D; Moyle, Robert G; Boissinot, Stéphane (June 2018). "Multiple and Independent Phases of Transposable Element Amplification in the Genomes of Piciformes (Woodpeckers and Allies)". Genome Biology and Evolution. 10 (6): 1445–1456. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evy105 . ISSN   1759-6653. PMC   6007501 . PMID   29850797.