Keel-billed toucan

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Keel-billed toucan
Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg
Nominate R. s. sulfuratus eating Wodyetia bifurcata palm fruit, Cayo, Belize
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Ramphastidae
Genus: Ramphastos
Species:
R. sulfuratus
Binomial name
Ramphastos sulfuratus
Lesson, 1830
Subspecies
  • R. s. sulfuratus Lesson, 1830
  • R. s. brevicarinatus Gould, 1854
Ramphastos sulfuratus range.png

The keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), also known as rainbow-billed toucan or sulphur-breasted toucan, [3] is a species of toucan native to southern Mexico, Central America and the far northwest of South America, and is found in tropical forests. It is the national bird of Belize. It is an omnivorous forest bird that feeds on fruit, seeds, insects, invertebrates, lizards, snakes, and small birds and their eggs.

Contents

Description

Including its bill, the length of the keel-billed toucan ranges from around 42 to 55 cm (17 to 22 in), [4] while its wing length typically ranges from 189.4 to 208.4 mm (7.46 to 8.20 in). [5] The bird typically weighs about 380–500 g (13–18 oz). [6]

The large and brightly coloured bill averages around 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in), about one third of the bird's total length. [7] The bill is mainly green with a red tip and orange sides. While the bill seems large and cumbersome, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein. [8] It has been suggested that the bill colour may also help regulate body temperature, using the many blood vessels running through it. [9]

The plumage of the keel-billed toucan is mainly black, with a yellow neck and chest, red under-tail coverts, and a narrow red band at the base of the yellow on the chest. Moulting occurs once per year. [10] It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail.

As with almost all birds in the order Piciformes, keel-billed toucans have zygodactyl feet, with toes 2 and 3 facing forwards, and toes 1 and 4 facing backwards, so two toes face forward and two face back. Because toucans spend a large portion of time in the trees, this may help the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and jump from one branch to another.[ citation needed ]

Other than size, males and females of the species look similar. [10]

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Two subspecies are accepted, which intergrade where their ranges meet: [11] [3] [5]

ImageSubspeciesDistribution
Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) Peten.jpg Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus
Lesson, 1830
Found in southeastern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala. Red chest band below the yellow breast very narrow, often not visible.
Keel-billed Toucan (47081220814).jpg Ramphastos sulfuratus brevicarinatus
Gould, 1854
Originally described as a separate species. Found in southeastern Guatemala to northern Colombia and just into the far northwest of Venezuela. Slightly smaller than R. s. sulfuratus, and with a somewhat broader red band on the chest. [3]

Distribution and habitat

The keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia. This includes Belize, where it is the national bird. [12] It roosts in the canopies of tropical, subtropical, and lowland rainforests, up to altitudes of 1,900 m (6,200 ft). [13] It roosts in holes in trees, [10] often with several other toucans. Although the toucans reside in the forests of these areas, they can also be seen in neighboring plantations, pastures, and second-growth forests. [6]

Behaviour and ecology

Like many other toucans, keel-billed toucans are very social birds and are rarely seen alone. They fly in small flocks of approximately six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. Their flight is slow and undulating, consisting of rapid wing beats (six to ten), then a glide with the bird's beak extending forward and dipping downward as though pulling the rest of the bird. [10] Their feet are drawn up forward in flight. The flight distances are typically short. [10]

They live together in groups, often sharing cramped living quarters of holes in trees, where five or six birds could fit into a single hole together. [14] The birds look for holes around between 3–27 m off the ground, [3] with smaller holes for an entrance. In order to fit in these small holes, the birds fold their tail over their body and tuck the large beak along their backs. This position also keeps the birds' body temperature at a normal level while they sleep. [15] Adding to the lack of space, the bottoms of the holes are often covered with seed stones from the fruit the toucans have eaten. [10]

Status

The keel-billed toucan is threatened by habitat loss, which has been accelerating in recent years, and by hunting and trapping for the wildlife trade. In 2015 a keel-billed toucan could fetch $1,000 to $2,000 on the illegal market.[ citation needed ][ clarification needed ] The species is undergoing a moderately rapid population decline and is therefore listed as a near-threatened species. The decline rate in 2021 of the past 3 generations was estimated to be from 10–19%, although future population declines were estimated at a higher 20–29%. [1]

Aviculture

The keel-billed toucan is sometimes kept in captivity, but it requires a high-fruit diet and is sensitive to haemochromatosis, an iron storage disease. [22] It and the Toco toucan are the most common toucans to be kept as pets. [23]

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2021). "Ramphastos sulfuratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T22682102A168670038. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. "Appendices I, II & III" (PDF). CITES . 7 February 2025. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (2002). "Rainbow-billed Toucan" . Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 7. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 269. ISBN   84-87334-37-7 . Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  4. Skutch, Alexander F. (1 April 1971). "Life History of the Keel-billed Toucan" (PDF). The Auk . 88 (2): 381–396. doi:10.2307/4083886. JSTOR   4083886. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2025.
  5. 1 2 Jones, Revee; Griffiths, Carole S. (9 September 2011). "Subspecies" . In Schulenberg, Thomas S. (ed.). Keel-billed Toucan — Ramphastos sulfuratus . Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology (published 4 March 2020). doi:10.2173/bow.kebtou1.01. ISSN   2771-3105 . Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  6. 1 2 Stiles, F. Gary; Skutch, Alexander F. (1989). "Keel-billed toucan" . A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica . Illustrated by Dana Gardner. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 250. ISBN   0-8014-9600-4 . Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  7. "Keel-billed Toucan". World Land Trust . Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  8. "Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)". Rainforest Alliance . 3 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  9. 1 2 "Keel-billed Toucan". American Bird Conservancy . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Van Tyne, Josselyn (17 January 1929). "The Life History of the Toucan — Ramphastos brevicarinatus" (PDF). Miscellaneous Publications. 19. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: 1–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2025.
  11. "IOC World Bird List 6.4". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi: 10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4 .
  12. "National Symbols". Government of Belize Press Office. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  13. Strewe, Ralf; Navarro, Cristobal (2004). "New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . 12 (1): 38–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Also Here (Better map and photos)
  14. "Keel-Billed Toucan". Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden . Archived from the original on 12 June 2025. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
  15. Carney, Megan (2001). Root, Terry (ed.). "Ramphastos sulfuratus keel-billed toucan". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 20 May 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  16. "Keel-Billed Toucan". Dallas World Aquarium . Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
  17. "Keeled Billed Toucan". Lamar University . 4 April 2025. Archived from the original on 25 April 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  18. Foster, Mercedes S. (13 March 2007). "The potential of fruit trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International . 17 (1): 45–61 [56]. Bibcode:2007BirCI..17...45F. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554 .
  19. Romero, Andrea; Soto Cedeño, Anthony; Montaño, Jessica; Oliveros Layola, Gonçal (5 February 2022). "More than Froot Loops: Keel-billed toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus) consume vertebrate carrion" . Food Webs. 31 (June 2022): e00223. Bibcode:2022FWebs..3100223R. doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00223. ISSN   2352-2496.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  20. Jones, Landon R.; et al. (9 December 2022). "Effects of seed size and toucan regurgitation on the germination of the tropical tree Eugenia uniflora" . Journal of Tropical Ecology. 39 (e5) e5. Cambridge University Press: 1–6. doi:10.1017/S026646742200044X. Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 via ResearchGate. Full access available to users of The Wikipedia Library.
  21. John, Roy (2000). "Costa Rica: The Ecotraveller's Wildlife Guide, by Les Beloetsky [Review]". The Canadian Field-Naturalist . 114 (1): 171–172. doi: 10.5962/p.363938 . ISSN   0008-3550.
  22. Otten, Benjamin A.; Orosz, Susan E.; Auge, Shannon; Frazier, Donita L. (2001). "Mineral Content of Food Items Commonly Ingested by Keel-Billed Toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus)" . Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 15 (3): 194. doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0194:MCOFIC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   30136901. S2CID   86540764. Full access available to users of The Wikipedia Library.
  23. Rich, Gregory; Axelson, Rick. "Toucans and Toucanettes - General". VCA Animal Hospitals . Archived from the original on 13 February 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.