2025 in paleobotany

Fossil plant research presented in 2025 includes new taxa that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in 2025.

Algae

Charophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ovoidites rigidus [1]	Sp. nov		Zavattieri & Gutiérrez	Late Triassic	Potrerillos Formation	Argentina		A zygnematacean green alga.
Tarimochara [2]	Gen. et sp. nov		Liu et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		China		A member of the family Charophyceae. Genus includes new species T. miraclensis.

Chlorophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Archaeobatophora gulliverensis [3]	Sp. nov		LoDuca	Silurian (Telychian)	Schoolcraft Formation	United States ( Michigan)
Archaeodunaliella [4]	Gen. et sp. nov		Zhu et al.	Carboniferous–Permian (Kasimovian–Asselian)	Fengcheng Formation	China		A member of the family Dunaliellaceae. The type species is A. junggarensis.
Earltonella swinehartii [3]	Sp. nov		LoDuca	Silurian (Telychian)	Schoolcraft Formation	United States ( Michigan)
Morelletpora sinica [5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Xu & Zhang	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Yigeziya Formation	China		A member of Dasycladales belonging to the family Triploporellaceae.
Suppiluliumaella schlagintweitii [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Barattolo et al.	Early Cretaceous		Romania		A member of Dasycladales.
Triploporella loducai [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Barattolo et al.	Early Cretaceous		Romania		A member of Dasycladales.

Rhodophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Antiquifosliella [7]	Gen. et sp. nov		Vinn in Vinn et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Estonia		A red alga belonging to the family Corallinaceae. The type species is A. tinnae.
Masloviporidium crassimuri [8]	Sp. nov		Brenckle & Sheng	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Kinkaid Limestone	United States ( Illinois)		A red alga.
Vachardia [8]	Gen. et sp. nov		Brenckle & Sheng	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Kinkaid Limestone	United States ( Illinois)		A red alga. The type species is V. multigena.

Phycological research

• A study on the reproduction of Eugonophyllum , based on fossils from the Carboniferous (Gzhelian) Maping Formation (Guizhou, China), is published by Wang et al. (2025). ^[9]

Non-vascular plants

Bryophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Calymperites chenianus [10]	Sp. nov		Li in Tan et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Kachin amber	Myanmar		A member of the family Calymperaceae.
Calymperites proboscideus [10]	Sp. nov		Li in Tan et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Kachin amber	Myanmar		A member of the family Calymperaceae.
Ditrichites aristatus [10]	Sp. nov		Li in Tan et al.	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Kachin amber	Myanmar		A member of Dicranales sensu lato.
Sematophyllites lanceolatus [11]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Frahm)	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe (Baltic Sea region)		A moss belonging to the family Sematophyllaceae; moved from Hypnites lanceolatus Frahm (2004).
Sematophyllites lodziensis [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wolski	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe (Baltic Sea region)		A moss belonging to the family Sematophyllaceae.
Sematophyllites subflagellaris [11]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Caspary & Klebs)	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe (Baltic Sea region)		A moss belonging to the family Sematophyllaceae; moved from Dicranites subflagellare Caspary & Klebs (1907).
Tricosta angeiophoros [12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valois et al.	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)		Canada ( British Columbia)		A moss belonging to the family Tricostaceae. Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.

Marchantiophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Corsiniopsis [13]	Gen. et sp. nov		Flores & Cariglino	Late Triassic	Potrerillos Formation	Argentina		A liverwort belonging to the group Marchantiales. Genus includes new species C. kurtzii.
Frullania chiapasensis [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mamontov, Feldberg, Schäfer-Verwimp & Gradstein in Feldberg et al.	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico		A liverwort, a species of Frullania .
Hyponychium [15]	Gen. et sp. nov		Paulsen et al.	Eocene	Anglesea amber	Australia		A liverwort belonging to the group Jungermanniales. The type species is H. pentadactylum.
Marchantites elegans [13]	Comb. nov		(Barale & Ouaja)			Tunisia		Moved from Hepaticites elegans Barale & Ouaja (2002).
Radula kachinensis [16]	Sp. nov		Song, Ye & Wang	Cretaceous	Kachin amber	Myanmar		A liverwort, a species of Radula .
Radula panduriformis [15]	Sp. nov		Paulsen et al.	Eocene	Anglesea amber	Australia		A liverwort, a species of Radula.
Thysananthus patrickmuelleri [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Feldberg, Gradstein, Schäfer-Verwimp & Mamontov in Feldberg et al.	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico		A liverwort belonging to the group Porellales and the family Lejeuneeae.

Non-vascular plant research

• Evidence of impact of socio-economic and language factors on the documentation of bryophyte fossil record is presented by Blanco-Moreno, Bippus & Tomescu (2025). ^[17]

Lycophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Franscinella [18]	Gen. et comb. nov		Carniere, Pozzebon-Silva, Guerra-Sommer, Uhl, Jasper & Spiekermann in Carniere et al.	Permian		Brazil		A member of Lycopodiales; a new genus for "Lycopodites" riograndensis Salvi et al. (2008).
Selaginella jorelisiae [19]	Sp. nov	Valid	López-García, Schmidt & Regalado in López-García et al.	Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic		A species of Selaginella .
Staphylophyton [20]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gensel et al.	Devonian (Emsian)		Canada ( New Brunswick)		A zosterophyll. Genus includes new species S. semiglobosa. Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.
Zosterophyllum baoyangense [21]	Sp. nov		Huang & Xue in Huang et al.	Devonian (Pragian)	Mangshan Group	China

Lycophyte research

• A study on leaf cushions of Sigillaria approximata , providing evidence of independent evolution of leaf abscission in arboreous lycopsids and in euphyllophytes, is published by D'Antonio (2025). ^[22]

Ferns and fern allies

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Arthropitys raimundii [23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rößler et al.	Permian	Leukersdorf Formation	Germany		A calamitalean. Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.
Claytosmunda basilica [24]	Sp. nov		Hiller, Cheng & Bomfleur	Late Triassic		Antarctica		A member of the family Osmundaceae.
Coniopteris haifanggouensis [25]	Sp. nov		Li & Tian in Li et al.	Middle Jurassic	Haifanggou Formation	China		A member of the family Dicksoniaceae.
Equisetum shandongensis [26]	Sp. nov		Jin et al.	Early Cretaceous	Laiyang Formation	China		A species of Equisetum .
Hexaphyllostrobus negauneeana [27]	Sp. nov		D'Antonio et al.	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Mazon Creek fossil beds	United States ( Illinois)		A sphenophyll cone.
Irizaripteris [28]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Iglesias et al.	Paleocene	Cross Valley-Wiman Formation	Antarctica		A member of the family Dryopteridaceae belonging to the subfamily Dryopteridoideae. Genus includes new species I. antarcticus.
Krameropteris calophyllum [29]	Sp. nov		Li in Li & Meng	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Kachin amber	Myanmar		A member of the family Dennstaedtiaceae.
Millerocaulis santamartaensis [30]	Sp. nov		Koppelhus et al.	Late Cretaceous	Snow Hill Island Formation	Antarctica		A member of the family Osmundaceae.
Salvinia indica [31]	Sp. nov		Ali & Khan in Ali et al.	Paleocene–Eocene	Subathu Formation	India		A species of Salvinia .

Pteridological research

• New fossil material of Nemejcopteris haiwangii , providing evidence of climbing on Psaronius tree hosts, is described from Permian strata of the Taiyuan Formation in the Wuda Coalfield (Inner Mongolia, China) by Li et al. (2025). ^[32]
• Branched networks of tubules interpreted as probable root fossils of herbaceous leptosporangiate ferns are described from the Middle-Upper Triassic strata in Somerset (United Kingdom) by Howson, Tucker & Whitaker (2025). ^[33]

Conifers

Cheirolepidiaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Classostrobus minutus [34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pfeiler, Matsunaga & Atkinson	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Ladd Formation	United States ( California)		Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.
Frenelopsis callapezii [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kvaček, Mendes & Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert	Early Cretaceous	Figueira da Foz Formation	Portugal		Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.

Cupressaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Athrosequoia [36]	Gen. et sp. nov		Pfeiler, Ortiz & Tomescu in Pfeiler et al.	Early Cretaceous (Barremian/Aptian)	Budden Canyon Formation	United States ( California)		Woody seed cone of a member of Cupressaceae. Genus includes new species A. walkeri.
Stutzeliastrobus araucarioides [37]	Comb. nov		(Tan & Zhu)	Early Cretaceous	Guyang Formation	China		Moved from Elatides araucarioides Tan & Zhu (1982)

Pinaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Lesbosoxylon zourosii [38]	Sp. nov		Zhu & Wang in Zhu et al.	Miocene	Sigri Pyroclastic Formation	Greece
Piceoxylon jarudense [39]	Sp. nov		Yin et al.	Early Cretaceous	Huolinhe Formation	China
Pinus longlingensis [40]	Sp. nov		Song & Wu in Song et al.	Pliocene	Mangbang Formation	China		A pine.
Pinus mangkangensis [41]	Sp. nov		Yao & Su in Yao et al.	Eocene	Mangkang Basin	China		A pine.
Pinuxylon anatolica [42]	Sp. nov		Akkemik & Mantzouka	Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey		A member of the family Pinaceae.

Podocarpaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Dacrycarpoides [43]	Gen. et sp. nov		Patel, Cantrill & Leslie in Patel et al.	Miocene		New Caledonia		The type species is D. neocaledonica.
Metapodocarpoxylon brasiliense [44]	Sp. nov		Conceição et al.		Missão Velha Formation	Brazil

Conifer research

• Tian et al. (2025) describe parasitic fungi infecting a podocarpaceous wood specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China), and report evidence of tylosis formation in the studied wood interpreted as a defense response to the fungal infection. ^[45]

Gnetophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ephedra transversa [46]	Sp. nov		Song & Wu in Li et al.	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China		A species of Ephedra .

Flowering plants

Magnoliids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cryptocarya makumensis [47]	Sp. nov		Bhatia & Srivastava	Oligocene		India		A species of Cryptocarya .
Cryptocaryoxylon istanbulensis [48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik & Üner	Late Oligocene–Early Miocene	İstanbul Formation	Turkey		Fossil wood of a member of the family Lauraceae.
Laurinoxylon americanum [49]	Comb. nov		(Petriella)	Paleocene	Cerro Bororó Formation	Argentina		Moved from Bridelioxylon americanum Petriella (1972).
Longexylon [50]	Gen. et sp. nov		Pujana et al.	Late Cretaceous	Snow Hill Island Formation	Antarctica		Fossil wood of a member of the family Lauraceae. Genus includes new species L. oliveroi.
Magnolia dorotheae [51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kunzmann et al.	Eocene		Germany		A species of Magnolia . Published online in 2024; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2025.
Magnolia geinitzii [52]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Engelhardt)	Miocene		Germany		A species of Magnolia ; moved from Livistona geinitzii Engelhardt (1870).

Magnoliid research

• Beurel et al. (2025) study the phylogenetic affinities of Nothophylica piloburmensis , and recover it as a member of Laurales related to the families Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae. ^[53]

Monocots

Alismatales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Maresurculus [54]	Gen. et sp. nov		Yamada	Miocene	Morozaki Group	Japan		Seagrass with probable affinities with Cymodoceaceae. Genus includes new species M. aichiensis.
Potamogeton crispissima [28]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Dusén)	Paleocene	Cross Valley-Wiman Formation	Antarctica		A species of Potamogeton .
Thalassites morozakiensis [54]	Sp. nov		Yamada	Miocene	Morozaki Group	Japan		Seagrass with probable affinities with Hydrocharitaceae.
Thalassotaenia notophyllum [55]	Sp. nov		Panti in Panti et al.	Miocene	Gaiman Formation	Argentina		Seagrass belonging to the family Hydrocharitaceae.

Arecales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Palmoxylon trachycarpeaeense [56]	Sp. nov		Kumar & Khan in Kumar, Spicer & Khan	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		Fossil wood of a member of the family Arecaceae belonging to the subfamily Coryphoideae and the tribe Trachycarpeae.
Rhizopalmoxylon arecoides [57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kumar & Khan in Kumar, Spicer & Khan	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		Root mat of a member of the family Arecaceae belonging to the subfamily Arecoideae.

Liliales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ripogonum marambio [28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Iglesias et al.	Paleocene	Cross Valley-Wiman Formation	Antarctica		A species of Ripogonum .

Poales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Chimonobambusa manipurensis [58]	Sp. nov		Bhatia & Srivastava in Bhatia et al.	Pleistocene		India		A species of Chimonobambusa .
Ventriculmus [59]	Gen. et sp. nov		Bhatia & Srivastava in Bhatia et al.	Miocene		India		A bamboo. The type species is V. neyvelinensis.

Monocot research

• Evidence from a fossil-calibrated phylogeny of palms, indicating that diversification rates of palms changed during global warming and cooling events from the mid-Cretaceous to the end of the Oligocene, is presented by Yao et al. (2025). ^[60]
• Khan et al. (2025) describe fossil material of palms with one metaxylem vessel in each fibrovascular bundle from the Maastrichtian-Danian Deccan Intertrappean Beds (India), and interpret the studied fossils as Cocos-type palms belonging to the subfamily Arecoideae that likely grew in a tropical rainforest. ^[61]
• Evidence from the study of phytoliths from the Giraffe locality (Northwest Territories, Canada), indicative of presence of palms close to the Arctic Circle over an extensive period of time during the Eocene (approximately 48 million years ago), is presented by Siver et al. (2025). ^[62]

Basal eudicots

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Palaeosinomenium indicum [63]	Sp. nov		Kumar, Manchester & Khan	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		A member of the family Menispermaceae. Announced in late 2024, published fully in 2025.
Proteaceaefolia [64]	Gen. et sp. nov		Carpenter & McLoughlin	Paleogene		Chile		A member of the family Proteaceae. The type species is P. araucoensis.
Tetracentron linchensis [65]	Sp. nov		Manchester	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States ( Wyoming)		A species of Tetracentron .

Superasterids

Apiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Astropanax eogetem [66]	Sp. nov		Pan et al.	Miocene	Mush Valley Formation	Ethiopia		A species of Astropanax .
Caffapanax [67]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wilf	Eocene (Ypresian)	Huitrera Formation	Argentina		Leaf fossils of a member of the family Araliaceae. The type species is C. canessae.
Davidsaralia [67]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wilf	Eocene (Ypresian)	Huitrera Formation	Argentina		Infructescence of a member of the family Araliaceae. The type species is D. christophae.

Ericales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Sandrawia [68]	Gen. et sp. nov		Tiffney et al.	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States ( Wyoming)		A fossil fruits with closest similarity to fruits of members of the family Ericaceae. Genus includes new species S. scottii.
Sideroxylon globosum [69]	Sp. nov		(Ludwig)	Miocene		Germany	Sapindus lignitum Unger (1860)	A species of Sideroxylon ; moved from Trapa globosa Ludwig (1860).
Sideroxylon margaritiferum [69]	Comb. nov		(Ludwig)	Miocene		Germany		A species of Sideroxylon; moved from Taxus margaritifera Ludwig (1860).
Sideroxylon ruminatiusculum [69]	Sp. nov		Martinetto et al.	Miocene and Pliocene		Italy		A species of Sideroxylon.

Gentianales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Mesechitespermum [70]	Gen. et sp. nov		Alvarado-Cárdenas et al.	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico		A member of the family Apocynaceae. The type species is M. endressiorum.

Icacinales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Miquelia yenbaiensis [71]	Sp. nov		Hung, Huang & Li in Hung et al.	Miocene	Co Phuc Formation	Vietnam		A species of Miquelia .

Superrosids

Fabales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Bauhinia sanshuiensis [72]	Sp. nov		Wu et al.	Paleocene	Sanshui Basin	China		A species of Bauhinia sensu lato.
Peltophorum xingjianii [73]	Sp. nov		Zhao, Wang & Huang in Zhao et al.	Miocene	Sanhaogou Formation	China		A species of Peltophorum .
Pueraria qinghaiensis [74]	Sp. nov		Cao & Xie in Cao et al.	Miocene	Youshashan Formation	China		A species of Pueraria .

Fagales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Myricoxylon unalakkemikii [75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Çelik	Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey		A member of the family Myricaceae.
Ostrya parajaponica [76]	Sp. nov		Huang & Jia in Huang et al.	Eocene	Bailuyuan Formation	China		A species of Ostrya .

Malpighiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Calophyllum beihaiensis [77]	Sp. nov		Huang & Jia in Tang et al.	Miocene	Foluo Formation	China		A species of Calophyllum .
Tetrapterys dolgopolae [78]	Sp. nov		Siegert, Gandolfo & Wilf	Eocene	Laguna del Hunco Formation	Argentina		A species of Tetrapterys .
Thryallis eocenicus [79]	Sp. nov		Ali, Patel & Khan in Ali et al.	Eocene		India		A species of Thryallis .

Rosales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ampaloxylon [80]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gentis et al.	Paleogene		Myanmar		A member of the family Moraceae. Genus includes A. ficoides
Milicioxylon afromoroides [80]	Sp. nov		Gentis et al.	Paleogene		Myanmar		A member of the family Moraceae.
Prunus tonyzhangii [81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wheeler, Manchester & Baas	Eocene	John Day Formation	United States ( Oregon)		A species of Prunus .

Sapindales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Acer pretataricum [82]	Sp. nov		Xiao & Wang in Dong et al.	Miocene	Hannuoba Formation	China		A maple.
Entandrophragminium pacei [80]	Sp. nov		Gentis et al.	Paleogene		Myanmar
Nothopegia oligocastaneifolia [83]	Sp. nov		Bhatia & Srivastava	Oligocene	Tikak Parbat Formation	India		A species of Nothopegia .
Nothopegia oligotravancorica [83]	Sp. nov		Bhatia & Srivastava	Oligocene	Tikak Parbat Formation	India		A species of Nothopegia.
Zanthoxylum maii [52]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Gregor)	Miocene		Germany		A species of Zanthoxylum ; moved from Toddalia maii Gregor (1975).
Zanthoxylum naviculaeforme [52]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Reid)	Miocene		France		A species of Zanthoxylum; moved from Martya naviculaeformis Reid (1923).
Zanthoxylum turovense [52]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Czeczott & Skirgiełło)	Miocene		Poland		A species of Zanthoxylum; moved from Sapoticarpum turovense Czeczott & Skirgiełło (1975).

Superrosid research

• Ali et al. (2025) describe a gland-bearing petal of cf. Mcvaughia sp. from the Eocene Palana Formation (India), interpreted as possible evidence that members of the lineage of the studied plant already had volatile glands used to attract pollinators (possibly anthophorid bees) in the early Eocene. ^[84]
• Hazra & Khan (2025) report the discovery of a diverse assemblage of legume fruits and leaflet remains from the Rajdanda Formation (India), interpreted as evidence of the presence of a warm and humid tropical environment during the Pliocene. ^[85]
• A study on the anatomy of wood of extant members of the genus Ficus and fossil wood with affinities to Ficus, and on its implications for determination of the organs preserved as fossil wood and their habits, is published by Monje Dussán, Pederneiras & Angyalossy (2025). ^[86]
• Hamersma et al. (2025) revise Sahnianthus parijai from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, interpret it as a member or a relative of the family Lythraceae, and identify Chitaleypushpam mohgaonense, Deccananthus savitrii, Raoanthus intertrappea, Flosfemina intertrappea, Flosvirulis deccanensis, Menispermaceopushpam amanganjii, Liliaceopushpam deccanii, Lythraceopushpam mohgaoense and Surangepushpam deccanii as junior synonyms of S. parijai. ^[87]
• A leaf of Swintonia floribunda , representing the oldest record of the genus Swintonia reported to date, is described from the Oligocene Tikak Parbat Formation (India) by Bhatia & Srivastava (2025), who interpret this finding as supporting the Gondwanan origin of the Anacardiaceae. ^[88]
• The first fossil material assigned to a living endangered tropical tree species ( Dryobalanops rappa ) is described from the Plio-Pleistocene strata from Brunei by Wang et al. (2025). ^[89]

Other angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Menispermites temlyanensis [90]	Sp. nov		Zolina, Golovneva & Grabovskiy	Late Cretaceous–Paleocene (Maastrichtian–Danian)	Tanyurer Formation	Russia ( Chukotka Autonomous Okrug)		A flowering plant with similarities to members of the genus Menispermum .
Stellula [91]	Gen. et sp. nov		Puebla & Prámparo	Early Cretaceous	La Cantera Formation	Argentina		An early flowering plant, possibly with affinities with Ranunculales. The type species is S. meridionalis.

General angiosperm research

• A study on the timing of the evolution of the flowering plants is published by Ma et al. (2025), who recover the crown group of the flowering plants as likely originating in the Triassic. ^[92]
• Clark & Donoghue (2025) study the impact of interpretations of the plant fossil record on molecular clock estimates of the timing of origin of the flowering plants, and estimate that the crown group of the flowering plants diverged in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous interval. ^[93]
• Ding et al. (2025) review fossil and molecular evidence of origin and development of floras dominated by flowering plants, and identify five major phases of the studied process. ^[94]
• Mendes et al. (2025) study the ultrastructure of pollen of Saportanthus , interpret the studied angiosperm as the sister taxon of monocots, and support placement of Jamesrosea and Lovellea within Laurales. ^[95]
• Doughty et al. (2025) use a mechanistic model to study the relationship between seed size of flowering plants, their light environment and the size of animals in their environment, and predict a rapid increase of seed size during the Paleocene that eventually plateaued or declined, likely as a result of the appearance of large herbivores that opened the understory, reducing the competitive advantage of plants with large seeds. ^[96]
• Cham et al. (2025) develop a method for reconstructing the rate of carbon assimilation in leaves, and apply it to Miocene flowering plants from the Clarkia fossil beds (Idaho, United States). ^[97]

Other plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Bomfleuranthus [98]	Gen. et sp. nov		Villalva & Gnaedinger	Triassic	Cañadón Largo Formation	Argentina		A microsporangiate cone of a member of Peltaspermales. Genus includes new species B. scytoconnexus.
Fengweioxylon [99]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China		Fossil wood of a corystosperm. The type species is F. sinense.
Karkenia bracteata [100]	Sp. nov		Frolov, Enushchenko & Mashchuk	Early Jurassic		Russia		A member of Ginkgoales belonging to the family Karkeniaceae.
Neuromariopteris [101]	Gen. et sp. nov		Šimůnek & Haldovský	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Kladno-Rakovník Basin	Czech Republic		A member of Callistophytales. The type species is N. scandens.
Palaeopteridium andrenelii [102]	Sp. nov		Correia & Góis-Marques	Carboniferous (Moscovian)		Portugal		A progymnosperm belonging to the group Noeggerathiales.
Planoxylon toitoii [103]	Nom. nov		Philippe et al.			New Zealand		A replacement name for Araucarioxylon australe Crié.
Quebradophyllum [104]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hunt et al.	Permian	Abo Formation	United States ( New Mexico)		A plant of uncertain affinities. The type species is Q. yamiae.
Rhipidopsis laoyingshanensis [105]	Sp. nov		Zhang et al.	Permian (Wuchiapingian)		China
Samaropsis sulriograndensis [106]	Sp. nov		Prado, Marques-de-Souza & Iannuzzi	Carboniferous–Permian (Gzhelian–Asselian)	Itararé Group	Brazil		A gymnosperm seed of uncertain affinities.
Shanxioxylon yangquanense [107]	Sp. nov		Wang & Wan in Wang et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian)	Benxi Formation	China		A cordaitalean.
Sinolobotheca [108]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Wutong Formation	China		An ovule of a seed plant of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species S. octa.
Socorropteris [109]	Gen. et sp. nov		DiMichele et al.	Permian	Abo Formation	United States ( New Mexico)		A tracheophyte of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species S. cancellarei.
Sweetea [110]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gastaldo	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Hartselle Sandstone	United States ( Alabama)		A probable pteridosperm. Genus includes new species S. milowensis.
Taenimacutis [111]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Foraponova	Permian		Russia ( Udmurtia)		Dispersed cuticles with similarities to probable conifer cuticles from the Permian of Jordan assigned to the genus Cryptokerpia . Genus includes new species T. gomankovii.
Yuzhoua [112]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang, Lei & Fu	Permian (Asselian)	Lower Shihhotse Formation	China		A plant of uncertain affinities, with similarities to the flowering plants. The type species is Y. juvenilis.
Zaijunia [113]	Gen. et sp. nov		Li et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Wutong Formation	China		A seed plant belonging to the group Lagenospermopsida and to the family Elkinsiaceae. The type species is Z. biloba.

Other plant research

• Krings (2025) identifies epidermal cells of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii from the Devonian Rhynie chert (United Kingdom) with wall appositions encasing invasive fungal hyphae, representing the oldest record of such defense mechanism in plants reported to date. ^[114]
• Huang & Zhang (2025) revise the holotype specimen of Zosterophyllum spathulatum from the Devonian Xujiachong Formation as a specimen of Adoketophyton subverticillatum , expanding known geographical range of the genus Adoketophyton. ^[115]
• Doran & Tomescu (2025) identify emergences with possible rooting function in Psilophyton crenulatum from the Devonian Val d'Amour Formation (New Brunswick, Canada), potentially representing the oldest euphyllophyte rooting structures reported to date. ^[116]
• A study on wood anatomy of Devonian euphyllophytes from the Battery Point Formation (Quebec, Canada) is published by Casselman & Tomescu (2025), who identify secondary xylem metrics that allow for distinguishing between different euphyllophyte taxa. ^[117]
• A study on the epidermal anatomy of Pterophyllum ptilum from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (China) is published by Lu et al. (2025). ^[118]
• Partial leaf representing the first record of a fossil Cycas from Australia is described from the Miocene Stuarts Creek site by Greenwood, Conran & West (2025). ^[119]

Palynology

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cadargasporites helbyi [120]	Sp. nov		Peyrot et al.	Triassic	Babulu Formation	Timor-Leste
Cadargasporites timorensis [120]	Sp. nov		Peyrot et al.	Triassic	Babulu Formation	Timor-Leste
Planctonites? comasii [120]	Sp. nov		Peyrot et al.	Triassic	Babulu Formation	Timor-Leste
Sparganiaceaepollenites intertrappeansis [121]	Nom. nov		DeBenedetti et al.	Late Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Mandla Formation	India	Sparganiaceaepollenites annulatus Thakre et al. 2024 (junior homonym of S. annulatus De Benedetti, 2023).	Fossil pollen; a replacement name for Sparganiaceaepollenites reticulatus Samant et al. (2022).
Sparganiaceaepollenites oczkowicensis [121]	Nom. nov		DeBenedetti et al.	Miocene		Poland		Fossil pollen; a replacement name for Sparganiaceaepollenites microreticulatus Grabowska & Ważyńska (2009).
Stigmatocystia [122]	Gen. et sp. nov		Strother et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Sarah Formation	Saudi Arabia		Zygospores of a member of the family Zygnemataceae. The type species is S. divericata.
Tenellisporites capillaris [123]	Sp. nov		Zhan et al.	Triassic	Badong Formation	China		A lycopsid megaspore.
Zygnema paleopawneanum [122]	Sp. nov		Strother et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Sarah Formation	Saudi Arabia		Zygospores of a member of the genus Zygnema .

Palynological research

• Nhamutole et al. (2025) study the composition of palynological assemblages from the Permian (Lopingian) strata of the Maniamba Basin (Mozambique), reporting evidence of the presence of plants indicative of lowland fluvial setting. ^[124]
• Hotton et al. (2025) study the composition of the late Permian palynoflora from the Spearfish Formation (South Dakota, United States), providing evidence of similarities with the Lopingian palynofloras from Europe and evidence of spread of xerophytic flora across low-latitude Pangaea at that time. ^[125]
• Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from the South Chinese Meishan section, indicative of presence of persistent gymnosperm-dominated vegetation during the Permian-Triassic transition, is presented by Schneebeli-Hermann & Galasso (2025). ^[126]
• Evidence from the study of palynofloral assemblages from the Germig Section (Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Tibet, China), interpreted as indicative of a shift from floras dominated by seed ferns and conifers to floras dominated by cheirolepids during the Triassic-Jurassic transition, is presented by Li et al. (2025). ^[127]
• Description of the palynological assemblage from the Middle Jurassic Challacó Formation (Argentina), including a Mesozoic record of the otherwise Proterozoic to Paleozoic taxon Gloeocapsomorpha , is presented by Olivera et al. (2025). ^[128]
• Tricolpate pollen, identified as pollen of flowering plants belonging to the eudicot clade, is described from the Barremian strata from nearshore marine sediments in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) by Gravendyck et al. (2025). ^[129]
• A study on the composition of the gymnosperm-dominated palynoflora from the Lower Cretaceous strata from the Koonwarra fossil bed (Australia) is published by Vajda et al. (2025). ^[130]
• Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from the Barremian–Aptian Gippsland Basin and the Albian Otway Basin (Victoria, Australia), indicative of a high-rainfall regime of a floral turnover in the studied resulting in different composition of the assemblages from the studied basins, is presented by Korasidis & Wagstaff (2025). ^[131]
• A study on palynofloral assemblages from the Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark (Spain), providing evidence of gradual shift from conifer-dominated floras to ones with increased presence of flowering plants through the Albian–Cenomanian, is published by Rodríguez-Barreiro et al. (2025). ^[132]
• Evidence from the study of palynomorph and palynofacies from the Bahariya Formation (Egypt), interpreted as indicative of warm and humid climate during the early-middle Cenomanian with a short episode of semi-arid to arid conditions during the late early Cenomanian, is presented by Abdelhalim et al. (2025). ^[133]
• Vieira & Jolley (2025) describe Classopollis pollen (produced by members of the family Cheirolepidiaceae) from the Paleocene sedimentary rocks of the Antrim Lava Group (Northern Ireland, United Kingdom), and interpret the studied pollen as reworked from Cretaceous strata. ^[134]
• Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from the Llanos basin (Colombia), indicative of impact of environmental changes on the diversification of Neotropical plants during the Cenozoic, is presented by de la Parra & Benson (2025). ^[135]
• Rull (2025) revises purported fossil pollen records of Pelliciera found outside the Neotropics, and argues that only a subset of Cenozoic pollen records from tropical West Africa can be confirmed as likely fossils of members of Pelliciera. ^[136]
• Evidence from the study of the fossil record of pollen from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, United States) and from pollination mode of extant plants related to the fossil taxa, interpreted as indicating that animal pollination became more common during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Korasidis et al. (2025). ^[137]
• A study on the fossil pollen from the Sonari Lignite Mine (Rajasthan, India), providing evidence of changes of composition of the plant assemblage from the studied area during the Paleocene-Eocene transition, is published by Parmar, Singh & Prasad (2025). ^[138]
• Revision of the fossil pollen of members of Fabales, Rosales, Fagales, Malpighiales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Malvales, Santalales and Caryophyllales from the palynological assemblage from the Eocene Messel Formation (Germany) is published by Bouchal et al. (2025). ^[139]
• Evidence from the study of fossil pollen from the Dingqinghu Formation (China), indicative of presence of a mixed deciduous and coniferous forest in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Oligocene-Miocene transition, is presented by Xie et al. (2025). ^[140]
• Malaikanok et al. (2025) study the fossil pollen of members of Ericales from the Oligocene-Miocene strata from the Ban Pa Kha Subbasin of the Li Basin (Thailand), identifying 24 different pollen types, and interpret the studied pollen as possible fossil record of different vertical vegetation belts in the mountainous areas. ^[141]
• Evidence from the study of pollen record from the Zoige Basin, indicative of changes of vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau related to temperature changes during the last 3.5 million years, is presented by Zhao et al. (2025). ^[142]
• A study on the environment and climate in Java (Indonesia) during the early Pleistocene, based on data from palynological assemblages from the Kalibiuk and Kaliglagah formations, is published by Morley & Morley (2025), who interpret the studied assemblages as indicative of a strongly seasonal climate, and interpret the assemblages from the Kalibuik Formation and the basal Kaliglagah Formation as indicative of presence of a large delta dominated by mangroves, while considering the assemblages from the upper Kaliglagah Formation to be consistent with the presence of a freshwater swamp. ^[143]
• Evidence from the study of pollen record from the eastern Mainland Southeast Asia, indicative of presence of forest-seasonal savanna mosaics in the studied region during the Last Glacial Maximum, is presented by Lin et al. (2025), who find no evidence of presence of savanna corridors linking the Leizhou Peninsula and Singapore during the Last Glacial Maximum. ^[144]

General research

• A study on the floral assemblage from the Permian strata of the East Bokaro Coalfield (India), providing evidence of the presence of a diverse ecosystem of large trees and shrubs, is published by Dash et al. (2025). ^[145]
• Ferraz et al. (2025) report the discovery of a diverse plant association in the Guadalupian strata from the Cerro Chato outcrop (Paraná Basin, Brazil). ^[146]
• Evidence of changes of composition of gigantopterid-dominated rainforests known from the Longtan Formation (China) during the Lopingian is presented by Shu et al. (2025), who also report evidence of the presence of climbing structures in Gigantonoclea . ^[147]
• Evidence from the study of fossil material from the South Taodonggou Section in the Turpan-Hami Basin (China), interpreted as indicative of presence of a refugium of land vegetation that preserved the stability of food chains during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and might have been one of the source regions for the diversification of terrestrial life in the aftermath of the extinction event, is presented by Peng et al. (2025). ^[148]
• Evidence of a staggered recovery of plant communities from the Sydney Basin (Australia) in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, indicative of the presence of a succession gymnosperm-dominated and lycophyte-dominated plant communities lasting until the early Middle Triassic, is presented by Amores et al. (2025). ^[149]
• Xu et al. (2025) link prolonged high CO₂ levels and extreme hothouse climate during the Early Triassic to losses of terrestrial vegetation during the Permian–Triassic extinction event. ^[150]
• Quiroz-Cabascango et al. (2025) report the discovery of a new plant assemblage dominated by ginkgoopsids, cheirolepid conifers and ferns from the Hettangian Helsingborg Member of the Höganäs Formation (Sweden), providing evidence of recovery of vegetation in the aftermath of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. ^[151]
• Evidence from the study of molecular fossils from the Sangonghe Formation (China), indicative of a shift from a fern-dominated flora to a gymnosperm-dominated one during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and eventual return to fern dominance, is presented by Wang et al. (2025). ^[152]
• A study on the composition of the Middle Jurassic plant assemblage from the Khamarkhoovor Formation (Mongolia) is published by Muraviev et al. (2025). ^[153]
• Chen et al. (2025) identify seven types of gymnosperm (including bennettitalean and conifer) cuticles from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) flora from the Arda Formation (Jordan), and report evidence of similarities of the studied flora to other Jurassic floras from the Middle East. ^[154]
• Evidence of the presence of a plant community dominated by ferns belonging to the family Osmundaceae, similar to extant plant communities such as those from swamp settings from the Parana Forest in northeastern Argentina, is reported from the Jurassic La Matilde Formation (Argentina) by García Massini et al. (2025). ^[155]
• A diverse assemblage of opalized plant fossils is described from the Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) Griman Creek Formation (Australia) by McLoughlin et al. (2025). ^[156]
• Silva et al. (2025) study the taphonomy of exceptionally preserved plant remains from the Upper Cretaceous Santa Marta Formation (Antarctica). ^[157]
• Evidence from the study of phytoliths from the Lunpola Basin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, interpreted as indicative of presence mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest during the late Oligocene–Early Miocene, is presented by Zhang et al. (2025). ^[158]
• A study on the timing of the uplift of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes, based on composition of fossil plant communities from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (China), is published by Lai et al. (2025). ^[159]
• Evidence indicating that climate and geographic changes in the Miocene resulted in vegetation changes that in turn caused climate change feedbacks that impacted cooling and precipitation changes during the late Miocene climate transition is presented by Zhang et al. (2025). ^[160]
• Evidence from the study of plant macrofossils and palynoflora from the Pisco Formation (Peru), indicative of presence of a diverse dry forest biome in the area of present-day coastal Peruvian desert during the Miocene, is presented by Ochoa et al. (2025). ^[161]
• A study on ancient DNA from sediment cores from lakes in Alaska and Siberia, providing evidence of plant extinctions associated with environmental changes during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, is published by Courtin et al. (2025). ^[162]
• Evidence of changes of the upper range limit of trees in the Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum, and of a relationship between those changes and pattern of beta diversity of the studied flora, is presented Xu et al. (2025). ^[163]
• El-Saadawi et al. (2025) present an annotated catalog of plant macrofossil remains from Egypt, including fossils ranging from Devonian to Quaternary. ^[164]
• Jardine, Morck & Lomax (2025) compare the utility of morphological traits which might be proxies for genome size of fossil plants, and report evidence of a robust relationship between genome size and guard cell length in plants. ^[165]
• Liu et al. (2025) review the development and application of artificial intelligence in paleobotany and palynology from the 1980s to 2025. ^[166]

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62. Siver, P. A.; Reyes, A. V.; Pisera, A.; Buryak, S.; Wolfe, A. P. (2025). "Palm phytoliths in subarctic Canada imply ice-free winters 48 million years ago during the late early Eocene". Annals of Botany. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaf021 . PMID   39928565.
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66. Pan, A. D.; Jacobs, B. F.; Currano, E. D.; Gostel, M. R.; Lowry, P. P.; Plunkett, G. M.; Hoffmann, J.; Geier, C.; Grímsson, F. (2025). "Fossil Astropanax Seem. (Araliaceae) from the early Miocene (21.73 Mya) Mush Valley plant assemblages of Ethiopia". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boaf011.
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71. Hung, N. B.; Huang, J.; Del Rio, C.; Hoa, N. T. M.; Truong, D. V.; Pha, P. D.; Su, T.; Li, S.-F. (2025). "First endocarp record of Miquelia (Icacinaceae) from the late Miocene of northern Vietnam and its phytogeographical and paleoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 105285. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105285.
72. Wu, Y.; Kodrul, T.; Zheng, Y.; Maslova, N.; Ni, Z.-J.; Wu, X.-K.; Jin, J.-H. (2025). "A naturally folded leaf fossil of Bauhinia s.l. from the middle Paleocene of South China and its phytogeographical and palaeoecological implications". Papers in Palaeontology. 11 (2). e70013. doi:10.1002/spp2.70013.
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