| Groove-billed toucanet | |
|---|---|
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| In Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua State, Venezuela | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Ramphastidae |
| Genus: | Aulacorhynchus |
| Species: | A. sulcatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Aulacorhynchus sulcatus (Swainson, 1820) | |
| Subspecies | |
See text | |
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| Synonyms | |
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The groove-billed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus sulcatus) is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. [2]
The groove-billed toucanet was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus . The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy recognize these three subspecies: [2] [3] [4]
A. s. calorhynchus was formerly treated as a separate species, "yellow-billed toucanet", by most taxonomists but was merged into the groove-billed toucanet starting in 2012. [5] BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World retains it as a species. [6]
Subspecies A. s. erythrognathus might warrant consideration as a separate species because its voice is different from that of the other two subspecies. [7]
The groove-billed toucanet is 33 to 37 cm (13 to 15 in) long and weighs 130 to 200 g (4.6 to 7.1 oz). Its grooved culmen and mandible give it its English name. In the nominate subspecies and A. s. erythrognathus, most of the bill is wine-red to brown-red with a diagonal black stripe on the mandible. The nominate's bill also has a vertical white stripe at its base. In A. s. calorhynchus the bill is mostly yellow with a reduced amount of black, some orange-red at the base of the mandible, and a white stripe like the nominate's. All subspecies are overall mostly green, with the underparts being lighter and the undertail coverts yellower. The nominate subspecies has a white throat, some gold-bronze on the face, and bare blue skin around the brownish eye. A. s. erythrognathus has essentially the same plumage but with less gold-bronze on the face. A. s. calorhynchus also has similar plumage to the nominate but is larger than it and A. s. erythrognathus. [8]
The subspecies of groove-billed toucanet are found thus: [8] [4]
The species primarily inhabits humid montane forest but is also found in semi-open landscapes like secondary forest, forest edges and nearby isolated trees, and gardens. It shuns large open areas. In elevation it mostly ranges between 900 and 2,000 m (3,000 and 6,600 ft) but occurs as low as sea level and as high as about 2,400 m (7,900 ft). [8]
The groove-billed toucanet is generally non-migratory but occasionally moves to lower parts of its elevational range in the rainy season. [8]
The groove-billed toucanet forages at all levels of its habitat, sometimes in groups. It has been observed following army ant swarms. Its diet is not known in detail but the species is omnivorous, eating fruit, invertebrates, eggs, and small vertebrates. [8]
Little is known about the groove-billed toucanet's breeding biology. Its season appears to be March to July in parts of its range but extends to August in northeastern Venezuela. In other parts of Venezuela it may nest as early as February and as late as October. It is believed to nest in tree cavities, either natural or those abandoned by woodpeckers. The nest, eggs, incubation period, and time to fledging are not known. [8]
The groove-billed toucanet's song is "barking-growling notes or croaks...wik-wik- to waak-waak-", sometimes sung in duet. Male's voices are lower pitched than female's. A. s. erythrognathus' song sounds similar to those of the other subspecies but is apparently faster. [8]
The IUCN has assessed the groove-billed toucanet as being of Least Concern, though its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] "Biological and further ecological data [are] required in case any of the subspecies should eventually need to be monitored." [8]
The channel-billed toucan is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae found on the Caribbean island of Trinidad and in tropical South America as far south as southern Brazil and central Bolivia.
The chestnut-mandibled toucan or Swainson's toucan is a subspecies of the yellow-throated toucan which breeds from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia to western Ecuador.
The emerald toucanet is a species of near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found from Mexico to Nicaragua.
The blue-throated toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Costa Rica, Panama and far northwestern Colombia.
The white-throated toucan is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae found in South America throughout the Amazon Basin including the adjacent Tocantins and Araguaia River drainage. It prefers tropical humid forest, but also occurs in woodland and locally in riverine forest within cerrado.
The collaredaraçari is a toucan, a near-passerine bird. It breeds from southern Mexico to Panama; also Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica.
An aracari or araçari is any of the medium-sized toucans that, together with the saffron toucanet, make up the genus Pteroglossus.
The yellow-throated toucan is a large toucan in the family Ramphastidae found in Central and northern South America.
The ash-throated crake is a species of bird in the subfamily Rallinae of the rail, crake, and coot family Rallidae. It is found in every mainland South American country except Chile.
Green toucanets are near-passerine birds from the genus Aulacorhynchus in the toucan family. They are native to Mexico, and Central and South America. All are found in humid forests and woodlands in highlands, but a few also occur in adjacent lowlands. They are relatively small toucans, 30–44 centimetres (12–17 in) long, with colorful, mainly green, plumage. They are typically seen in pairs or small groups, and sometimes follow mixed species flocks.
The yellow-browed toucanet is a rare species of bird in the family Ramphastidae. Among the least known members of the family, it is endemic to humid forests growing on the east Andean slope in northern Peru.
The versicolored barbet is a very colorful species of bird in the family Capitonidae, the New World barbets. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.
The black-necked araçari, is a species of bird in the toucan family. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The Guianan toucanet, or Guyana toucanet is a species of bird in the family Ramphastidae found in the north-eastern Amazon rainforest.
The golden-collared toucanet is a species of bird in the family Ramphastidae. It is found in the western Amazon rainforest in South America.
The hairy-breasted barbet is a species of bird in the family Lybiidae. It is found throughout the Africa tropical rainforest.
Toucans are members of the Neotropical near passerine bird family Ramphastidae. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the American barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over forty different species.
The black-throated toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Wagler's toucanet is a species of bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is endemic to southwestern Mexico.
The white-throated toucanet or greyish-throated toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
