Sannine Formation

Last updated
Sannine Formation
Stratigraphic range: late Albian-Cenomanian
~100–93.5  Ma
Type Geological formation
Underlies Maameltain Formation
Overlies Hammana Formation
ThicknessCoastal: >2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Mountains: 500–700 m (1,600–2,300 ft)
Lithology
Primary Chalk, limestone
Other Marl
Location
Coordinates 34°06′N35°42′E / 34.1°N 35.7°E / 34.1; 35.7
Approximate paleocoordinates 12°54′N30°24′E / 12.9°N 30.4°E / 12.9; 30.4
Region Jabal Lubnan
CountryFlag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon
Type section
Named for Mount Sannine
Lebanon location map Topographic.png
Green pog.svg
Sannine Formation (Lebanon)

The Sannine Formation, also called the Sannine Limestone, is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon.

Contents

Description

It is primarily Cenomanian in age. The formation laterally varies from east to west; the western lowland "coastal" sequence is over 2000 metres thick and primarily consists of deep water limestone and chalk, while the eastern "mountain" sequence is 500–700 metres thick and consists of shallow water limestone. [1] Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, including those of Mimodactylus [2] and Microtuban . [3] The pythonomorphs Pontosaurus, Eupodophis and probably Aphanizocnemus are known from the formation. [4] Insects are also known from compression fossils, including those of a dragonfly, [5] enigmatic pond-skater like insect Chresmoda. [6] and a mesoblattinid cockroach. [7] Compression fossils of angiosperm Sapindopsis are also known. [8] Numerous species of fossil fish are known, [9] including Ionoscopid Spathiurus dorsalis [10] and pycnodontid Flagellipinna rhomboides. [11]

Fossil Content

Fish

Fish reported from the Sannine Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages
Armigatus A. alticorpusNamoura [12] and Hakel [13] A clupeomorph [13] [12]
A. brevissimusHeckel and Hajula [13] A clupeomorph [13]
Ellimmichthyiformes - Armigatus brevissimus.JPG
A.namourensisNamoura [12] A clupeomorph [13]
Belonostomus B. sp., B. sp.Namoura [12] 2 unnamed species awaiting better material [12]
Ctenodentelops C. striatusNamoura [12] An elopid [12]
Cyclobatis C. oligodactylusHjoula [14] [15] [14]
Enchodus E. mecoanalisNamoura [12]
Flagellipinna F. rhomboidesHaqelA pycodontid [11]
Gigapteryx G. lebanonensisNamoura [12] A euacanthopterygiian [12]
Gladiopycnodus G. byrnei Hajoula [16]
Hensodon H. spinosusHakelA pycnodont [17]
Lebonichthys L. namourensisNamoura [12] An albulid [12]
Paracentrus P. lebanonensisNamoura [12] A holocentroid [12]
Pseudocorax P. kindlimmaniHaqel [18]
Scombroclupea S. diminutaNamoura [12] A clupeiforme [12]
Serrilepis S. prymnostrigos, S. minorNamoura [12] A halecid [12]
Spathiurus S. dorsalisHaqel [10]
Tethymyxine T. tapirostrumHâdjoulaOne of the earliest known definitive fossil hagfish. [19]
Trewavasia T. carinata [17]
Triplomystus T. noorae, T. oligoscutatusNamoura [12] 2 species known from the same site, of the paraclupeid family. [12]
Ypsiloichthys Y. sibelleaeHaqel [20] A teleost.

Amniotes

Amniotes reported from the Sannine Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages
Aphanizocnemus A. libanensisAlthough the type locality is unknown, it is said to "almost certainly" originate from the Sannine Formation. [4]
Aphanizocnemus libanensis 1.JPG
Enantiophoenix E. electrophyla Namoura [21]
Eupodophis E. descouensi [4]
Eupodophis descouensi Holotype.jpg
Microtuban M. altivolans [3]
Mimodactylus M. libanensis [2]
Mimodactylus in life.png
Pontosaurus P. kornhuberi [4]
Pontosaurus kornhuberi 4.JPG
Rhinochelys R. nammourensisAdult and multiple hatchling remains known, suggesting a nesting site was nearby. [22] [22]
Protostegidae - Rhinochelys nammourensis.JPG


Invertebrates

Invertebrates reported from the Sannine Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages
Allocrioceras A. cf. annulatum [18] [23]
Boreopeltis B. smithiHâkel [24]
Chresmoda C. libanica [6]
Dorateuthis D. syriaca Sâhel Aalma [24]
Keuppia K. levante, K. hyperbolaris, K. sp. Hâdjoula 2 or 3 species known from the same locality [25]
Keuppia levante.jpg
Libanocordulia L. debiei Hjoula A dragonfly [5]
Libanoliupanshania L. mimi Hjoula A dragonfly [5]
Mantelliceras M. mantelliHaqel"the occurrence of Mantelliceras mantelli is regarded doubtful, as this species has been used for various taxa within the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894, and specimens have never been figured" [18] [23]
Mieroblattina M. pacisNammoura [7]
Styletoctopus S. annaeHâqel [25]

Plants

Plants reported from the Sannine Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages
Aryskumia cf. A. zelkovifoliaPoorly reserved leaf with ovate blade [26]
Nammouria N. gracilisNammoura [26]
Nammourophyllum N. altingioidesNammoura [26]
Nupharanthus N. cretaceaNammoura [26]
Parvileguminophyllum P. sp.Complete leaflet known from Nammoura [26]
'Phragmites'P. sp. [26]
Platycaryeae gen. et sp. indet. Infructescence of bracteate fruits resembling Platycarya americana [26]
Pseudolarix P. sp. [26]
Pseudotorellia P. sp. [26]
Pteris P. sp.Nammoura [26]
Sapindopsis S. anhouryiNammoura [26]
S. libanensisNammoura [26]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Walley, Christopher D. (1997). The Lithostratigraphy of Lebanon: A Review (PDF). pp. 1–20.
  2. 1 2 Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019-11-29). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. Bibcode:2019NatSR...917875K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6884559 . PMID   31784545.
  3. 1 2 Elgin, Ross A.; Frey, Eberhard (December 2011). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 104 (S1): 21–33. doi: 10.1007/s00015-011-0081-1 . ISSN   1661-8726. S2CID   128405107.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Campbell Mekarski, Michelle; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2019-09-24). "Spatiotemporal Distributions of Non-ophidian Ophidiomorphs, With Implications for Their Origin, Radiation, and Extinction". Frontiers in Earth Science. 7: 245. Bibcode:2019FrEaS...7..245M. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00245 . ISSN   2296-6463.
  5. 1 2 3 Azar, Dany; Maksoud, Sibelle; Huang, Diying; Nel, André (January 2019). "First Lebanese dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata, Aeshnoptera, Cavilabiata) from the Arabo-African mid-Cretaceous paleocontinent" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 93: 78–89. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.025. S2CID   134308438.
  6. 1 2 Nel, Andre; Azar, Dany; Martinez-Delclos, Xavier; Makhoul, Edouard (2004-03-25). "A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon - a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects". European Journal of Entomology. 101 (1): 145–151. doi: 10.14411/eje.2004.019 .
  7. 1 2 P. Vršanský and E. Makhoul. 2013. Mieroblattina pacis gen. et sp. n. - Upper Cretaceous cockroach (Blattida: Mesoblattinidae) from Nammoura limestone of Lebanon. Insect Evolution in an Ambiferous and Stone Alphabet 167-172
  8. ↑ D. L. Dilcher and P. W. Basson. 1990. Mid-Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from a new fossil locality in Lebanon. Botanical Gazette151(4):538-547
  9. ↑ Forey, Peter L.; Yi, Lu; Patterson, Colin; Davies, Cliff E. (January 2003). "Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (4): 227–330. doi:10.1017/S147720190300107X. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   85606708.
  10. 1 2 El Hossny, Tamara; Maksoud, Sibelle; Azar, Dany; Saad, Pierre Abi; Cavin, Lionel (August 2020). "Spathiurus dorsalis Davis, 1887, from the Upper Cretaceous of Haqel, Lebanon, and the evolutionary history of Ionoscopiformes". Cretaceous Research. 116: 104619. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104619. S2CID   224978290.
  11. 1 2 Cawley, John Joseph; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04). "A new genus and species of pycnodontid fish Flagellipinna rhomboides , gen. et sp. nov. (Neopterygii, Pycnodontiformes), from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon, with notes on juvenile form and ecology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (2): e1614012. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1614012. ISSN   0272-4634. PMC   6817322 . PMID   31709027.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1945-, Forey, Peter L. (Peter Lawrence), (2003). Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 66582935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Than-Marchese, Bruno Andrés; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús (2022-10-01). "Armigatus felixi sp. nov. An Albian double armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Tlayúa lagerstätte, Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 118: 103905. Bibcode:2022JSAES.11803905T. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103905. ISSN   0895-9811.
  14. 1 2 "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii) (project)". MorphoBank datasets. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  15. ↑ Egerton, Philip Grey (1845). "Description of a Fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon (Cyclobatis oligodactylus)". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 225–229. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.60. S2CID 128842555.
  16. ↑ Marramà, Giuseppe; Villier, Boris; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-06). "A new species of Gladiopycnodus (Coccodontoidea, Pycnodontomorpha) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon provides new insights about the morphological diversification of pycnodont fishes through time". Cretaceous Research. 61: 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.022. ISSN 0195-6671.
  17. 1 2 Kriwet, Jürgen (2004-09-10). "A new pycnodont fish genus (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Mount Lebanon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3): 525–532. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0525:anpfgn]2.0.co;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   129294502.
  18. 1 2 3 Jambura; Stumpf; Kriwet, Patrick L.; Sebastian; Jürgen (September 2021). "Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104842. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842. PMC   7611798 . PMID   34642522.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Miyashita, Tetsuto; Coates, Michael I.; Farrar, Robert; Larson, Peter; Manning, Phillip L.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Edwards, Nicholas P.; Anné, Jennifer; Bergmann, Uwe; Palmer, A. Richard; Currie, Philip J. (2019-02-05). "Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (6): 2146–2151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1814794116 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6369785 . PMID   30670644.
  20. ↑ El Hossny, Tamara; Cavin, Lionel (July 2023). "A New Enigmatic Teleost Fish from the Mid-Cretaceous of Lebanon". Diversity. 15 (7): 839. doi: 10.3390/d15070839 . ISSN   1424-2818.
  21. ↑ Cau, A.; Arduini, P. (2008). "Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships". Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Ivico di Storia Naturale in Milano. 149 (2): 293–324.
  22. 1 2 Rhinochelys (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Nammoura, Lebanon
  23. 1 2 Wippich, Max G. E.; Lehmann, Jens (September 2004). "Allocrioceras from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites". Palaeontology. 47 (5): 1093–1107. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x. ISSN   0031-0239. S2CID   129293243.
  24. 1 2 Fuchs; Larson, Dirk; Neal L (March 2011). "Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part I: Prototeuthidina". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 234–249.
  25. 1 2 Fuchs; Bracchi; Weis, Dirk; Giacomo; Robert (31 December 2008). "NEW OCTOPODS (CEPHALOPODA: COLEOIDEA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (UPPER CENOMANIAN) OF HÂKEL AND HÂDJOULA, LEBANON". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 65–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x . S2CID   129082916.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Krassilov, Valentin; Bacchia, Flavio (2000-12). "Cenomanian florule of Nammoura, Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 21 (6): 785–799. doi:10.1006/cres.2000.0229. ISSN 0195-6671.
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