2024 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils . ^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks ( ichnites ), burrows , cast-off parts, fossilised feces ( coprolites ), palynomorphs and chemical residues . Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science . This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2024.

Flora

Plants

Main article: 2024 in paleobotany

"Algae"

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Characrhynium [2]	Gen. et sp. nov		Krings	Devonian	Windyfield chert	United Kingdom	A probable unicellular alga. Genus includes new species C. amoenum.

Phycological research

• Evidence from genomic data, interpreted as indicating that the brown algae originated during the Ordovician but their major diversification happened during the Mesozoic, is presented by Choi et al. (2024). ^[3]
• Kiel et al. (2024) report the discovery of kelp holdfasts from the Oligocene strata in Washington State (United States), providing evidence of the presence of kelp in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the earliest Oligocene. ^[4]

Fungi

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Meliolinites miopanici [5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kundu & Khan	Miocene		India	A member of the family Meliolaceae. Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.
Zygosporium himachalensis [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kundu & Khan	Miocene		India	A member of Xylariales belonging to the family Zygosporiaceae.
Zygosporium palaeogibbum [7]	Sp. nov		Mahato et al.	Miocene	Chunabati Formation	India	A member of Xylariales belonging to the family Zygosporiaceae.

Mycological research

• Garcia Cabrera & Krings (2024) describe fungi colonizing bulbils of Palaeonitella cranii from the Devonian Rhynie chert, interpreted as distinct from fungi colonizing the axes and branchlets of P. cranii, which might indicate organ-specific colonization. ^[8]

Cnidarians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Bothrophyllum crassiseptatum [9]	Sp. nov		Luo et al.	Carboniferous	Shiqiantan Formation	China	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae.
Bothrophyllum junggarense [9]	Sp. nov		Luo et al.	Carboniferous	Shiqiantan Formation	China	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae.
Caninophyllum pseudotimaniforme [9]	Sp. nov		Luo et al.	Carboniferous	Shiqiantan Formation	China	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Cyathopsidae.

Arthropods

Main articles: 2024 in arthropod paleontology and 2024 in paleoentomology

Brachiopods

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Afanasjevispirifer [10]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baranov & Nikolaev	Devonian		Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the subfamily Howellellinae. The type species is A. mercuriformis (Kulkov, 1963).
Aldanispirifer selennyakhensis [10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Nikolaev	Devonian		Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the subfamily Howellellinae.
Borealoides [11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jin et al.	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Odins Fjord Formation	Greenland	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Pentameroidea and the family Virgianidae. The type species is B. balderi.
Chenshichonetes [12]	Nom. nov	Valid	Gaudin	Carboniferous		Australia   China	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae; a replacement name for Robertsella Chen & Shi (2003).
Craniops brussai [13]	Sp. nov		Benedetto, Lavié & Salas	Silurian (Ludfordian-Pridolian)	Los Espejos Formation	Argentina	A craniopsid brachiopod.
Craniops speculum [13]	Sp. nov		Benedetto, Lavié & Salas	Silurian (Gorstian)	Los Espejos Formation	Argentina	A craniopsid brachiopod.
Deloprosopus dawesi [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Merqujoq Formation	Greenland	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae.
Dicoelosia paratenua [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallagher & Harper	Silurian		United Kingdom
Glyptorthis papillosa [15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Harper	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Whittaker Formation	Canada (  Northwest Territories)	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Glyptorthidae.
Golestanirhynchus golestanicus [16]	Sp. nov		Baranov, Kebria-Ee Zadeh & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Isorthis (Ovalella) clarksoni [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallagher & Harper	Silurian		United Kingdom
Katastrophomena mackenzii [15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Harper	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Whittaker Formation	Canada (  Northwest Territories)	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Strophomenidae.
Kulumbella heimdali [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin et al.	Silurian (Aeronian)	Odins Fjord Formation	Greenland	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Stricklandioidea and the family Kulumbellidae.
Leptaena eska [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallagher & Harper	Silurian		United Kingdom
Lissatrypa scotica [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallagher & Harper	Silurian		United Kingdom
Megalopterorhynchus chanakchiensis giganteus [16]	Ssp. nov		Baranov, Kebria-Ee Zadeh & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Oglupes scotia [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallagher & Harper	Silurian		United Kingdom
Orbaspina involuta [17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Silurian (Sheinwoodian)	Motol Formation	Czech Republic	A siphonotretid brachiopod.
Petasmaria sartenaeri [16]	Sp. nov		Baranov, Kebria-Ee Zadeh & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Plicogypa kayseri alaskensis [18]	Ssp. nov		Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (  Alaska)	Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Praethele [17]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Silurian (Sheinwoodian to Ludfordian)	Motol Formation	Czech Republic	A discinid brachiopod. The type species is "Discina" vexata Barrande (1879); genus also includes new species P. postvexata.
Protathyris amsdeni [18]	Sp. nov		Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (  Alaska)	Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Rzhonsnitskayaella [18]	Gen. et sp. nov		Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States (  Alaska)	Genus includes new species R. lata. Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Schizotreta elegantia [17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Silurian (Sheinwoodian)	Motol Formation	Czech Republic	A discinid brachiopod.
Talyndzhaspirifer [10]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Nikolaev	Devonian		Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the subfamily Howellellinae. The type species is T. latus.
Tilabadirhynchus [16]	Gen. 2 sp. nov		Baranov, Kebria-Ee Zadeh & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of Rhynchonellida. Genus includes new species T. azadshahrensis and T. qeshlaqensis.
Undispiriferoides qujingensis [19]	Sp. nov		Liu et al.	Devonian	Qujing Formation	China	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Reticulariidae.
Virgiana hursti [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin et al.	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Turesø Formation	Greenland	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae.

Brachiopod research

• Liang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of Anomaloglossa porca from the Ordovician (Sandbian) Pingliang Formation (China), extending known geographical range of the species from Gondwana and Tarim to North China Platform, and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of an infaunal lifestyle of A. porca. ^[20]
• Shapiro (2024) describes fossil material of Dzieduszyckia from the Devonian Slaven Chert (Nevada, United States), possibly indicative of the presence of a species distinct from D. sonora in Nevada, and interprets Dzieduszyckia as capable of survival in both seep and non-seep settings, which enabled it be primed for the Famennian biotic crises and give rise to later dimerelloids adapted to living in seep or vent settings. ^[21]
• Harper & Peck (2024) present evidence of disappearance of large brachiopods from shallow tropical waters after the Jurassic period, interpreted as mainly caused by increase of durophagous predation in these environments. ^[22]

Molluscs

Main article: 2024 in paleomalacology

Echinoderms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Cheirocystis liexiensis [23]	Sp. nov		Liu et al.	Ordovician	Madaoyu Formation	China	A rhombiferan belonging to the group Dichoporita and the family Cheirocrinidae.
Copernicrinus [24]	Gen. et sp. nov		Płachno et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)	Kérdacha Formation	Algeria	A crinoid belonging to the group Comatulida and the family Thiolliericrinidae. The type species is C. zamori.
Isselicrinus baldoensis [25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roux et al.	Eocene (Lutetian)		Italy	A crinoid belonging to the group Isocrinida and the family Balanocrinidae.
Micraster ernsti [26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlüter	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Germany
Phyllocystis baltica [27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov & Anekeeva	Ordovician		Russia	A cornutan.
Phyllocystis cellularis [27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov & Anekeeva	Ordovician		Russia	A cornutan.
Vyscystis? spinosa [28]	Sp. nov		Wang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Mantou Formation	China	A lepidocystid blastozoan.

Research

• A review of the early evolution of echinoderms is published by Rahman and Zamora (2024). ^[29]
• Evidence of increase of diversity of adaptations to different life habits throughout the evolutionary history of Cambrian and Ordovician echinoderms is presented by Novack-Gottshall et al. (2024). ^[30]
• Bohatý et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Monstrocrinus from the Devonian strata in Germany, and reinterpret Monstrocrinus as an attached, stalked echinoderm. ^[31]

Hemichordates

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Cambrobranchus [32]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu Formation	China	An acorn worm. The type species is C. pelagobenthos.

Conodonts

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Neogondolella excentrica primitiva [33]	Ssp. nov	Valid	Orchard & Golding	Middle Triassic		United States (  Nevada)
Neogondolella excentrica sigmoidalis [33]	Ssp. nov	Valid	Orchard & Golding	Middle Triassic		United States (  Nevada)
Neogondolella quasiconstricta [33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard & Golding	Middle Triassic		United States (  Nevada)
Neogondolella quasicornuta [33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard & Golding	Middle Triassic		United States (  Nevada)
Palmatolepis abramovae [34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tagarieva	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia

Research

• Redescription of Stiptognathus borealis is published by Zhen (2024). ^[35]
• Evidence indicating that the morphological and taxonomic diversity of conodonts was more affected by the Capitanian mass extinction event than by Permian–Triassic extinction event, and that both extinction events were followed by morphological innovation in conodonts, is presented by Xue et al. (2024). ^[36]
• A study on the multielement apparatus of Gladigondolella tethydis is published by Golding & Kılıç (2024), who interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of Cratognathodus elements as belonging to the apparatus of G. tethydis. ^[37]

Fish

Main article: 2024 in paleoichthyology

Amphibians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Bromerpeton [38]	Gen. et sp. nov		MacDougall et al.	Early Permian	Tambach Formation	Germany	A recumbirostran belonging to the family Brachystelechidae. The type species is B. subcolossus.
Dvinosaurus gubini [39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Uliakhin & Golubev	Permian		Russia
Kermitops [40]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	So, Pardo & Mann	Early Permian	Clear Fork Formation	United States (  Texas)	An amphibamiform temnospondyl. The type species is K. gratus.
Kwatisuchus [41]	Gen. et sp. nov		Pinheiro et al.	Early Triassic	Sanga do Cabral Formation	Brazil	A benthosuchid temnospondyl. The type species is K. rosai.
Stenokranio [42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Werneburg et al.	Carboniferous-Permian transition (Gzhelian/Asselian)	Remigiusberg Formation	Germany	An eryopid temnospondyl. The type species is S. boldi.
Telmatobius achachila [43]	Sp. nov		Gómez et al.	Miocene	Mauri Formation	Bolivia	A species of Telmatobius .
Ymboirana [44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Santos et al.	Oligocene	Tremembé Formation	Brazil	A typhlonectid caecilian. The type species is Y. acrux.

Research

• A study on the fossils and paleosols of the Devonian Hervey Group (New South Wales, Australia) is published by Retallack (2024), who interprets his findings as indicating that Metaxygnathus lived within streams among subhumid woodlands, and argues that tetrapod limbs and necks most likely evolved in woodland streams. ^[45]
• Porro, Martin-Silverstone & Rayfield (2024) redescribe the anatomy of the skull of Eoherpeton watsoni and present a new, three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull. ^[46]
• Redescription of the skeletal anatomy and a study on the affinities of Plagiosaurus depressus is published by Witzmann & Schoch (2024). ^[47]
• Redescription and a study on the affinities of Hyperokynodon keuperinus is published by Schoch (2024). ^[48]
• A study on the affinities of Chinlestegophis jenkinsi is published by Marjanović et al. (2024), whose phylogenetic analysis doesn't support the interpretation of C. jenkinsi and stereospondyls in general as stem caecilians. ^[49]
• A study on the morphology and histology of the humerus and femora of Kulgeriherpeton ultimum is published by Skutschas et al. (2024). ^[50]
• Syromyatnikova et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Andrias from the Pliocene Belorechensk Formation (Krasnodar Krai, Russia), representing one of the geologically youngest and easternmost records of giant salamanders in Europe reported to date. ^[51]
• A specimen of Gansubatrachus qilianensis preserved with eggs within its body, interpreted as a skeletally immature gravid female, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation (China) by Du et al. (2024). ^[52]
• Santos, Carvalho & Zaher (2024) describe fossil material of an indeterminate neobatrachian frog from the Eocene–Oligocene Aiuruoca Basin (Brazil), expanding known diversity of frogs from the studied unit. ^[53]
• A study on the taphonomy of Eocene frog fossils from the Geiseltal Lagerstätte (Germany) is published by Falk et al. (2024), who find no evidence of silicification of soft tissues, as well as no evidence of preservation of most of the soft tissues reported as preserved in earlier studies, interpret the fossil microbodies preserved with the frogs as more likely to be melanosomes than bacteria, and interpret the mode of soft tissue preservation in frogs from Geiseltal as similar to those of other fossil vertebrates from lacustrine ecosystems. ^[54]
• New assemblage of frog fossils, including possible brachycephaloids, odontophrynids and hemiphractids, is described from the Eocene Geste Formation (Argentina) by Gómez et al. (2024). ^[55]
• A diverse assemblage of amphibian fossils is described from the Miocene and Pliocene strata from the Hambach surface mine (Germany) by Villa, Macaluso & Mörs (2024), who interpret the studied fossils as indicative of a humid climate persisting in the area throughout the Neogene. ^[56]
• Reisz, Maho & Modesto (2024) reevaluate the affinities of recumbirostrans and lysorophians, arguing that the studied tetrapods were not amniotes. ^[57]
• Modesto (2024) reviews the phylogenetic studies that recovered diadectomorphs or recumbirostrans within the crown group of Amniota, and argues that the data presented so far is not sufficient to confidently classify both groups as amniotes. ^[58]

Reptiles

Main articles: 2024 in reptile paleontology and 2024 in archosaur paleontology

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Dianoconodon [59]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Early Jurassic	Lufeng Formation	China	A morganucodontan-like mammaliaform. The type species is D. youngi.
Docodon hercynicus [60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martin et al.	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)	Süntel Formation	Germany
Ergetiis [61]	Gen. et sp. nov		Averianov et al.	Early Cretaceous	Batylykh Formation	Russia (  Sakha Republic)	A tegotheriid docodont. The type species is E. ichchi.
Feredocodon [62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian–Callovian)		China	A shuotheriid mammaliaform. The type species is F. chowi.
Nyaphulia [63]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Duhamel et al.	Permian (Guadalupian)	Abrahamskraal Formation	South Africa	A basal dicynodont. New genus for " Eodicynodon " oelofseni, the type species.
Paratraversodon [64]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kerber et al.	Triassic		Brazil	A traversodontid cynodont. The type species is P. franciscaensis.
Riojanodon [65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martinelli et al.	Triassic	Chañares Formation	Argentina	A chiniquodontid cynodont. The type species is R. nenoi.

Research

• Singh et al. (2024) provide evidence of a dramatic shift in the jaw functional morphology of carnivorous synapsids across the early-middle Permian transition, and interpret their findings as indicative of changes of feeding ecologies of predatory synapsids related to increasingly dynamic behaviors and interactions in the studied time interval. ^[66]
• Evidence of functional differentiation of teeth of Mesenosaurus efremovi is presented by Maho et al. (2024). ^[67]
• Maho, Holmes & Reisz (2024) describe new fossil material of large-bodied synapsids from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), including fossil material of a sphenacodontid which might be distinct from known members of the group and the first ophiacodontid material from this locality; the authors use photography, stipple drawings and coquille drawings for visual representation of the studied material, and argue that three forms of visual representation provide more information about the specimens compared to only using photographs. ^[68]
• Benoit et al. (2024) report evidence of neurological adaptations of Cistecynodon parvus to low-frequency hearing and low-light conditions, evidence that facial bosses of Pachydectes elsi were likely richly innervated and better suited for display, communication or species recognition than physical combat, and evidence of a healed braincase injury in a specimen of Moschognathus whaitsi , interpreted as likely head-butting related injury resulting from play-fighting of juveniles. ^[69]
• Sidor & Mann (2024) describe an articulated sternum and interclavicle of a specimen of Aelurognathus tigriceps from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia), providing new information on the anatomy of the sternum in gorgonopsians. ^[70]
• Brant & Sidor (2024) describe a premaxilla of a member of the genus Inostrancevia from the Permian Usili Formation (Tanzania), representing the oldest record of the genus from the Southern Hemisphere reported to date. ^[71]
• Benoit et al. (2024) reevaluate the provenance of three gorgonopsian specimens from purported Lower Triassic strata in the Karoo Basin (South Africa), and interpret the studied fossils as expanding the range of the genus Cyonosaurus higher up in the extinction zone, but don't confirm the survival of gorgonopsians past the Permian–Triassic extinction event. ^[72]
• A study on the phylogeny of the Eutheriodontia and on the character evolution within the group is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2024), who recover therocephalians as paraphyletic with regards to cynodonts. ^[73]
• A study on dental complexity in gomphodont cynodonts through time, indicating that the peak in postcanine complexity was reached early in the gomphodont evolution, is published by Hendrickx et al. (2024). ^[74]
• Kaiuca et al. (2024) provide new body mass estimates for multiple cynodont taxa, and report that rates of body size evolution were lower in prozostrodontians ancestral to the first Mammaliaformes than in other lineages. ^[75]
• Averianov & Voyta (2024) reinterpret fossil material of a putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei as a tooth of a Neogene shrew. ^[76]
• A study on synapsid species richness and distribution throughout the Mesozoic is published by Brocklehurst (2024), who finds evidence of two phases of decline of non-mammalian synapsids – a restriction of their geographic range between the Triassic and Middle Jurassic, and a decline in species richness during the Early Cretaceous. ^[77]

Mammals

Main article: 2024 in paleomammalogy

Other animals

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Archiasterella acuminata [78]	Sp. nov		Zhang & Wang in Zhang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Balang Formation	China	A chancelloriid.
Beretella [79]	Gen. et sp. nov		Han, Guo, Wang and Qiang in Wang et al.	Cambrian Stage 2	Yanjiahe Formation	China	A member of Saccorhytida. The type species is B. spinosa.
Brigoconus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Malinky & Geyer	Cambrian	Brigus Formation	Canada (  Newfoundland and Labrador)	A hyolith. Genus includes new species B. greavesi.
Conchicolites corbalengus [81]	Sp. nov		Vinn et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		Estonia	A member of Cornulitida.
Cornulites levigatus [81]	Sp. nov		Vinn et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		Estonia	A member of Cornulitida.
Cretacimermis dolor [82]	Sp. nov		Fang, Poinar & Luo in Fang et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A nematode belonging to the family Mermithidae.
Gaparella elenae [83]	Sp. nov	Valid	Luzhnaya	Cambrian		Mongolia	A problematic microfossil, possibly a sponge.
Gzhelistella [84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Davydov et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Kosherovo Formation	Russia (  Moscow Oblast)	A calcareous sponge. The type species is G. cornigera. Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Levinoconus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Malinky & Geyer	Cambrian	Brigus Formation	Canada (  Newfoundland and Labrador)	A hyolith. Genus includes new species L. florencei.
Lobodiscus [85]	Gen. et sp. nov		Zhao et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	China	A possible member of Trilobozoa. The type species is L. tribrachialis.
Porkuniconchus [86]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vinn, Wilson & Toom	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Ärina Formation	Estonia	A member of Cornulitida. The type species is P. fragilis.
Poutinella [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Malinky & Geyer	Cambrian	Brigus Formation	Canada (  Newfoundland and Labrador)	A hyolith. Genus includes new species P. crispenae.
Selkirkia tsering [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nanglu & Ortega-Hernández	Ordovician (Tremadocian)	Fezouata Formation	Morocco
Serpula? alicecooperi [88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kočí et al.	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)	Hasle Formation	Denmark	A polychaete belonging to the family Serpulidae.
Sororistirps altynensis [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pervushov	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Russia (  Saratov Oblast)	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Ventriculitidae.
Sororistirps antetubiforme [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pervushov	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		Kazakhstan   Russia (  Samara Oblast   Saratov Oblast   Volgograd Oblast)	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Ventriculitidae.
Sororistirps postradiatum [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pervushov	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		Kazakhstan   Russia (  Samara Oblast   Saratov Oblast)	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Ventriculitidae.
Timorebestia [90]	Gen. et sp. nov		Park et al.	Cambrian	Sirius Passet Lagerstätte	Greenland	A member of the stem group of Chaetognatha. The type species is T. koprii.
Toutonella [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Malinky & Geyer	Cambrian	Brigus Formation	Canada (  Newfoundland and Labrador)	A hyolith. Genus includes new species T. chaddockae.
Tribrachidium gehlingi [91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Botha & García-Bellido	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia

Research

• Cao, Meng & Cai (2024) use electrochemical methods to simulate the process of tube generation of Cloudina under the same phosphorus content as modern seawater. ^[92]
• Wang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of two distinct types of archaeocyaths from the Cambrian Shuijingtuo and Xiannüdong formations (China), including fossils with complicated interior network of canals which might be remains of a water filtration mechanism more complex and efficient than the ones seen in sponges. ^[93]
• Review of events of decline in the evolutionary history of stromatoporoids is published by Kershaw & Jeon (2024). ^[94]
• Turk et al. (2024) redescribe the type material of Archaeichnium haughtoni , and interpret it as one of the earliest examples of marine worm burrow linings in the fossil record reported to date. ^[95]
• A specimen of Cricocosmia jinningensis preserved in the act of moulting is described from the Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (China) by Yu, Wang & Han (2024), who present a reconstruction of the moulting process of C. jinningensis. ^[96]
• A body fossil resembling tentacles of extant trypanorhynch tapeworms is described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Luo et al. (2024). ^[97]
• Yang et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Gaoloufangchaeta bifurcus from the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (China), and interpret G. bifurcus as the earliest known errantian annelid. ^[98]
• Tubular fossils which might belong to early sabellids are described from the Upper Permian deposits in southern China by Słowiński, Clapham & Zatoń (2024), potentially expanding known range of sabellids during the late Paleozoic. ^[99]
• Jamison-Todd et al. (2024) describe boring produced by members of the genus Osedax in marine reptile bones from the Cenomanian Lower Chalk (United Kingdom), Campanian Marlbrook Marl and Mooreville Chalk (Arkansas and Alabama, United States) and Maastrichtian Mons Basin (Belgium), providing evidence of the presence of Osedax on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean in the Cretaceous, as well as evidence of the presence of different morphotypes of borings which were possibly produced by different species. ^[100]
• A study on the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Cambrian hyoliths, providing evidence of increase in diversity in the early Cambrian followed by decline in the Miaolingian, is published by Liu et al. (2024). ^[101]

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Colum tekini [102]	sp. nov	Valid	Sashida & Ito in Sashida et al.	Upper Triassic (lower Norian)		Thailand	A pseudodictyomitrid radiolarian. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as January 2024.
Ghoshia januarensis [103]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denezine et al.	Ediacaran	Sete Lagoas Formation	Brazil	An organic-walled microfossil.
Lagenochitina tacobensis [104]	Sp. nov		Camina et al.	Devonian (Givetian)	Los Monos Formation	Bolivia	A chitinozoan.
Palaeorhopalon [105]	Gen. et sp. nov		Dai et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	China	A tubular organism of uncertain affinities. The type species is P. spiniferum.
Ramochitina candelariaensis [104]	Sp. nov		Camina et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Bolivia	A chitinozoan.
Shufangtubulus [105]	Gen. et sp. nov		Dai & Hua in Dai et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	China	A tubular organism of uncertain affinities. The type species is S. inornatus.
Tanaisina [106]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dernov in Dernov & Poletaev	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Dyakove Group	Ukraine	An organism of uncertain affinities, with similarities to Escumasia , Caledonicratis and the hydrozoan Drevotella proteana . The type species is T. mavka.

Research

• Demoulin et al. (2024) interpret Polysphaeroides filiformis from the Proterozoic Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) as a photosynthetic cyanobacterium representing the oldest unambiguous complex fossil member of Stigonemataceae known to date. ^[107]
• Evidence of preservation of thylakoid membranes within 1.78- to 1.73-billion-year-old fossils of Navifusa majensis from the McDermott Formation (Tawallah Group; Australia) and in 1.01- to 0.9-billion-year-old specimens from the Grassy Bay Formation (Shaler Supergroup; Canada) is reported by Demoulin et al. (2024). ^[108]
• A study comparing the preservation of fossils of cyanobacterial assemblages from the Ediacaran Gaojiashan biota and from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota (China) is published by Min et al. (2024), who interpret the differences of preservation modes of the studied fossils as resulting from changes of atmospheric CO₂ levels, which may have risen to approximately ten times present atmospheric level during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, and from related changes in marine chemical conditions. ^[109]
• McMahon et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a colony-forming entophysalid cyanobacterium from the Devonian Rhynie chert (Scotland, United Kingdom) with similarities to extant Entophysalis and mostly Proterozoic Eoentophysalis , and interpret this finding as suggestive of persistence of a single lineage with a broad environmental tolerance across 2 billion years. ^[110]
• Miao et al. (2024) describe 1.63-billion-year-old fossils of Qingshania magnifica from the Chuanlinggou Formation (China), and interpret the studied fossils as indicating that simple multicellularity evolved early in eukaryote history. ^[111]
• A study on the depositional setting of the strata of the Diabaig and Loch na Dal formations (Scotland, United Kingdom) preserving approximately 1-billion-year-old eukaryotic microfossils is published by Nielson, Stüeken & Prave (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that early eukaryotes from the studied formations lived in estuaries rather than lakes, and were likely exposed to frequently changing water conditions. ^[112]
• A study on the impact of the climatic and environmental changes across the Cenozoic on the distribution and diversity of planktonic marine foraminifera is published by Swain et al. (2024). ^[113]
• Surprenant & Droser (2024) compile a database of all occurrences of non-biomineral Ediacaran tubular organisms, and report evidence of previously unrecognized morphological diversity of the studied organisms. ^[114]

History of life in general

• Evidence of impact of ocean oxygenation events from Cryogenian to Cambrian on early evolution of animals is presented by Kaiho et al. (2024). ^[115]
• Ediacaran shallow-marine macrofossils from the Llangynog Inlier (Wales, United Kingdom) are determined to be approximately 564.09 million years old by Clarke et al. (2024). ^[116]
• New silicified fossil assemblage is described from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (Shaanxi, China) by Dai et al. (2024), who interpret fossil material of Cloudina from this assemblage as indicating that Cloudina had a worldwide distribution in different paleoecologies and biofacies. ^[117]
• Evidence from the strata of the Dengying, Yanjiahe and Shuijingtuo formations (China), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a relationship between variable oceanic oxygenation, nitrogen supply and the evolution of early Cambrian life, is presented by Wei et al. (2024). ^[118]
• Slater (2024) describes a diverse assemblage of arthropod and molluscan microfossil from the Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone (Sweden), providing evidence of diversification of molluscan radulae which happened by the early Cambrian. ^[119]
• Evidence indicating that pulse of supracrustal deformation along the edge of west Gondwana caused a series of environmental changes that resulted in the Cambrian Stage 4 Sinsk event (the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic) is presented by Myrow et al. (2024). ^[120]
• Evidence indicating that patterns of extinctions of marine invertebrates over the past 485 million years were affected by physiological traits of invertebrates and by climate changes is presented by Malanoski et al. (2024). ^[121]
• Saleh et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Ordovician Lagerstätte from Montagne Noire (France), preserving fossils of a diverse polar assemblage of both biomineralized and soft-bodied organisms (the Cabrières Biota). ^[122]
• The Devonian vertebrate assemblage from the Cloghnan Shale at Jemalong (New South Wales, Australia), including fossil material of Metaxygnathus , is interpreted as more likely Givetian–Frasnian than Famennian in age by Young (2024). ^[123]
• Faure-Brac et al. (2024) study the size of the primary vascular canals in early amniotes and non-amniote tetrapods, interpreted as a proxy for the size of red blood cells and for thermophysiology of the studied taxa, and argue that amniotes were ancestrally ectotherms, with different amniote group evolving endothermy independently. ^[124]
• Evidence from strata from the Permian–Triassic transition from southwest China, interpreted as indicative of temporal decoupling of the terrestrial and marine extinctions in Permian tropics during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and of a protracted terrestrial extinction spanning approximately 1 million years, is presented by Wu et al. (2024). ^[125]
• A study on the extinction selectivity of marine animals during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Song et al. (2024), who find that animal groups with hemoglobin and hemocyanin were less affected by the extinction than animals with hemerythrin or relying on diffusion of oxygen. ^[126]
• Zhou et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Triassic fossil assemblage dominated by ammonites and arthropods (the Wangmo biota) from the Luolou Formation (China), interpreted as evidence of the presence of a complex marine ecosystem that was rebuilt after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. ^[127]
• Revision of the fossil record of the Triassic tetrapods from Russia is published by Shishkin et al. (2024). ^[128]
• Simms & Drost (2024) interpret Triassic caves within Carboniferous limestone outcrops in south-west Britain as Carnian in age, and consider terrestrial vertebrate fossils preserved in those caves to be Carnian or at least significantly pre-Rhaetian in age. ^[129]
• A study on the femoral histology of amniotes from the Triassic Ischigualasto Formation (Argentina) is published by Curry Rogers et al. (2024), who find that early dinosaurs known from this formation grew at least as quickly as sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs from the later Mesozoic, and that their elevated growth rates did not set them apart from other amniotes living at the same time. ^[130]
• Taphonomic revision of Jurassic marine reptile fossils from the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Italy) is published by Serafini et al. (2024), who find similarities between the studied fossil material and modern whale falls in pelagic-bathyal zones, and interpret those similarities as consistent with a bathyal, deep-water interpretation of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese depositional setting. ^[131]
• A study on patterns of diversity changes of Late Jurassic tetrapods from the Morrison Formation through time and space is published by Maidment (2024). ^[132]
• Evidence from calcareous nannofossils and small foraminifera from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania), interpreted as indicative of the appearance of a diverse continental vertebrate faunal assemblage on Hațeg Island by the second half of the late Campanian, presence of kogaionid multituberculates in the earliest known Hațeg faunas, and post-Campanian arrivial of hadrosauroids and titanosaur sauropods on the island, is presented by Bălc et al. (2024). ^[133]
• A study on the body size evolution of Mesozoic dinosaurs (including birds) and mammaliaforms is published by Wilson et al. (2024), who find no evidence that Bergmann's rule applied to the studied taxa. ^[134]
• Boles et al. (2024) describe a new assemblage of vertebrate microfossils from the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition from the Hornerstown Formation (New Jersey, United States), providing evidence of slow recovery of elasmobranchs and ray-finned fish after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. ^[135]
• Fossil material of a reef biota that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, including scleractinian corals and domical and bulbous growth forms which might be fossils of calcified sponges, is described from the Maastrichtian and Paleocene strata from the Adriatic islands Brač and Hvar (Croatia) by Martinuš et al. (2024). ^[136]
• New Miocene and Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages are described from the Sin Charoen sandpit (Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand) by Naksri et al. (2024), who intepret the Pleistocene assemblage as having strong faunal relationships with the Early-Middle Pleistocene faunas of Java (Indonesia). ^[137]
• Antoine et al. (2024) report the discovery of fossil material from Kourou (French Guiana) providing evidence of the presence of diverse foraminifer, plant and animal communities near the equator in the 130,000-115,000 years ago time interval, as well as evidence of marine retreat and dryer conditions with a savanna-dominated landscape and episodes of fire during the onset of the Last Glacial Period. ^[138]

Other research

• 563-million-year-old horizontal markings with similarities to horizontal animal trace fossils, reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil), are interpreted as pseudofossils of tectonic origin by Becker Kerber et al. (2024), who propose a set of criteria which can be used to evaluate the identity of putative trace fossils. ^[139]
• A study on silicified fossils from the Ordovician Edinburg Formation (Virginia, United States), aiming to determine sources of potential bias in fossil recovery, is published by Jacobs et al. (2024). ^[140]
• Evidence interpreted as indicative of strong ozone depletion of the atmosphere at the onset of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is presented by Li et al. (2024). ^[141]
• Woolley et al. (2024) attempt to quantify the amount of phylogenetic information available in the global fossil records of non-avian theropod dinosaurs, Mesozoic birds and squamates, and find that the studies of the phylogenic relationships of extinct animals are less affected by disproportionate representation of taxa from specific geologic units (especially Lagerstätten) in the evolutionary tree when the entire global fossil record of the studied groups, rather than just fossils from specific geologic units, preserves higher amount of phylogenetic information; the authors also find that Late Cretaceous squamate fossils from the Djadochta and Barun Goyot formations (Mongolia) provide a diproportionally large amount of phylogenetic information available in the squamate fossil record. ^[142]
• Eberth (2024) revises the stratigraphic architecture of the Campanian Belly River Group (Alberta, Canada). ^[143]
• Evidence indicating that, in spite of high global temperatures, oxygen availability in the waters of the tropical North Pacific actually rose during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Moretti et al. (2024), who argue that this oxygen rise in the ocean might have prevented a mass extinction during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ^[144]
• Evidence of change in fire regime in northern Australia that happened at least 11,000 years ago, resulting in fires becoming more frequent but less intense and interpreted as resulting from Indigenous fire management, is presented by Bird et al. (2024). ^[145]
• Wiseman, Charles & Hutchinson (2024) compare multiple reconstructions of the musculature of Australopithecus afarensis , evaluating the capability of different models to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture, and find that models which are otherwise identical might be either able or unable support the body posed on an extended limb solely as a result of changing the input architectural parameters and including or excluding an elastic tendon. ^[146]
• Sullivan et al. (2024) argue that the process of generating rigorous reconstructions of extinct animals can lead to fresh inferences about the anatomy of the studied animals, and support their claims with examples from dinosaur paleontology. ^[147]
• Reumer (2024) hypothesizes that Beringer's Lying Stones represent the first recorded case of an intentional paleontological fraud in history, and might have been perpetrated by Johann Beringer himself. ^[148]

Paleoclimate

• A multibillion-year history of seawater δ¹⁸O, temperature, and marine and terrestrial clay abundance is reconstructed by Isson & Rauzi (2024), who report evidence interpreted as indicative of temperate Proterozoic climate, and evidence indicating that declines in clay authigenesis coincided with Paleozoic and Cenozoic cooling, the expansion of siliceous life, and the radiation of land plants. ^[149]
• Gurung et al. (2024) use a new vegetation and climate model to study links between plant geographical range, the long-term carbon cycle and climate, and find that reduced geographical range of plants in Pangaea resulted in increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, while the expande geographical range of plants after the breakup of Pangaea amplified global CO₂ removal. ^[150]
• A study on the geochemistry of Jurassic deposits of the External Rif Chain (Morocco), providing evidence of climate changes in northwest Gondwana during the Jurassic period (from cool climate with low rainfall and productivity during the Early Jurassic, to moister, warmer climate during the Middle and Late Jurassic, subsequently returning to arid and cool climate during the Late Jurassic), is published by Kairouani et al. (2024). ^[151]
• Evidence indicating that small to large ice sheets were present in Antarctica throughout much of the Early Cretaceous, briefly melting in response to episodic volcanism, is presented by Nordt, Breecker & White (2024). ^[152]
• Clark et al. (2024) present a new reconstruction of global temperature changes over the past 4.5 million years, interpreted as consistent with changes in the carbon cycle. ^[153]

Deaths

• Estella Leopold, paleobotanist and conservation paleontologist passes on February 25, 2024 at 97. Leopold's work as a conservationist included taking legal action to help save the Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado, and fighting pollution. She was the daughter of Aldo Leopold. ^[154]

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