Scadoxus

Last updated

Scadoxus
Vegetation around Victoria falls.jpg
Scadoxus multiflorus in Zambia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Scadoxus
Raf. [1]
Type species
Scadoxus multiflorus
Synonyms [1]
  • NerissaSalisb.
  • DemeuseaDe Wild. & T.Durand.
  • ChoananthusRendle

Scadoxus is a genus of African and Arabian plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. [2] The English names blood lily or blood flower are used for some of the species. The genus has close affinities with Haemanthus. Species of Scadoxus are grown as ornamental plants for their brilliantly coloured flowers, either in containers or in the ground in frost-free climates. Although some species have been used in traditional medicine, they contain poisonous alkaloids.

Contents

S. multiflorus (Blood Lily) Blood Lily flower close.jpg
S. multiflorus (Blood Lily)

Description

Species of Scadoxus grow from bulbs or rhizomes. Bulbous species usually also have distinct rhizomes. Particularly in the non-bulbous species, the petioles (leaf stalks) overlap to produce a false stem or pseudostem, which may be purple-spotted. The leaf blades are lanceolate to ovate with a thickened midrib. The leafless flowering stem (scape) is also sometimes purple-spotted, and either appears from among the leaves or pushes through the side of the pseudostem. [3] [4]

The flowers are borne at the top of the scape in the form of a many-flowered umbel. Four or more bracts are present under the umbel at first. In some species, such as Scadoxus membranaceus , these bracts persist during flowering; in other species they wither before the flowers are fully open. Individual flowers have six red to pink tepals, joined at the base to form a tube. In most species, the flowers are more-or-less upright, although in Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus the open flowers droop and in Scadoxus nutans the top of the scape bends over so that the flowers face downwards. The filaments of the stamens arise from the base of the tepals and may be flattened. The fruit takes the form of a globose berry, orange to red when ripe. [3] [5]

Taxonomy

The genus was given its name in 1838 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Rafinesque glossed the name as "umb. glor." [6] (possibly meaning umbella gloriosa, "glorious umbel"). Doxus, meaning "glory" or "splendour" in Greek, is usually interpreted as a reference to the often scarlet flowers of the genus. [7] The prefix sca may be derived from the Greek skia meaning "shade" [8] (sciadon is the Greek equivalent of the Latin umbella, "umbrella", used of flower heads in the form of umbels [9] ). [10]

Relationships

Scadoxus is placed in tribe Haemantheae within the subfamily Amaryllidoideae, a tribe reserved for genera with fruit in the form of berries (baccate fruit). The tribe is predominantly African in origin and comprises six genera: Apodolirion , Gethyllis , Haemanthus , Scadoxus, Clivia and Cryptostephanus . The single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree found by analysis of both nuclear and plastid DNA in a 2004 study showed that Scadoxus is most closely related to Haemanthus: [11]

Haemantheae

Apodolirion, Gethyllis

Haemanthus

Scadoxus

Clivia

Cryptostephanus

Scadoxus was originally separated from Haemanthus by Rafinesque in 1838. [6] His type species, Scadoxus multiflorus, had been described as Haemanthus multiflorus by Thomas Martyn in 1795. [12] This separation was ignored by most workers until 1976, when Scadoxus was recognised as a distinct genus by Ib Friis and Inger Nordal. Haemanthus species are southern in distribution, form true bulbs and have 2n = 16 chromosomes, whereas Scadoxus species are found throughout tropical Africa, do not all form bulbs and have 2n = 18 chromosomes. [11] The leaves of the two genera are also different. The leaves of Scadoxus species are thin, spirally arranged, with a distinct stalk (petiole); in some species their bases form a pseudostem. The leaves of Haemanthus species are thicker, opposite, without a distinct petiole, and never form a pseudostem. [13]

Species

As of March 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts the following nine species, one with three subspecies: [1]

ImageScientific nameDistribution
Scadoxus cinnabarinus 02.jpg Scadoxus cinnabarinus (Decne.) Friis & Nordalwest and central Africa
Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus B.jpg Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus (C.H.Wright) Friis & Nordal Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda + Zaïre
Scadoxus longifolius (De Wild. & T.Durand) Friis & Nordalwest Africa
Scadoxus membranaceus - Basel - 2.jpg Scadoxus membranaceus (Baker) Friis & Nordal South Africa
Mayflower hyd.jpg Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. (Blood Lily)tropical and southern Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula
Scadoxus nutans (Friis & I.Bjørnstad) Friis & Nordal Ethiopia
Scadoxus pole-evansii01.jpg Scadoxus pole-evansii (Oberm.) Friis & Nordal Zimbabwe
Scadoxus pseudocaulus (I.Bjørnstad & Friis) Friis & Nordaltropical Africa
Scadoxus puniceus 1DS-II 4822.jpg Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal South Africa, Tanzania and Ethiopia


Nordal and Duncan explored the relationship between eight of the species in a 1984 analysis based on morphological features (the little-known Scadoxus longiflorus was excluded). Their preferred cladogram was: [13]

rhizomes only

Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus

Scadoxus nutans

Scadoxus pseudocaulus

Scadoxus cinnabarinus

bulbs

Scadoxus multiflorus

Scadoxus pole-evansii

Scadoxus puniceus

Scadoxus membranaceus

The main division is between a group which does not have bulbs, only rhizomes, and one which has bulbs, usually with rhizomes as well.

Distribution and habitat

The genus as a whole is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula. It has been introduced into parts of Mexico. [3] The most widely distributed species is Scadoxus multiflorus, whose subspecies S. m. subsp. multiflorus is found throughout tropical and southern Africa and is the only member of the genus found in the Arabian Peninsula. [14] By contrast, Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus is found only in the Rwenzori Mountains on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [5]

Most species are found in tropical forests, where they grow in warm, moist conditions in shade, either in soil or as epiphytes. [5] The three species found in temperate regions of South Africa are more bulbous in habit than the tropical species; Scadoxus puniceus has been found growing in sand dunes and dry cliff faces. [5]

Cultivation

The cultivation of Scadoxus species has been described by Jonathan Hutchinson, the UK National Plant Collection holder for the genus. All species occur naturally in areas of summer rainfall, and in cultivation tend to start in growth in spring after a period of winter dormancy. The three species found in South Africa, S. multiflorus, S. puniceus and S. membranaceous, are the most widely cultivated, being tolerant of winter temperatures down to 5 °C (41 °F). S. multiflorus subsp. multiflorus is cultivated for sale in large quantities by the Dutch nursery industry. [4]

The tropical species require a minimum temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F), thriving in a warm, humid atmosphere. An open organic potting medium, similar to that used for orchids, suits all species. A coarse mix with considerable air spaces is particularly important for epiphytic species such as S. nutans. [5]

Pests of Scadoxus in cultivation in the UK include mealy bugs and narcissus bulb fly ( Merodon equestris ). Red spider mites ( Tetranychus species), slugs and snails can also cause problems. [5] In South Africa, where species such as S. puniceus can be grown outside, lily borer ( Brithys crini ) attacks plants. [7]

Cultivars

Some artificial hybrids between S. multiflorus subsp. katherinae and S. puniceus are known. Johannes Nicolai raised S. 'König Albert' which flowered for the first time in 1899. Although rare in cultivation, it multiplies rapidly. Of the same parentage is S. 'Andromeda', raised by C. G. van Tubergen around 1904. [4]

Toxicity and uses

The genus Scadoxus is known to have some strongly toxic species, containing poisonous alkaloids. These are lethal to animals, such as sheep and goats, that graze on the leaves or bulbs. Scadoxus multiflorus and Scadoxus cinnabarinus are traditionally used in parts of tropical Africa as components of arrow poisons and fishing poisons. Both species, as well as Scadoxus puniceus in South Africa, are used in traditional medicine. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Clivia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Clivia is a genus of monocot flowering plants native to southern Africa. They are from the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Common names are Natal lily or bush lily.

<i>Pancratium</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Pancratium is a genus of African and Eurasian perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae

<i>Haemanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Haemanthus is a Southern African genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Members of the genus are known as blood lily and paintbrush lily. There are some 22 known species, native to South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Eswatini. About 15 species occur in the winter rainfall region of Namaqualand and the Western Cape, the remainder being found in the summer rainfall region, with one species Haemanthus albiflos occurring in both regions.

<i>Eucrosia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Eucrosia is a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family distributed from Ecuador to Peru. The name is derived from the Greek eu, beautiful, and krossos, a fringe, referring to the long stamens. As circumscribed in 2020, the genus contains six species. Phaedranassa and Rauhia are the genera most closely related to Eucrosia.

<i>Strumaria</i> Genus of plants

Strumaria is a genus of African plants in Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus is known in nature only from South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia. Almost all species flower in the autumn and are cultivated as ornamental bulbous plants.

<i>Scadoxus puniceus</i> Species of flowering plant

Scadoxus puniceus, commonly known as the paintbrush lily, is a species of bulbous plant. It is native to much of southern and eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Eswatini (Swaziland), and South Africa. Scadoxus puniceus can be found in cool, shady habitat such as ravines and forests, where it is often found in moist leaf litter. Other common names include snake lily, royal paintbrush, King-of-Candida, African blood lily (English), rooikwas (Afrikaans), isisphompho, and umgola (Zulu). There are nine species of Scadoxus of which three, S. puniceus, S. multiflorus and S.membranaceus, occur in South Africa.

<i>Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus is a herbaceous plant endemic to the Rwenzori Mountains of east tropical Africa. Unusually for the genus Scadoxus its tubular blooms are pendant. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in heated greenhouses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornamental bulbous plant</span> Herbaceous perennials with underground storage parts grown for ornamental purposes

Ornamental bulbous plants, often called ornamental bulbs or just bulbs in gardening and horticulture, are herbaceous perennials grown for ornamental purposes, which have underground or near ground storage organs. Botanists distinguish between true bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers and tuberous roots, any of which may be termed "bulbs" in horticulture. Bulb species usually lose their upper parts during adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat or winter cold. The bulb's storage organs contain moisture and nutrients that are used to survive these adverse conditions in a dormant state. When conditions become favourable the reserves sustain a new growth cycle. In addition, bulbs permit vegetative or asexual multiplication in these species. Ornamental bulbs are used in parks and gardens and as cut flowers.

Paintbrush lily is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

Blood lily is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

<i>Scadoxus multiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Scadoxus multiflorus is a bulbous plant native to most of sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Somalia to South Africa. It is also native to Arabian Peninsula and to the Seychelles. It is naturalized in Mexico and in the Chagos Archipelago.It is also found in Indian peninsula. It is grown as an ornamental plant for its brilliantly coloured flowers, either in containers or in the ground in where the climate is suitable. There are three recognized subspecies. Strongly toxic like other Scadoxus species, it has been used as a component of arrow poisons and fishing poisons, as well as in traditional medicine. Common names, some of which are used for other species, include blood lily, ball lily, fireball lily, blood flower, Katherine-wheel, oxtongue lily, poison root and powderpuff lily.

<i>Scadoxus cinnabarinus</i> Species of flowering plant

Scadoxus cinnabarinus is a herbaceous plant from tropical rainforest in Africa. It is native to Western and Central Africa from Sierra Leone in the far west to Angola in the south. It has been reported from Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Niger, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé, Zaire, Uganda, and Angola.

Scadoxus longifolius is a herbaceous plant from Zaire. It is only known from a single collection, and little information is available about it. It appears to be closely related to Scadoxus cinnabarinus, and Inger Nordal and Thomas Duncan suggested in 1984 that it may not be a distinct species.

<i>Scadoxus membranaceus</i> Species of plant

Scadoxus membranaceus is a flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. It is a bulbous plant from South Africa. The smallest of the species of Scadoxus, it is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant where a minimum temperature of 5 °C (41 °F) can be maintained.

Scadoxus nutans is a herbaceous plant endemic to southwest Ethiopia. Its red to pink flowers face downwards as the top of the flowering stem bends over, unlike any of the other species of Scadoxus. It grows mainly as an epiphyte in tropical mountain forests, which are disappearing, making the species vulnerable to extinction. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant.

<i>Scadoxus pole-evansii</i> Species of flowering plant

Scadoxus pole-evansii, commonly known as the Inyanga fireball, is a herbaceous plant endemic to mountains in east Zimbabwe. It was only discovered for science in 1960. Similar in many respects to the more widely grown Scadoxus multiflorus, it is cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Scadoxus pseudocaulus is a herbaceous plant native to Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and Gabon. Similar in many respects to Scadoxus cinnabarinus, it is cultivated as an ornamental plant but has proved reluctant to flower.

<i>Allium flavum</i> Species of flowering plant

Allium flavum, the small yellow onion or yellow-flowered garlic, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Allium. A bulbous herbaceous perennial, it is native to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas, from France + Morocco to Iran + Kazakhstan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haemanthinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants

Haemanthinae is a small subtribe of Haemantheae, and therefore within the African clades of Amaryllidoideae. It consists of two genera, Haemanthus, and Scadoxus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Scadoxus", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2014-03-23
  2. Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), "Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, retrieved 2014-02-25
  3. 1 2 3 "Scadoxus Raf.", eMonocot, retrieved 2014-03-25
  4. 1 2 3 Hutchinson 2007
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hutchinson 2014
  6. 1 2 Rafinesque-Smaltz, C.S. (1838), Flora Telluriana, Philadelphia, part 4, p. 19 , retrieved 2014-03-25
  7. 1 2 "Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal", PlantZAfrica, South African National Biodiversity Institute, archived from the original on 2011-04-30, retrieved 2014-03-25
  8. Puccio, Pietro, "Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. katharinae", photomazza.com, transl. Mario Beltramini, retrieved 2014-03-25
  9. Stearn, W.T. (2004), Botanical Latin, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, p. 271, ISBN   978-0-7153-1643-6
  10. Coombes, Allen J. (1994), Dictionary of Plant Names, London: Hamlyn Books, ISBN   978-0-600-58187-1 , p. 167
  11. 1 2 Meerow, Alan W. & Clayton, Jason R. (2004), "Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 244 (3–4): 141–155, doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z, S2CID   10245220
  12. "Scadoxus multiflorus", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2014-03-25
  13. 1 2 Nordal, I. & Duncan, T. (1984), "A cladistic analysis of Haemanthus and Scadoxus", Nordic Journal of Botany, 4 (2): 145–153, doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb01482.x
  14. "Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. multiflorus", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , retrieved 2014-03-25
  15. "Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. subsp. katharinae (Bak.) Friis & Nordal", PlantZAfrica, South African National Biodiversity Institute, retrieved 2014-03-25

Bibliography