Sekhmetops

Sekhmetops Temporal range: Early Oligocene (Rupelian), ~33.8  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Illustration of the S. africanus holotype
Photo of the S. phiomensis holotype
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	† Hyaenodonta
Family:	† Hyainailouridae
Subfamily:	† Hyainailourinae
Genus:	† Sekhmetops Al-Ashqar et al., 2025
Type species
†Sekhmetops africanus (Andrews, 1903)
Other species
†S. phiomensis (Osborn, 1909)

Sekhmetops (meaning "Sekhmet face") is an extinct genus of carnivorous hyaenodont mammals from the Early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation of Egypt. The genus contains two species, S. africanus and S. phiomensis, both of which were originally assigned to the genus Pterodon . ^[1]

Discovery and naming

In 1903, British paleontologist Charles W. Andrews participated in an expedition to Fayûm, Egypt, during which several new vertebrate fossils were collected. Later that year, he published a brief note describing these specimens. He classified one of these, a partial right jaw bone (specimen NHMUK M8503), as a new species of the genus Pterodon, noting how its large size distinguished it from the type species of this genus. The specific name, africanus , is a Latin adjective meaning "from Africa". ^[2] In a 1906 book, Andrews described and figured the specimen in more depth. He also provisionally referred a left humerus and right femur to this species. ^{[3] [4]}

In 1909, American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn described another species of Pterodon, P. phiomensis, based on the holotype (AMNH 13253), a nearly complete left lower jaw. He also referred a second comparable lower jaw, AMNH 13254. Osborn described this species as about two-thirds the size of P. africanus, with a more slender jaw morphology. ^{[5] [4]} The specific name, phiomensis, is derived from the phiom—the Greek word for Fayûm, meaning "lake"—referencing the type locality. ^[6]

In 2025, Al-Ashqar et al. revised the record of African species assigned to Pterodon, a historic wastebasket taxon. As in previous analyses, they observed that the species referred to this genus form a polyphyletic assemblage. ^{[7] [8]} As such, they established a new genus, Sekhmetops, for "P." africanus and "P." phiomensis. The generic name combines a reference to Sekhmet—a lion-headed goddess from Ancient Egyptian mythology associated with pestilence and war—with the Greek suffix "-ops", meaning "face". The authors' intended translation is "having the face of the lion-headed goddess". ^[1]

Historical life restoration by Charles R. Knight (1907) of two Sekhmetops and Arsinoitherium

Classification

Using an expanded matrix from previous phylogenetic analyses, ^[9] Al-Ashqar et al. recovered "P." africanus and "P." phiomensis as sister taxa within the hyaenodontan subfamily Hyainailourinae. Their results are displayed in the cladogram below: ^[1]

Hyainailourinae

Orienspterodon dahkoensis Kerberos langebadreae Pterodon dasyuroides Hemipsalodon Akhnatenavus leptognathus Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon Sekhmetops africanus Sekhmetops phiomensis Paroxyaena sp. Thereutherium Sectisodon markgrafi Namasector soriae Prionogale breviceps Leakitherium hiwegi Mlanyama sugu Exiguodon pilgrimi Metapterodon kaiseri Ekweeconfractus amorui Isohyaenodon zadoki Bastetodon syrtos Falcatodon schlosseri Hyainailouros sulzeri Megistotherium Simbakubwa Hyainailouros napakensis Hyainailouros nyanzae Isohyaenodon andrewsi Hyainailouros bugtiensis Sivapterodon lahirii

References

1. Al-Ashqar, Shorouq F.; Borths, Matthew; El-Desouky, Heba; Heritage, Steven; Abed, Mohamed; Seiffert, Erik R.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Sallam, Hesham M. (2025-02-16). "Cranial anatomy of the hypercarnivore Bastetodon syrtos gen. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Hyainailourinae) and a reevaluation of Pterodon in Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . e2442472. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2442472. ISSN   0272-4634.
2. Andrews, C. W. (1903). "I.— Notes on an Expedition to the Fayûm, Egypt, with Descriptions of Some New Mammals". Geological Magazine. 10 (8): 337–343. doi:10.1017/S0016756800115122. ISSN   0016-7568.
3. Andrews, Charles William (1906). A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayûm, Egypt (PDF). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 220–225.
4. Holroyd, Patricia A. (1999-08-20). "New Pterodontinae (Creodonta: Hyaenodontidae) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt". PaleoBios. 19 (2): 1–18.
5. Osborn, Henry F. (1909). "New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 26 (28): 415–424.
6. Morgan, Vincent L.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2002). "Notes from Diary-Fayum Trip, 1907". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science . Bulletin 22: 1–148. ISSN   1524-4156.
7. Zack, Shawn P. (2019). Wilf, Peter; Taylor, Michael (eds.). "The first North American Propterodon (Hyaenodonta: Hyaenodontidae), a new species from the late Uintan of Utah". PeerJ . 7: e8136. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8136 . PMC   6876642 . PMID   31772846.
8. Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2019-01-02). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. ISSN   0272-4634.
9. Solé, Floréal; Morlo, Michael; Schaal, Tristan; Lehmann, Thomas (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios . 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID   234848856.