2025 in paleomammalogy

Last updated

List of years in paleomammalogy
In paleontology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In paleobotany
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In arthropod paleontology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In paleoentomology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In paleomalacology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In paleoichthyology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In reptile paleontology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
In archosaur paleontology
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028

This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2025, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2025.

Contents

Afrotherians

Proboscideans

Proboscidean research

  • Dooley et al. (2025) reevaluate the affinities of mastodon fossil material from Oregon and Washington (United States), Alberta (Canada) and Hidalgo and Jalisco (Mexico), extending known geographical range of Mammut pacificus, and providing probable evidence of presence of both M. pacificus and M. americanum in close geographical proximity. [1]
  • Jukar, Millhouse & Carrano (2025) revise the fossil material attributed to Amebelodon floridanus , assign a neotype specimen of this specied and support its placement in the genus Amebelodon. [2]
  • Evidence of diets of Palaeoloxodon naumanni and mammoths from the Pleistocene sites in Japan, including possible evidence of different foraging behaviors of the studied proboscideans in Hokkaido, is presented by Naito (2025). [3]
  • A study on mammoth teeth from the Pleistocene strata in Alberta (Canada), providing evidence of presence of three morphotypes – including a morphotype intermediate between the woolly mammoth and the Columbian mammoth – is published by Barrón-Ortiz, Jass & Cammidge (2025). [4]
  • A study on the dietary habits of Columbian mammoths from the Tultepec I and Tultpec II sites (Mexico), providing evidence of mixed C3/C4 diet for the majority of the studied specimens, is published by Rodríiguez-Franco et al. (2025). [5]

Sirenians

Sirenian research

  • Ducrocq et al. (2025) report the discovery of fossil material (including a well-preserved and almost complete skull) of a specimen of Metaxytherium medium from the Miocene strata in France, and estimate body size of the studied specimen. [6]

Other afrotherians

Miscellaneous afrotherian research

  • Crespo & Castillo (2025) reject the arguments of Furió, Minwer-Barakat & García-Alix (2024), who considered the fossil material of Europotamogale melkarti to be remains of a water-mole of the genus Archaeodesmana , [7] and reaffirm the validity of E. melkarti. [8]

Euarchontoglires

Primates

Primate research

  • Evidence from the study of brain endocasts of extant and extinct mammals, indicative of cortical expansion in the areas of the brain involved in producing cognitive functions that began early on during the primate evolution, is presented by Melchionna et al. (2025), who argue that selection for complex cognition likely drove the evolution of primate brains. [9]
  • Lang et al. (2025) study the size of the olfactory bulbs in extant and fossil members of Euarchontoglires, and report evidence of a reduction of the olfactory bulb size at the base of the primate crown group, as well as subsequent reductions in different primate groups. [10]
  • Evidence from the study of the anatomy of manubria and sternebrae of extant and fossil simians, indicating that the anatomy of the sternum can provide information on the form of the thorax and the positional repertoire of the clavicles in fossil simians, is presented by Middleton, Alwell & Ward (2025). [11]
  • A study on tooth wear and probable diets of Miocene and Pliocene Old World monkeys from the Turkana Basin (Kenya) is published by Fehringer et al. (2025). [12]
  • Brasil et al. (2025) revise the species-level taxonomy of South African Parapapio , and argue that the available evidence does not support assignment of the studied fossil material to more than one species. [13]
  • Pugh, Strain & Gilbert (2025) study the anatomy of teeth of Samburupithecus kiptalami and interpret it as a late-occurring African member of the family Oreopithecidae. [14]
  • A study on the morphology of the lumbar vertebrae of Ekembo nyanzae , Morotopithecus bishopi and Pierolapithecus catalaunicus , and on its implications for the knowledge of the locomotion of the studied apes, is published by Williams et al. (2025). [15]
  • A study on the morphology and affinities of Kapi ramnagarensis is published by Gilbert et al. (2025), who interpret the studied primate as a stem-hylobatid. [16]
  • A study on the tooth wear of Lufengpithecus lufengensis , providing evidence of a diet that included tough foods such as leaves, is published by Fan et al. (2025). [17]

General paleoanthropology

  • Lawrence, Hammond & Ward (2025) compare the orientation of the acetabulum in fossil hominins and extant primates, reporting evidence of humanlike condition in early Australopithecus. [18]
  • Evidence from the study of nitrogen and carbonate carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel of Australopithecus from the Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa), interpreted as indicating that the studied specimens had a plant-based diet and did not regularly eat mammalian meat, is presented by Lüdecke et al. (2025). [19]
  • Madupe et al. (2025) provide evidence of protein preservation in tooth enamel of the Australopithecus africanus specimen Sts 63 from Sterkfontein Member 4, and identify the studied individual as a male. [20]
  • A study on the surface organization of the endocast of the Taung Child is published by Hurst et al. (2025). [21]
  • Evidence of morphological variation among maxillae of specimens of Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar (Ethiopia), possibly linked to sexual dimorphism, is presented by Hanegraef & Spoor (2025). [22]
  • Zanolli et al. (2025) study the anatomy and affinities of the Pleistocene hominin mandible SK 15 from Swartkrans Member 2, South Africa (the holotype of Telanthropus capensis ), and interpret this specimen as belonging to a previously unrecognized species of Paranthropus , P. capensis. [23]
  • A study on the morphology of the oval window in Paranthropus robustus , interpreted as spanning the ape-human spectrum, is published by Fernandez & Braga (2025). [24]
  • Fossil material of a young adult hominin specimen, including a complete tibia and a nearly complete femur articulating with a partial hip bone, is described from the Hanging Remnant of the Swartkrans Formation (South Africa) by Pickering et al. (2025), who assign the studied individual to the species Paranthropus robustus. [25]
  • Evidence from the study of paleosols from the hominin and archaeological sites from the Gona Paleoanthropological Project area (Ethiopia) ranging from the Oldowan to the Late Stone Age, interpreted as indicative of reliance of hominins on riverine ecosystem edge and gallery forest resources throughout their evolutionary history, is presented by Stinchcomb, Rogers & Semaw (2025). [26]
  • Curran et al. (2025) describe cut-marked bones interpreted as evidence of presence of hominins at the Grăunceanu site (Romania) at least 1.95 milion years ago. [27]
  • Evidence of systematic production of technologically and morphologically standardized bone tools by hominins living 1.5 million years ago is reported from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) by de la Torre et al. (2025). [28]
  • Pietrobelli et al. (2025) study the anatomy of fibular ends of Homo floresiensis , interpreted as indicative of presence of a versatile ankle joint consistent with a locomotor repertoire including obligate bipedalism as well as climbing. [29]
  • Chapman et al. (2025) reconstruct the skeleton of the leg of Homo naledi , and interpret its anatomy as casting doubt on the capabilities of H. naledi for endurance running. [30]
  • Mercader et al. (2025) present evidence indicating that Homo erectus occupying the Engaji Nanyori locality (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) one million years ago lived in extremely dry environment, and showed ability to adapt to such environment through the strategic use of water resources present in the studied area. [31]
  • Huguet et al. (2025) report the discovery of the midface of a hominin living between 1.4 million and 1.1 million years ago from the Sima del Elefante site (Spain), representing the oldest hominin face from Western Europe reported to date, and assign it to Homo aff. erectus. [32]
  • Review of the nomenclature of the Middle Pleistocene hominins is published by Reed (2025). [33]
  • A study aiming to determine the connection between facial morphology and geography in Middle Pleistocene hominins is published by Olsen & White (2025). [34]
  • Review of the studies of skeletal proteomes of Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins, as well as of challenges in the proteomic analyses of the Pleistocene material, is published by Welker et al. (2025). [35]
  • Schroeder & Komza (2025) study the morphological variation of skull of Middle Pleistocene hominins from Africa, and interpret it as consistent with attribution of the studied hominins to a single ecological species lineage. [36]
  • Evidence from the study of starch grains found on basalt tools from the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site (Israel), indicating that Middle Pleistocene hominins from the site processed diverse plants, is preserved by Ahituv et al. (2025). [37]
  • Evidence from the study of stone tools, ochre fragments, animal remains likely accumulated by hominins and funerary practices of hominins from the Tinshemet Cave (Israel), interpreted as indicative of development of uniform behavior among mid-Middle Palaeolithic Levantine hominins that was likely related to interactions between different Homo groups, is presented by Zaidner et al. (2025). [38]
  • A study on evolutionary processes that resulted in the emergence of a mosaic of primitive and derived anatomical traits in the Middle Pleistocene hominin populations from the Neanderthal lineage is published by Rosas et al. (2025). [39]
  • Urciuoli et al. (2025) report evidence of reduction of morphological diversity of bony labyrinths in the Neanderthal lineage after the start of Marine Isotope Stage 5, interpreted as possibly related to a population bottleneck. [40]
  • Degioanni et al. (2025) determine the extent of environments that were suitable from Neanderthal occupation in Europe between 90,000 and 50,000 years ago, report that the extent of suitable areas did not significantly decrease immediately prior to the disappearance of Neanderthals, and argue that the climate change was not the primary cause of the decline of European Neanderthals. [41]
  • Evidence from the study of the Bété I site from the Anyama locality (Ivory Coast), indicative of human occupation of West African wet tropical forests dating to around 150,000 years ago, is presented by Ben Arous et al. (2025). [42]
  • Röding et al. (2025) study the morphology of teeth of a juvenile hominin individual from the Pleistocene Mugharet el'Aliya cave site (Morocco), and interpret it as consistent with affinities with the Homo sapiens lineage. [43]
  • Schürch, Conard & Schmidt (2025) study the raw material sourcing of tools from the Gravettian and Magdalenian sites in Germany, and interpret their findings as indicating that territories of foraging groups that occupied the studied sites spanned across 300 km. [44]
  • Marginedas et al. (2025) interpret evidence of manipulation of human remains from the Magdalenian site Maszycka Cave (Poland) as consistent with cannibalistic behavior. [45]

Rodents

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Farangimys [46]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Calede & Socki

Neogene

Pawnee Creek Beds

Flag of the United States.svg  United States
(Flag of Colorado.svg  Colorado)

A stem geomyoid. The type species is F. megalotrogos.

Rodent research

  • Grau-Camats et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of Miopetaurista webbi from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee, United States) and interpret the species as likely closely related to the Eurasian species M. thaleri. [47]
  • Escamilla et al. (2025) describe fossil material of members of the genera Prolagostomus and Chasicomys from the Miocene strata in the Calahoyo locality (Jujuy Province, Argentina), representing the first recorded co-occurrence of members of the two genera and extending known temporal range of Prolagostomus. [48]
  • A study on the brain morphology of Pliocene specimens of Eumysops chapalmalensis is published by Fernández Villoldo et al. (2025). [49]
  • De Santi & Verzi (2025) revise the Pleistocene tuco-tuco species Ctenomys latidens , interpreting it as a distinct species and likely a senior synonym of C. dasseni and C. intermedius. [50]

Other euarchontoglires

Miscellaneous euarchontoglires research

Laurasiatherians

Artiodactyls

Cetaceans

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Cochimicetus [53]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Cedillo-Avila, González-Barba & Solis-Añorve

Oligocene

San Gregorio Formation

Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico

A member of the family Eomysticetidae. The type species is C. convexus.

Eophyseter [54]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Bisconti et al.

Pliocene

Sabbie d'Asti Formation

Flag of Italy.svg  Italy

A member of the family Physeteridae. The type species is E. damarcoi.

Cetacean research
  • Paul & Larramendi (2025) provide new estimates of body size of Perucetus colossus , interpreted as most likely to have body length of 15 to 16 m and body mass of 35 to 40 tonnes. [55]
  • Redescription and a study on the affinities of Prosqualodon australis is published by Gaetán et al. (2025). [56]
  • Nelson, Lambert & Uhen (2025) revise the validity of European members of the family Squalodontidae, recognizing only 8 valid species, [57] and redescribe Squalodon grateloupii . [58]
  • Hernández Cisneros & Velez-Juarbe (2025) describe the skeletal anatomy of Fucaia goedertorum , and interpret the studied cetacean as a raptorial feeder with high maneuverability. [59]
  • Nobile et al. (2025) describe the skull of an archaic chaeomysticete, possibly closely related to the Oligocene Horopeta , from the Miocene (Burdigalian) Chilcatay Formation (Peru), representing the oldest chaeomysticete specimen from the southeastern Pacific reported to date. [60]

Other artiodactyls

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Aegyptomeryx [61]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Pickford & Gawad

Miocene

Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt

An anthracothere. Genus includes new species A. grandis.

Masrimeryx [61]

Gen. et comb. nov

In press

Pickford & Gawad

Miocene

Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt

An anthracothere. Genus includes "Afromeryx" palustris Miller et al. (2014).

Mogharameryx [61]

Gen. et comb. nov

In press

Pickford & Gawad

Miocene

Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt

An anthracothere. Genus includes "Brachyodus" mogharensis Pickford (1991).

Other artiodactyl research
  • Robson & Theodor (2025) reevaluate the anatomy and affinities of Bunomeryx , and consider its classification as purported early tylopod to be uncertain. [62]
  • A study on the dental morphology and on the affinities of "Parachleuastochoerus" valentini is published by Alba et al. (2025), who interpret the studied species as distinct from Conohyus simorrensis and Versoporcus steinheimensis , and interpret the genus Parachleuastochoerus as likely polyphyletic. [63]
  • Marra (2025) reports the discovery of fossil material of Bohlinia attica from the Miocene strata from Cessaniti (Italy), representing the westernmost record of the species reported to date. [64]
  • Evidence from the study of tooth enamel of Pleistocene cervids and bovids from Southeast Asia, interpreted as indicative of dietary shifts of chitals, Eld's deers, bantengs and gaurs that were likely related to habitat shift from open environments to forests, as well as indicating that extant wild water buffaloes and sambar deers have more restricted diets and habitat compared to Pleistocene ones, is presented by Shaikh, Bocherens & Suraprasit (2025). [65]
  • A study on tooth histology and growth of Procervulus ginsburgi is published by Cuccu et al. (2025). [66]
  • Bouaziz et al. (2025) study the morphology of the anterior teeth of Indohyus indirae , and interpret the studied teeth as forming a grasping device used to capture preys, similar to teeth of stem cetaceans. [67]

Carnivorans

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Civettictis vulpidens [68]

Sp. nov

Valid

Churcher et al.

Pliocene

Varswater Formation

Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa

A member of the family Viverridae, a species of Civettictis .

Panthera uncia lusitana [69]

Ssp. nov

Jiangzuo et al.

Pleistocene

Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal

A subspecies of the snow leopard.

Sivaonyx sarwari [70]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mahmood et al.

Miocene

Dhok Pathan Formation

Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan

An otter.

Urva fanchangensis [71]

Sp. nov

Jiangzuo et al.

Pleistocene

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China

A mongoose, a species of Urva .

Carnivoran research

Chiropterans

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Rhinophylla garbogginii [77]

Sp. nov

Salles et al.

Quaternary

Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil

A species of Rhinophylla .

Perissodactyls

Perissodactyl research

  • Pandolfi et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of Tapirus priscus from the Vallesian strata of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain), providing new information on the anatomy of members of the species and extending its known chronostratigraphic range in Western Europe. [78]
  • Purported tooth fragments of Brachypotherium sp. from the late Miocene strata in Japan is reinterpreted as fossil material of an indeterminate member of Aceratheriinae by Handa & Taru (2025). [79]
  • A study on the ecology of Equus neogeus and Hippidion principale from the Argentine Pampas is published by Bellinzoni, Valenzuela & Prado (2025), who report evidence of greater dietary flexibility of E. neogeus and greater vulnerability of H. principale to environmental changes. [80]

Other laurasiatherians

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Bastetodon [81] Gen. et comb. novAl-Ashqar et al.Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt A member of Hyaenodonta belonging to the family Hyainailouridae. The type species is "Pterodon" syrtos.

Ichhutherium [82]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Armella et al.

Miocene (Burdigalian)

Potrero Grande Formation

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina

A mesotheriid notoungulate. The type species is I. wayra.

Sekhmetops [81] Gen. et comb. novAl-Ashqar et al.OligoceneJebel Qatrani FormationFlag of Egypt.svg  Egypt A member of Hyaenodonta belonging to the family Hyainailouridae. The type species is "Pterodon" africanus, genus also includes "P." phiomensis.

Miscellaneous laurasiatherian research

  • Mulcahy, Constenius & Beard (2025) report the first discovery of fossil material of a uintathere from the Kishenehn Formation (Montana, United States), representing the northernmost record of the group in North America reported to date. [83]

Xenarthrans

Cingulatans

Cingulatan research

  • A study on the morphology of the osteoderms of Quaternary pampatheriids and a revision of their taxonomy is published by Ferreira et al. (2025) [84]
  • New evidence of trauma-induced alterations of the body armor of glyptodont specimens is presented by Lima, Porpino & Ribeiro (2025). [85]
  • Magoulick et al. (2025) determine that environmental conditions in Central America during the Plio-Pleistocene enabled dispersal of Glyptotherium from South America to North America, and possibly also its migration back to South America during the Rancholabrean. [86]
  • Fossil material of Pucatherium parvum , representing the first finding of a mammal from the Eocene Río Nío Formation (Argentina), is described by Gaudioso et al. (2025). [87]

Pilosans

Pilosan research

  • New megatherioid ground sloth specimen, possibly representing a new taxon, is described from the Miocene strata of the La Venta site (Colombia) by Miño-Boilini et al. (2025). [88]
  • Evidence interpreted as indicating that megathere ground sloths had lower body temperatures than reported in other large terrestrial mammals, as well as indicative of varied fur coverage depending on the environment, is presented by Deak et al. (2025). [89]

Metatherians

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages

Dimartinia [90]

Gen. et sp. nov

Suarez et al.

Miocene (Chasicoan)

Cerro Azul Formation

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina

A member of Sparassodonta. The type species is D. pristina.

Streptorhynchus [91]

Gen. et sp. nov

Junior homonym

Carneiro et al.

Eocene

Itaboraí Basin

Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil

A member of the family Derorhynchidae. The type species is S. tropicalis. The generic name is preoccupied by Streptorhynchus King (1850).

Metatherian research

General mammalian research

References

  1. ↑ Dooley, A. C.; Widga, C.; Stoneburg, B. E.; Jass, C.; Bravo-Cuevas, V. M.; Boehm, A.; Scott, E.; McDonald, A. T.; Volmut, M. (2025). "Re-evaluation of mastodon material from Oregon and Washington, USA, Alberta, Canada, and Hidalgo and Jalisco, Mexico". PeerJ. 13. e18848. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18848 . PMC   11766676 . PMID   39866561.
  2. ↑ Jukar, A. M.; Millhouse, A.; Carrano, M. T. (2025). "Identity of the trilophodont gomphothere from Mixson's Bone Bed, Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e2453301. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2453301.
  3. ↑ Naito, Y. I. (2025). "Pleistocene habitats for proboscideans from five sites in the Japanese archipelago: Insights from isotopic composition of tooth enamel and dentin collagen". Journal of Quaternary Science. doi: 10.1002/jqs.3697 .
  4. ↑ Barrón-Ortiz, C. I.; Jass, C. N.; Cammidge, T. S. (2025). "Taxonomic, biogeographic, and biological implications of mammoth teeth from a dynamic Pleistocene landscape in Alberta, Canada". Quaternary Research. 123: 41–58. doi:10.1017/qua.2024.47.
  5. ↑ Rodríiguez-Franco, S.; Pérez-Crespo, V. A.; Barrón-Ortiz, C. I.; Córdoba-Barradas, L.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Rivals, F.; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, E.; Otero, F. J.; Loredo-Jasso, A. U.; Beramendi-Orosco, L. E. (2025). "Dietary reconstruction of Mammuthus columbi from Tultepec, Estado de México, México: A multiproxy approach". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 112829. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.112829.
  6. ↑ Ducrocq, S.; Lefébure, B.; Garcia, G.; Chevrier, F.; Sinturet, J.-M.; Valentin, X. (2025). "A partial skeleton of Metaxytherium medium from the middle Miocene of La Morfassière quarry (Indre-et-Loire, France)". Palæovertebrata. 48 (1). e1. doi:10.18563/pv.48.1.e1.
  7. ↑ Furió, M.; Minwer-Barakat, R.; García-Alix, A. (2024). "No place for Pliocene tourists with Ockham's razor in the pocket: Comment on Crespo et al. (2023)". Palaeoworld. 33 (6): 1727–1734. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2024.02.002 .
  8. ↑ Crespo, V. D.; Castillo, C. (2025). "... and the devil is in the details: A response to Furió et al. (2024)". Palaeoworld. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.200932 .
  9. ↑ Melchionna, M.; Castiglione, S.; Girardi, G.; Profico, A.; Mondanaro, A.; Sansalone, G.; Chatar, N.; Pérez Ramos, A.; Fernández-Monescillo, M.; Serio, C.; Pandolfi, L.; Dembitzer, J.; Di Febbraro, M.; Caliendo, M. M.; Di Costanzo, A.; Morvillo, L.; Esposito, A.; Raia, P. (2025). "Cortical areas associated to higher cognition drove primate brain evolution". Communications Biology. 8. 80. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-07505-1 . PMC   11742917 . PMID   39827196.
  10. ↑ Lang, M. M.; Silcox, M. T.; Fostowicz-Frelik, Ł.; Lis, A.; López-Torres, S.; San Martin-Flores, G.; Bertrand, O. C. (2025). "But how does it smell? An investigation of olfactory bulb size among living and fossil primates and other euarchontoglirans". The Anatomical Record. doi: 10.1002/ar.25651 . PMID   40062624.
  11. ↑ Middleton, E. R.; Alwell, M. T.; Ward, C. V. (2025). "Manubriosternal Morphology of Anthropoid Primates". American Journal of Biological Anthropology. 186 (1). e25053. doi:10.1002/ajpa.25053. PMID   39780526.
  12. ↑ Fehringer, L. K.; Beck, C. C.; Leakey, L. N.; Princehouse, P.; Rowan, J.; Russo, G. A.; Teaford, M. F.; Uno, K. T.; Ungar, P. S. (2025). "Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 201. 103646. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646.
  13. ↑ Brasil, M. F.; Monson, T. A.; Stratford, D. J.; Hlusko, L. J. (2025). "A hypothesis-based approach to species identification in the fossil record: a papionin case study". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 12. 1481903. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1481903 .
  14. ↑ Pugh, K. D.; Strain, J. A.; Gilbert, C. C. (2025). "Reanalysis of Samburupithecus reveals similarities to nyanzapithecines". Journal of Human Evolution. 200. 103635. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103635. PMID   39809111.
  15. ↑ Williams, S. A.; Wang, X.; Avilez, M. V.; Fok, L.; Giraldo, M. V.; Spear, J. K.; Prang, T. C. (2025). "A three-dimensional geometric morphometric study of Miocene ape lumbar vertebrae, with implications for hominoid locomotor evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 201. 103650. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103650.
  16. ↑ Gilbert, C. C.; Ortiz, A.; Pugh, K. D.; Campisano, C. J.; Patel, B. A.; Singh, N. P.; Fleagle, J. G.; Patnaik, R. (2025). "Additional analyses of stem catarrhine and hominoid dental morphology support Kapi ramnagarensis as a stem hylobatid". Journal of Human Evolution. 199. 103628. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103628. PMID   39764860.
  17. ↑ Fan, Y.; Bae, C. J.; Liu, J.; Ding, J.; Liao, W.; Wang, W.; Ungar, P. S. (2025). "Dental microwear and diet of the latest Miocene ape in southern China (Lufengpithecus lufengensis)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 112869. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.112869.
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