2025 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils . ^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks ( ichnites ), burrows , cast-off parts, fossilised feces ( coprolites ), palynomorphs and chemical residues . Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science . This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2025.

Flora

Plants

Main article: 2025 in paleobotany

Fungi

Newly named fungi

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Image
Edaphagaricites [2]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gobo et al.	Early Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	A member of the family Russulaceae. Genus includes new species E. conicus.
Glomites bacatus [3]	Sp. nov		Krings	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A member of Glomeromycota.
Kiyamyces [4]	Gen. et sp. nov		Maslova et al.	Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)	Kiya Formation	Russia ( Kemerovo Oblast)	A member of Dothideomycetes. Genus includes new species K. sequoiae.
Megaglomerospora [5]	Gen. et sp. nov		Correia, Sá & Pereira	Carboniferous	Vale da Mó Formation	Portugal	A member of Diversisporales. The type species is M. lealiae.
Palaeomicrothyrium [6]	Gen. et sp. nov		Kundu et al.	Miocene		India	A microthyriaceous fungus. The type species is P. miocenicum.
Paleoophiocordyceps gerontoformicae [7]	Sp. nov		Zhuang et al.	Cretaceous	Kachin amber	Myanmar
Paleoophiocordyceps ironomyiae [7]	Sp. nov		Zhuang et al.	Cretaceous	Kachin amber	Myanmar
Veterisphaera [8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moore & Krings	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungal reproductive unit. The type species is V. dumosa.
Zygosporium palaeomasonii [9]	Sp. nov		Kundu & Khan	Miocene		India	A member of Xylariales belonging to the family Zygosporiaceae.

Mycological research

• Han et al. (2025) identify microtubes in bones of specimens of Keichousaurus from the Middle Triassic strata in China, preserved with geometric features typical of fungal hyphae, and identify the studied specimens as the earliest record of fungal-induced biomineralization in fossil bones reported to date. ^[10]
• Tian et al. (2025) describe remains of fungi colonizing an insect-infested conifer wood from the Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (China), interpreted as the oldest record of blue stain fungi reported to date. ^[11]
• Tian et al. (2025) describe parasitic fungi infecting a podocarpaceous wood specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China), representing the first documented occurrence of fossil fungi in the Jehol Biota. ^[12]
• Hodgson et al. (2025) present a global dataset of Cenozoic fungi records. ^[13]

Cnidarians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Arenactinia [14]	Gen. et sp. nov		Barroso et al.	Silurian	Ipu Formation	Brazil	A sea anemone. The type species is A. ipuensis.
Dendrophyllia mokiensis [15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tokuda, Yamada, Endo, Sentoku & Ezaki in Tokuda et al.	Miocene	Omori Formation	Japan	A species of Dendrophyllia .
Dibunophylloides colligatus [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
Dibunophylloides complexus [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
Dibunophylloides differentialis [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
Dibunophylloides infirmis [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
Dibunophylloides parcus [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
Dibunophylloides similis [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Chwieduk	Carboniferous	Gaptank Formation	United States ( Texas)	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.
?Diploctenium chilensis [17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Collado & Galleguillos	Paleocene	Trihueco Formation	Chile	A member of the family Meandrinidae.
Favosites? herbigi [18]	Sp. nov		Pohler, Hubmann & Kammerhofer	Devonian	Hunsrück Slate	Germany	A tabulate coral.
Flabellum philippii [19]	Nom. nov	Valid	Collado, Galleguillos & Hoeksema	Miocene		Chile	A species of Flabellum ; a replacement name for Flabellum costatum Philippi (1887).
Flabellum pirii [19]	Nom. nov	Valid	Collado, Galleguillos & Hoeksema	Miocene		Chile	A species of Flabellum; a replacement name for Flabellum striatum Philippi (1887).
Flabellum rachelis [19]	Nom. nov	Valid	Collado, Galleguillos & Hoeksema	Eocene		United States ( Alabama)	A species of Flabellum; a replacement name for Flabellum striatum Gabb & Horn (1860).
Flabellum taveri [19]	Nom. nov	Valid	Collado, Galleguillos & Hoeksema	Miocene		Chile	A species of Flabellum; a replacement name for Flabellum solidum Tavera Jerez (1979).
Lepidophyllia (Heterastraea) microcalix [20]	Sp. nov		Boivin, Lathuilière & Martini	Early Jurassic (Sinemurian and Pliensbachian, possibly also Hettangian)		Morocco	A stony coral belonging to the family Stylophyllidae.
Marejellia [21]	Gen. et sp. nov		Žalohar, Gašparič & Hitij	Miocene		Slovenia	A member of Rhizostomeae of uncertain affinities. The type species is M. nereis.
Marennophyllum kaufmanni [22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Coen-Aubert	Devonian (Eifelian)		Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Cystiphyllidae.
Michelinia umbogmaensis [23]	Sp. nov		El-Desouky & Kora	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Um Bogma Formation	Egypt	A tabulate coral.
Paraconularia balkhashensis [24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ohar & Dernov	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Kalmakemel' Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Conulariida.
Paracuifia castellum [20]	Sp. nov		Boivin, Lathuilière & Martini	Early Jurassic (Sinemurian or Pliensbachian)		Morocco	A stony coral belonging to the family Cuifiidae.
Pleurodictyum nerydelgadoi [25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Domingos, Callapez & Legoinha	Devonian		Portugal	A tabulate coral.
Sericonularia [26]	Gen. et sp. nov		Min, Zong & Wang	Silurian	Fentou Formation	China	A member of Conulariida. The type species is S. gemmata.
Siphonophrentis subaequalis [22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Coen-Aubert	Devonian (Givetian)		Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Siphonophrentidae.
Sterictopathes seira [27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hao, Han, Baliński, Brugler & Song in Hao et al.	Ordovician	Xiliangsi Formation	China	A black coral.
Stringophyllum pedderi [22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Coen-Aubert	Devonian (Givetian)		Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Stringophyllidae.
Sutherlandia gzheliensis [28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Krutykh, Mirantsev & Rozhnov	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Moscow Syneclise	Russia	A favositid coral. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024.
Tavsenicoralla [29]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	A coralomorph cnidarian. The type species is T. avannaa.

Cnidarian research

• Evidence from the study of specimens of Sphenothallus cf. longissimus from the Ordovician (Katian) strata in Estonia, indicative of enhanced phosphatic biomineralization in the studied cnidarian, is presented by Vinn & Madison (2025). ^[30]
• Ivantsov & Zakrevskaya (2025) study the morphology of Staurinidia crucicula , interpreted as supporting the affinities of the studied species with scyphomedusae. ^[31]
• Tube fragments which might represent the first fossils of tube-dwelling anemones reported to date are described from the Eocene to Oligocene strata in Washington (United States) by Kiel & Goedert (2025). ^[32]
• A study on fossils of members of the genus Porites from the Miocene sites in Austria and Hungary, providing evidence of low calcification rates during the mid-Miocene climate warming that likely affected the formation and maintenance of coral reefs, is published by Reuter et al. (2025). ^[33]
• A study on the fossil record of Cenozoic Caribbean corals, indicating that the largest turnovers of species and of traits that impact resilience coincided with climate and biogeographic changes, is published by Clay, Dunhill & Beger (2025). ^[34]

Arthropods

Main articles: 2025 in arthropod paleontology and 2025 in paleoentomology

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Catalinella [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene		United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Lepralia" undata Reuss (1872).
Chenquepora [36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Iturra, López-Gappa & Pérez	Miocene (Langhian)	Chenque Formation	Argentina	A member of Cheilostomatida belonging to the family Dysnoetoporidae. Genus includes new species C. miocenica.
Dionella asynithisti [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Distansescharella rancocasi [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Euritina laterospinata [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Fougaropora [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Stomatopora" temnichorda Ulrich & Bassler (1907).
Gabbhornia [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Flustrella" capistrata Gabb & Horn (1862).
Haplocephalopora foraminata [35]	Nom. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Hemistylus rostratum [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Leiosellina pakhia [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Megaloramfozoon [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Membranipora" nematoporoides Ulrich & Bassler (1907).
Obsitacella [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Membranipora" jerseyensis Ulrich & Bassler (1907).
Paraptylopora gondwanica [37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taboada, Pagani & Carrera	Carboniferous	Pampa de Tepuel Formation	Argentina
Poricellaria karinae [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Quadrilateralia [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Membranipora" nellioides Canu & Bassler (1933).
Stavrozoon [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene		United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Lepralia" interposita Reuss (1872).
Stephanollona ricoae [38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Iturra, López-Gappa & Pérez	Miocene	Chenque Formation	Argentina	A member of the family Phidoloporidae.
"Taractopora" klausbreitenbachi [35]	Nom. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Temachia canubassleri [35]	Nom. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Vincentownia [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Vincularia" acutirostris Canu & Bassler (1933).
Xenikipora [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Kleidionella" trabeculifera Canu & Bassler (1933).
Yadayadapora [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Beisselina" mortoni Canu & Bassler (1933).
Zachosella [35]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martha et al.	Paleocene	Vincentown Limesand	United States ( New Jersey)	A cheilostome bryozoan. The type species is "Stichocados" mucronatus Canu & Bassler (1933).

Bryozoan research

• Saulsbury et al. (2025) study the evolution of skeletal mineralogy in cheilostome bryozoans, and report evidence indicating that cheilostomes with partly or fully aragonitic skeletons evolved independently at least 50 times from calcitic ancestors. ^[39]

Brachiopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Apheoorthis talenti [40]	Sp. nov		Brock, Zhang & Smith	Cambrian Stage 10	Ninmaroo Formation	Australia	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Eoorthidae.
Aseptella tse [41]	Sp. nov		Sour-Tovar, Quiroz-Barroso & Castillo Espinosa	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Santiago Formation	Mexico	A member of Productida belonging to the family Productellidae.
Askepasma blysmochlidon [42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Castle-Jones et al.	Cambrian Stage 2	Sellick Hill Formation	Australia	A member of Paterinata belonging to the group Paterinoidea.
Brachiosvalbardia archboldi [43]	Sp. nov		Calle Salcedo, Cisterna & Halpern	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Quebrada Larga Formation	Argentina	A member of Productida.
Carinatina connorsi [44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Blodgett & Santucci	Devonian (Emsian)	Shellabarger Limestone	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Atrypida belonging to the superfamily Davidsonioidea and the family Carinatinidae.
Conotreta canningensis [45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of the family Acrotretidae.
Coronalosia vergelae [43]	Sp. nov		Calle Salcedo, Cisterna & Halpern	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Quebrada Larga Formation	Argentina	A member of Productida.
Cyrtina koenigshofi [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian (Emsian)	Hohenrhein Formation	Germany	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Cyrtinidae.
Drabovia? madmonensis [47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kim et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Uzbekistan
Howellella gonensis [48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Nikolaev	Devonian (Pragian)		Russia	A member of Spiriferida.
Iridistrophia maecuruensis [49]	Sp. nov		Rezende et al.	Devonian	Maecuru Formation	Brazil
Katzeria [49]	Gen. et comb. nov	Junior homonym	Rezende et al.	Devonian		Brazil	A new genus for "Strophomena" hoeferi Katzer. The generic name is preoccupied by Katzeria Mendes (1966).
Kitaborthis [47]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kim et al.	Ordovician		Austria Italy Uzbekistan	A member of the family Hesperorthidae. The type species is "Reuschella" asiatica Rozman (1978); genus also includes "Multicostella" schoenlaubi Havlíček in Havlíček, Kříž & Serpagli (1987).
Linipalus andacolloensis [50]	Pardo et sp. nov		Pardo et al.	Carboniferous	Huaraco Formation	Argentina
Nalivkinathyris [51]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Kebrie-ee Zade & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	Iran	A member of the family Athyrididae. The type species is N. damganensis. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024.
Pseudopholidops ingriana [52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov et al.	Ordovician		Russia	A member of Craniopsida.
Rakhmonomena [47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kim et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Uzbekistan	Genus includes new species R. nataliae.
Rugia stenius [53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Surlyk	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Denmark	A member of the family Chlidonophoridae.
Spinatrypina mimsae [54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Blodgett & Santucci	Devonian (Emsian)	Shellabarger Limestone	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Atrypida belonging to the family Atrypidae.
Taphrodonta maralikhaensis [55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shcherbanenko & Sennikov	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Russia	A member of Strophomenida.
Terrakea koragoi [56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Biakov et al.	Permian		Russia	A member of Productida.
Torynelasma holmeri [45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Zhen et al.	Ordovician	Nambeet Formation	Australia	A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Torynelasmatidae.
Wimanigma [57]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Betts et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Probably File Haidar Formation	Europe (Baltic Sea region)	A stem-brachiopod belonging to the family Mickwitziidae. Genus includes new species W. soderarmensis.
Xystostrophia agassizi [49]	Comb. nov		(Rathbun)	Devonian	Ererê Formation	Brazil	Moved from Streptorhynchus agassizi Rathbun (1874).

Brachiopod research

• A study on the diversity dynamics of members of Plectambonitoidea throughout their evolutionary history is published by Candela, Guo & Harper (2025). ^[58]
• Hennessey & Stigall (2025) link diversification trends of brachiopods from the Simpson Group (Oklahoma, United States) to global trends, reporting evidence of a rapid increase in shell volume of the studied brachiopods at the time of the main pulse of diversification during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. ^[59]
• Jin & Harper (2025) study the Darriwilian to Hirnantian brachiopod faunas from Laurentia, and link the vulnerability of brachiopods to extinction during the Late Ordovician mass extinction to endemism of the studied faunas, adaptations of the studied brachiopods to inland sea environment and loss of ability to disperse out of this habitat. ^[60]
• A study on diversification of brachiopods after the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Huang, Chen & Shi (2025). ^[61]
• Huang & Rong (2025) report evidence of preservation of setae in Nucleospira calypta from the Silurian (Telychian) strata in China, interpreted by the authors as used in active spacing regulation between members of the studied assemblage. ^[62]
• Evidence of morphological adaptations of lingulid brachiopods to environmental changes during the Early Triassic is presented by Wu et al. (2025). ^[63]
• A study on the taxonomic diversity of Mediterranean brachiopods throughout the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, providing evidence of faunal losses coinciding with oceanic anoxic events, is published by Vörös & Szives (2025). ^[64]
• A study on the diversity dynamics of brachiopods throughout the Paleogene is published by Ruban (2025), who finds possible evidence of impact of climate changes on brachiopod diversity during the Paleocene but not during the Eocene-Oligocene. ^[65]

Molluscs

Main article: 2025 in paleomalacology

Echinoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Anticosticrinus [66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole, Wright & Hopkins	Ordovician–Silurian transition (most likely Hirnantian)	Ellis Bay Formation or Becscie Formation	Canada ( Quebec)	A cladid crinoid belonging to the order Sagenocrinida and the family Anisocrinidae. The type species is A. natiscotecensis.
Astropecten erectus [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A possible species of Astropecten .
Atlascystis [68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Woodgate et al.	Cambrian Stage 4–Wuliuan	Jbel Wawrmast Formation	Morocco	A member of Ctenocystoidea. The type species is A. acantha.
Borszczia [69]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Pauly & Villier	Middle Jurassic (Callovian) to Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)	Ornatenton Formation	France Germany United Kingdom	A starfish belonging to the order Paxillosida and the suborder Cribellina. The type species is B. wallueckensis; genus also includes "Chrispaulia" jurassica Gale (2011) and "Chrispaulia" spinosa Gale & Jagt (2021).
Brightonicystis salmoensis [70]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Sheffield, Ausich & Sumrall)	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Ellis Bay Formation	Canada ( Quebec)	A blastozoan belonging to the group Diploporita and the family Holocystitidae; moved from Holocystites salmoensis Sheffield, Ausich & Sumrall.
Brissus jonesi [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Brissus .
Castaneametra [72]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Saulsbury, Baumiller & Sprinkle	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Glen Rose Formation	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Comatulida and the family Notocrinidae. The type species is C. hodgesi.
Cherbonniericrinus pliocenicus [73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roux, Thuy & Gale	Pliocene		Indian Ocean (Rodrigues Ridge)	A crinoid belonging to the family Rhizocrinidae.
Crassicoma suedica [74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale & Stevenson	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida and the family Saccocomidae.
Diademopsis wallueckensis [75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pauly	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Ornatenton Formation	Germany	A sea urchin belonging to the family Pedinidae.
Durhamella tetrapora [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae.
Eupatagus dumonti [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Oligocene	Suwannee Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin belonging to the family Eupatagidae.
Gasterocoma americana [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Hall)	Devonian		United States ( New York)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus americanus Hall.
Gasterocoma briareus [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Schultze)	Devonian		Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Taxocrinus briareus Schultze.
Gasterocoma curta [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Schmidt)	Devonian		Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus curtus Schmidt.
Gasterocoma eifeliana [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Müller)	Devonian		Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Lecythocrinus eifelianus Müller.
Gasterocoma eifeliense [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Müller)	Devonian		Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Ceramocrinus eifeliensis Müller.
Gasterocoma elongata [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Sandberger & Sandberger)	Devonian		Germany	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus elongatus Sandberger & Sandberger.
Gasterocoma extensa [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Wachsmuth & Springer)	Devonian		United States ( Ohio)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus extensus Wachsmuth & Springer.
Gasterocoma ignota [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Stauffer)	Devonian		Canada ( Ontario)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus ignotus Stauffer.
Gasterocoma knappi [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Wachsmuth & Springer)	Devonian		United States ( Indiana)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Arachnocrinus knappi Wachsmuth & Springer.
Gasterocoma onondagensis [76]	Nom. nov	Valid	Bohatý, Ausich & Ebert	Devonian		United States ( New York)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; a replacement name for Schultzicrinus(?) elongatus Springer.
Gasterocoma orbiculata [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Dubatolova)	Devonian		Russia	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Myrtillocrinus orbiculatus Dubatolova.
Gasterocoma (?) robusta [76]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Goldring)	Devonian		United States ( New York)	A crinoid belonging to the group Eucladida; moved from Mictocrinus robustus Goldring.
Granulasterias [67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Asteriidae. The type species is G. ivoensis.
Haccourtaster berryensis [77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United Kingdom	A member of the family Goniasteridae.
Haccourtaster liticola [77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Sweden	A member of the family Goniasteridae.
Haccourtaster nattestadae [77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Denmark	A member of the family Goniasteridae.
Ivoaster [67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae. The type species is I. soerensenae.
Kukrusecrinus [78]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Ordovician (Darriwilian and Sandbian)		Estonia	A crinoid belonging to group Camerata and to the family Colpodecrinidae. The type species is K. stellatus. Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024.
Manfredaster graveseni [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Stauranderasteridae.
Metopaster asgaardae [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden
Moyacystis [70]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul	Silurian	Lewisburg Formation	United States ( Indiana)	A blastozoan belonging to the group Diploporita and the family Holocystitidae. The type species is "Osgoodicystis" cooperi Frest & Strimple in Frest et al. (2011).
Neoholaster [79]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Borghi et al.	Miocene		Italy	A sea urchin. Genus includes new species N. albensis.
Nipponicrinus [80]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Keyes, Wright & Ausich	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Akiyoshi Limestone Group	Japan	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Paragaricocrinidae. The type species is N. hashimotoi; genus also includes N. akiyoshiensis.
Nymphaster macrogranularis [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A species of Nymphaster .
Nymphaster minigranularis [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A species of Nymphaster.
Palenciacrinus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Keyes, Wright & Ausich	Carboniferous (Moscovian)		Spain	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Paragaricocrinidae. The type species is P. mudaensis.
Paraconocrinus rodriguesensis [73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roux, Thuy & Gale	Pliocene		Indian Ocean (Rodrigues Ridge)	A crinoid belonging to the family Rhizocrinidae.
Persoonaster [81]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Gale	Early Jurassic (Hettangian)		Belgium	A brittle star, a member of the stem group of Euryalida related to the Triassic genus Aspiduriella . The type species is "Mesophiomusium" kianiae Thuy (2005).
Plagiobrissus cassadyi [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Oligocene	Marianna Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Plagiobrissus .
Plumaster echinoides [69]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pauly & Villier	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Ornatenton Formation	Germany	A starfish belonging to the family Plumasteridae.
Polycidaris vadeti [75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pauly	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Ornatenton Formation	Germany	A sea urchin belonging to the group Cidaroida and the family Polycidaridae.
Prionocidaris robertsi [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Prionocidaris .
Procidaris relicta [75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pauly	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Ornatenton Formation	Germany	A sea urchin belonging to the group Cidaroida and the family Miocidaridae.
Pulcheracrinus [80]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Keyes, Wright & Ausich	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Brentwood Limestone	United States ( Oklahoma)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Paragaricocrinidae. The type species is "Megaliocrinus" exotericus Strimple (1951).
Pycinaster christenseni [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Pycinasteridae.
Remaster cretaceus [67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Korethrasteridae.
Rhyncholampas bao [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Rhyncholampas .
Rhyncholampas mariannaensis [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Rhyncholampas.
Rugametopaster [67]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae. The type species is "Metopaster" rugissimus Gale (1987).
Scaniasterina [67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Kristianstad Basin	Sweden	A starfish belonging to the family Asterinidae. The type species is S. surlyki.
Schizaster carlsoni [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Oligocene	Suwannee Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A species of Schizaster .
Semiometra alveoradiata [72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Saulsbury, Baumiller & Sprinkle	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Glen Rose Formation	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Comatulida and the family Notocrinidae.
Sprinkleoglobus spencensis [82]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Wen et al.)	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence Shale	United States ( Idaho Utah)	A member of Edrioasteroidea; moved from Totiglobus spencensis Wen et al. (2019).
Tuscumbiacrinus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Keyes, Wright & Ausich	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Tuscumbia Limestone	United States ( Alabama)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Paragaricocrinidae. The type species is T. madisonensis.
Vectisaster [67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Culver Chalk Formation	Sweden United Kingdom	A starfish belonging to the family Podosphaerasteridae. The type species is V. enigmaticus.
Weisbordella inglisensis [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae.
Weisbordella libum [71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin belonging to the family Neolaganidae.

Echinoderm research

• Evidence from the study of outgrowths on disarticulated echinoderm fragments from the Cambrian (Wuliuan) rocks of the Burke River Structural Belt (Australia), interpreted as reaction to parasitic epibionts and the oldest evidence of parasitic symbiotic interactions on deuterostome hosts reported to date, is presented by Goñi et al. (2025). ^[83]
• Guenser et al. (2025) report evidence of concentration of research on the fossil record of stylophorans in the higher-income countries, regardless of the origin of the studied fossil material, throughout the history of the study of this group, including evidence that the majority of studies on fossils from the Global South published between 1925 and 1999 did not include local collaborators, and evidence of transfer of fossil material from countries of the Global South to countries of the Global North. ^[84]
• A new echinoderm Lagerstätte dominated by specimens of the solutan species Dendrocystites barrandei is described from the Ordovician (Sandbian) strata of the Letná Formation (Czech Republic) by Fatka et al. (2025). ^[85]
• New fossil material of Wellerocystis and Implicaticystis , providing new information on the morphology of the studied paracrinoids, is described from the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone (Missouri, United States) by Paul, Guensburg & Darrough (2025). ^[86]
• New fossil material of cupressocrinine cupressocrinitid crinoids, providing new information on their morphology and ontogeny, is described from the Devonian strata of the Bergisch Gladbach-Paffrath Syncline and the Eifel Synclines (Germany) by Bohatý & Ausich (2025). ^[87]
• A study on the microstructure of the stalk of Seirocrinus , indicative of presence of adaptations that reduced weight of the studied crinoid and enabled it to live attached to a raft system such as drifting wood without significantly contributing to its sinking, is presented by Gorzelak et al. (2025). ^[88]
• An indeterminate solanocrinitid representing the first known opalized comatulid crinoid reported to date is described from the Cretaceous strata in South Australia by Salamon, Kapitany & Płachno (2025). ^[89]
• Salamon et al. (2025) describe fossils of members of the genus Isselicrinus from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania), representing the first reported Eocene shallow-water occurrence of the studied stalked crinoids from the Northern Hemisphere. ^[90]
• Evidence from the study of the fossil record of Paleozoic echinoids, indicating that inclusion of unpublished museum specimens can strongly affect the results of the studies of biogeography and evolution of groups known from fossils, is presented by Dean & Thompson (2025). ^[91]
• A study on the preservation of fossils of Paleozoic echinoids and on factors influencing the quality of preservation of the studied specimens is published by Thompson et al. (2025). ^[92]
• Yakouya-Moubamba et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Mecaster fourneli from the Turonian strata in Gabon, and report evidence of strong morphological similarity of the studied fossils to specimens from Algeria and Peru. ^[93]

Hemichordates

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Paradiversograptus lucianae [94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lopez et al.	Silurian (Llandovery)		Argentina	A graptolite.
Pristiograptus eberi [94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lopez et al.	Silurian (Llandovery)		Argentina	A graptolite.

Hemichordate research

• A study on the evolution of body symmetry in extant and fossil pterobranchs is published by Maletz (2025). ^[95]
• The conclusions of the study of Saulsbury et al. (2023), which found that the survivorship of the Ordovician and Silurian graptoloids is consistent with the neutral theory of biodiversity and that this theory can be used to formulate hypotheses on changes in ancient ecosystems, ^[96] are contested by Johnson (2025) ^[97] and reaffirmed by Saulsbury et al. (2025). ^[98]
• Gao, Tan & Wang (2025) consider the double-helical rotating locomotion as most likely for Dicellograptus , and argue that evolution from Jiangxigraptus to Dicellograptus involved selection for improvement in hydrodynamic characteristics. ^[99]
• Evidence indicating that the decline of graptolite diversity in the Prague Basin during the Lundgreni Event was related to increased oxygenation of offshore environments is presented by Frýda & Frýdová (2025). ^[100]
• A study on the construction of the tubarium of retiolitine graptolites pre- and post-Lundgreni Event and on their evolutionary relationships is published by Maletz (2025). ^[101]
• Reich & Krümmer (2025) describe rhabdopleurid stolon systems overgrowing other organisms from the Cretaceous Chalk Sea floor, discovered in the Maastrichtian strata from Rügen (Germany). ^[102]

Conodonts

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Acanthodistacodus [103]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Tolmacheva, Dronov & Lykov	Ordovician		Russia	The type species is "Scolopodus" consimilis Moskalenko, (1973); genus also includes A. compositus (Moskalenko, 1973). Published online in 2025, but the issue date is listed as December 2024.
Aloxoconus acutus [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Amadeognathus [104]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia	The type species is "Acodus" buetefueri Cooper (1981).
Ancyrogondolella castillionensis [105]	Sp. nov		Orchard, Friedman & Mihalynuk	Late Triassic (Norian)	Selish Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)
Ancyrogondolella ferrata [105]	Sp. nov		Orchard, Friedman & Mihalynuk	Late Triassic (Norian)	Selish Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)
Boardmanites [106]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Barrick & Nestell	Carboniferous–Permian		United States	The type species is B. conflexa (Ellison, 1941).
Borinella dibucoensis [107]	Sp. nov		Li et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)		China
Borinella? prima [108]	Sp. nov		Leu & Goudemand in Leu et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Khunamuh Formation	Canada ( British Columbia) India Oman	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Coelocerodontus lindsayae [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Cooperignathus? pincallyensis [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician	Tabita Formation	Australia
Drepanoistodus barnesi [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Drepanoistodus decisus [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Icriodus aqua [109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Soboleva & Nazarova	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ust'-Yarega Formation	Russia
Icriodus lacrima [109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Soboleva & Nazarova	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ust'-Yarega Formation	Russia
Idiognathodus anteparallelus [110]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Wei	Carboniferous (Moscovian)		China
Idiognathodus prosonimius [110]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Wei	Carboniferous (Moscovian)		China
Idiognathodus zhuotingi [110]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Wei	Carboniferous (Moscovian)		China
Lissoepikodus ethingtoni [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Neospathodus aristatus [108]	Sp. nov		Leu & Goudemand in Leu et al.	Early Triassic	Khunamuh Formation	China India Japan
Neospathodus diminutus [111]	Sp. nov		Han et al.	Early Triassic		Pakistan
Neospathodus guryulensis [108]	Sp. nov		Leu & Goudemand in Leu et al.	Early Triassic	Khunamuh Formation	India
Neospathodus prolixus [111]	Sp. nov		Han et al.	Early Triassic		Pakistan
Oistodus panderi [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Pachycladina shiquania [112]	Sp. nov		Wu, Ji & Lash	Triassic		China
Paltodus simplex [113]	Sp. nov		Zhen et al.	Cambrian–Ordovician transition		Australia
Pelekysgnathus crispus [114]	Sp. nov		Corriga, Ferretti & Corradini	Silurian		Italy	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Pelekysgnathus pazukhini [115]	Sp. nov		Plotitsyn et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia
Plectodina maloneyensis [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Polygnathus ovaliformis [116]	Sp. nov	Valid	Izokh	Devonian		Russia
Resinodus [117]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mango & Albanesi	Ordovician (Dapingian)	San Juan Formation	Argentina	Genus includes new species R. nalamamacatus.
Scalpellodus crespinae [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Trapezognathus morenensis [118]	Sp. nov		Rueda, Albanesi & Ortega	Ordovician (Floian)	Acoite Formation	Argentina
Triangulodus obesus [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Tripodus precolaevis [117]	Sp. nov		Mango & Albanesi	Ordovician (Dapingian)	San Juan Formation	Argentina
Variabiloconus australis [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician		Australia
Variabiloconus delicatus [113]	Sp. nov		Zhen et al.	Cambrian–Ordovician transition		Australia
Wurmiella arcuata [114]	Sp. nov		Corriga, Ferretti & Corradini	Silurian		Italy	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Wurmiella lucae [114]	Sp. nov		Corriga, Ferretti & Corradini	Silurian		Italy	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Wurmiella pulchra [114]	Sp. nov		Corriga, Ferretti & Corradini	Silurian		Italy	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Wurmiella silurica [114]	Sp. nov		Corriga, Ferretti & Corradini	Silurian		Italy	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.

Conodont research

• A study on the morphological variation of oral elements of members of the genus Polygnathus from the Devonian/Carboniferous transition is published by Nesme et al. (2025), who find evidence of reduced morphological variation in larger elements than in smaller ones, interpreted as indicative of increase in functional constraints on large-sized Polygnathus elements. ^[119]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and biostratigraphy of members of the genus Gnathodus is published by Wang, Hu & Wang (2025). ^[120]
• Wu et al. (2025) study the morphological variation of oral elements of members of the genus Chiosella , and argue that the majority of specimens of Chiosella gondolelloides could be juvenile forms of Chiosella timorensis. ^[121]

Fish

Main article: 2025 in paleoichthyology

Amphibians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ariekanerpeton kuedensis [122]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bulanov	Permian (Kungurian-Roadian)		Russia ( Perm Krai)	A discosauriscid seymouriamorph. A species of Ariekanerpeton .
Buxierophus [123]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Werneburg, Logghe & Steyer	Permian		France	A dissorophid temnospondyl. The type species is B. pouilloni.
Duffaudiella [124]	Gen. et sp. nov		Macaluso et al.	Eocene		France	A salamander belonging to the family Salamandridae. The type species is D. paleogenica.
Dynamognathus [125]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gunnin et al.	Pliocene	Gray Fossil Site	United States ( Tennessee)	A salamander belonging to the family Plethodontidae. The type species is D. robertsoni.
Eotriton [124]	Gen. et comb. nov		Macaluso et al.	Eocene		Germany	A salamander belonging to the family Salamandridae. The type species is E. weigelti (Herre, 1935).
Huangfuchuansuchus [126]	Gen. et sp. nov		Chen & Liu	Early Triassic	Heshanggou Formation	China	A temnospondyl belonging to the clade Capitosauria. The type species is H. haojiamaoensis.
Litoria tylerantiqua [127]	Sp. nov		Farman, Archer & Hand	Eocene		Australia	A species of Litoria .
Philoria godthelpi [128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Farman, Archer & Hand	Miocene	Riversleigh World Heritage Area	Australia	A species of Philoria .
Rhineceps karibaensis [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Steyer & Sidor	Permian (Lopingian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A rhinesuchid temnospondyl. A species of Rhineceps .
Venczelibatrachus [130]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vasilyan & Macaluso	Paleocene		Germany	A frog belonging to the family Alytidae. The type species is V. palaeocenicus.
Xerocephalella [131]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Muzzopappa, Bargo & Vizcaíno	Paleocene and Eocene	Salamanca Formation	Argentina	A new genus for "Calyptocephalella" sabrosa Muzzopappa et al. (2020); genus also includes "Calyptocephalella" pichileufensis Gómez, Báez & Muzzopappa (2011).

Amphibian research

• A study on the body plan of Ichthyostega is published by Strong et al. (2025), who provide evidence of the presence of a mixture of fish- and tetrapod-like body proportions, and interpret forelimbs of Ichthyostega as bearing a higher fraction of body weight than its hindlimbs when the animal moved on land. ^[132]
• The maximum depositional age of the Carboniferous fossils from the East Kirkton Quarry (Scotland, United Kingdom), including fossils of Balanerpeton woodi , Eucritta melanolimnetes , Kirktonecta milnerae , Ophiderpeton kirktonense , Silvanerpeton miripedes and Westlothiana lizziae , is reinterpreted as more likely to be middle-lower Viséan rather than upper Viséan by Garza et al. (2025). ^[133]
• Redescription of the anatomy of Calligenethlon watsoni is published by Adams et al. (2025). ^[134]
• A study on the body size, morphological diversity, biogeography and feeding ecology of temnospondyls throughout the Triassic is published by Mehmood et al. (2025). ^[135]
• A study on the parasphenoids of Early Triassic trematosauroids and capitosaurs from the European part of Russia, providing evidence of differences of the levator scapulae muscles of the studied temnospondyls that were likely related to differences of their lifestyles, is published by Morkovin (2025). ^[136]
• A study on the morphological variation, phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of members of the genus Cyclotosaurus is published by Schoch et al. (2025). ^[137]
• Kufner et al. (2025) report the discovery of a probable mass mortality assemblage of Buettnererpeton bakeri from the Upper Triassic strata from the Nobby Knob site (Popo Agie Formation; Wyoming, United States). ^[138]
• A study on the structure of tissue of the dermal pectoral bones of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis is published by Kalita, Teschner & Konietzko-Meier (2025). ^[139]
• A study on the histology of the ilium and the ischium of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis, providing possible evidence of a reduced role of the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs in locomotion of members of the studied species, is published by Konietzko-Meier, Prino & Teschner (2025). ^[140]
• A study on pathologies in cervical vertebrae of specimens of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis is published by Antczak et al. (2025), who identify the oldest block joint between the atlas and the axis reported in a tetrapod, as well as the first record of spinal arthropathy in a non-amniote. ^[141]
• Gee, Mann & Sues (2025) describe a new specimen of Aspidosaurus chiton from the Permian (Cisuralian) strata in Texas, and designate it as the neotype of the species. ^[142]
• Skutschas, Kolchanov & Syromyatnikova (2025) report evidence of presence of pedicellate teeth in karaurids, interpreted as confirming the neotenic nature of the studied specimens. ^[143]
• Redescription of the anatomy of Vieraella herbstii is published by Báez & Nicoli (2025). ^[144]
• Fossil material representing the northernmost record of frogs from the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group is described from the Adamantina and Serra da Galga formations (Brazil) by Muniz et al. (2025), who report the discovery of a possible calyptocephalellid representing the first member of the group reported from the northern part of South America. ^[145]
• New fossil material of Bakonybatrachus fedori is described from the Santonian strata from the Iharkút vertebrate locality (Hungary) by Szentesi (2025). ^[146]
• Lemierre et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of members of Pipimorpha from the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) strata from the Becetèn site (Niger), providing evidence of presence of at least four pipimorph taxa at the studied site. ^[147]
• Bravo et al. (2025) report the discovery of fossil material of a member of the genus Ceratophrys from the Miocene Palo Pintado Formation, representing one of the westernmost records of the genus in northern Argentina reported to date, and claimed by the authors to be the first record of this genus from the studied formation; ^[148] however, Zimicz et al. (2025) cite previous records of Ceratophrys from the Palo Pintado Formation, and argue that the fossil material described by Bravo et al. is more likely Pliocene in age. ^[149]
• Lemierre et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of frogs from the Miocene strata from the Chamtwara locality (Kenya), including the first fossil occurrence of a member of the family Arthroleptidae. ^[150]
• An external mould of a true toad, preserving details of its soft anatomy, is described from the Miocene strata from the Böttingen Fossillagerstätte (Germany) by Maisch & Stöhr (2025). ^[151]
• Lemierre & Orliac (2025) describe fossil material of Paleogene amphibians from the locality of Dams (Quercy Phosphorites Formation, France), reporting evidence of a faunal turnover at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. ^[152]
• Byrnes, Bolt & Mann (2025) report the first discovery of fossil material of Ctenerpeton remex from the Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States), expanding known diversity of nectrideans from the studied assemblage. ^[153]
• Jenkins et al. (2025) redescribe the skull of Hapsidopareion lepton , consider Llistrofus pricei to represent a junior synonym of this species, and reevaluate the affinities of recumbirostrans, recovering them as a clade of stem-amniotes. ^[154]

Reptiles

Main articles: 2025 in reptile paleontology and 2025 in archosaur paleontology

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Arboroharamiya fuscus [155]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China
Arctops umulunshi [156]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mann & Sidor	Permian (Lopingian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A gorgonopsian. A species of Arctops .
Aulacephalodon kapoliwacela [157]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thomas, Angielczyk & Peecook	Permian (Lopingian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A geikiid dicynodont. A species of Aulacephalodon .
Bienotheroides wucaiensis [158]	Sp. nov		Liu et al.	Late Jurassic	Shishugou Formation	China	A tritylodontid cynodont.
Cradognathus [159]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Lloyd & Durand	Permian (Changhsingian)	Balfour Formation	South Africa	A therocephalian belonging to the family Akidnognathidae. The type species is "Hewittia" albanensis Brink (1959).
Dicynodontoides kubwa [160]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shipps, Sidor & Angielczyk	Permian (Lopingian)	Usili Formation	Tanzania	A kingoriid dicynodont. A species of Dicynodontoides .
Euptychognathus kingae [161]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer, Angielczyk & Fröbisch	Permian (Lopingian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A lystrosaurid dicynodont. A species of Euptychognathus .
Lystrosauravus [161]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer, Angielczyk & Fröbisch	Permian (Lopingian)	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group)	South Africa	A lystrosaurid dicynodont. The type species is L. bothae.
Madumabisa [161]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer, Angielczyk & Fröbisch	Permian (Lopingian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A lystrosaurid dicynodont. The type species is M. opainion.
Mdomowabata [162]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Angielczyk & Otoo	Permian (Lopingian)	Usili Formation	Tanzania	A cryptodontian dicynodont. The type species M. trilobops.
Nujalikodon [163]	Gen. et sp. nov		Patrocínio et al.	Early Jurassic (Hettangian)	Rhætelv Formation	Greenland	A member or a close relative of Docodonta. The type species is N. cassiopeiae.
Pontognathus [164]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gaetano et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Chañares Formation	Argentina	A cynodont belonging to the family Traversodontidae. The type species is P. ignotus.

Synapsid research

• Review of studies on the morphology and evolution of brains of synapsids, their sense organs, endothermy and behavior from the preceding years is published by Bolton, Mangera & Benoit (2025). ^[165]
• Evidence from a comparative study of skull anatomy of non-mammalian synapsids and extant chameleons, interpreted as consistent with the presence a mandibular middle ear in early synapsids, is presented by Olroyd & Kopperud (2025). ^[166]
• A study on changes in humerus and femur of synapsids throughout their evolutionary history is published by Bishop & Pierce (2025). ^[167]
• A study on changes of shape of the humerus and changes of posture of synapsids throughout their evolutionary history is published by Brocklehurst et al. (2025), who interpret ancestral synapsids as sprawling but morphologically distinct from extant sprawling animals, and interpret the evolution of posture of modern therian mammals as resulting from successive synapsid radiations with varied postures rather than from a direct progression from sprawling to therian-like posture. ^[168]
• A study on the diversity of varanopids throughout their evolutionary history is published by Laurin & Didier (2025), who find no evidence for an end-Kungurian extinction event, and interpret the extinction of varanopids as likely related to the Capitanian mass extinction event. ^[169]
• Marchetti et al. (2025) describe sphenacodontid body impressions (probably produced by a group of four individuals) from the Permian (Sakmarian) Tambach Formation (Germany), providing evidence of presence of epidermal scales in sphenacodontids, and name a new ichnotaxon Bromackerichnus requiescens . ^[170]
• A study on the anatomy of skull and teeth of Moschognathus whaitsi is published by Lafferty et al. (2025), who report evidence of multiple replacements of incisiform teeth and their alternating replacement pattern, resulting in similarities of tooth replacement in the studied taxon and in the dental batteries in sauropod dinosaurs. ^[171]
• Nieke, Fröbisch & Canoville (2025) study the histology of limb bones of Suminia getmanovi , interpreted as consistent with an arboreal lifestyle. ^[172]
• Benoit & Jodder (2025) describe new fossil material of Kombuisia frerensis from the Anisian Burgersdorp Formation (South Africa), confirming the absence of the parietal foramen in members of this species. ^[173]
• Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Kembawacela kitchingi is published by Abbott et al. (2025). ^[174]
• A study on the skeletal anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of Rastodon procurvidens is published by Silva et al. (2025), who recover the studied dicynodont as the first known South American member of the family Kingoriidae. ^[175]
• Matamales-Andreu et al. (2025) describe probable gorgonopsian footprints from the Permian strata of the Port des Canonge Formation (Spain), and name a new ichnotaxon Algarpes ferus . ^[176]
• A study on the bone histology of an indeterminate gorgonopsian specimen from the Permian strata of the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia), providing evidence of slower growth than in gorgonopsians from the Karoo Basin, is published by Kulik (2025). ^[177]
• Macungo, Benoit & Araújo (2025) describe fossil material of Inostrancevia africana from the Permian strata of the K6a2 Member of the Metangula graben (Mozambique), supporting its correlation with the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone in South Africa. ^[178]
• Cookson and Mann (2025) re-examine two historic skulls of Lycaenops assigned to L. angusticeps and L. cf. L. angusticeps and reassess their taxonomy. ^[179]
• Liu & Abdala (2025) describe new specimens of Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation (China), interpret known specimens as early juveniles, as revise the diagnostic features of the studied taxon. ^[180]
• Filippini, Abdala & Cassini (2025) provide new estimates of body mass for Andescynodon , Pascualgnathus , Massetognathus , Cynognathus and Exaeretodon . ^[181]
• Kerber et al. (2025) describe traversodontid postcranial material from the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence at the Linha Várzea 1 site (Brazil), representing a morphotype distinct from other traversodontid postcranial remains from this locality. ^[182]
• A study on the bone histology of Luangwa drysdalli and Scalenodon angustifrons , providing evidence of different life histories of the studied cynodonts, is published by Kulik (2025). ^[183]
• A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Luangwa sudamericana is published by Souza et al. (2025). ^[184]
• Medina et al. (2025) provide new information on the anatomy of the cranial endocast of Massetognathus pascuali , and describe the maxillary canal of the studied cynodont. ^[185]
• A study on changes in the skull anatomy of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum during its ontogeny is published by Roese-Miron & Kerber (2025). ^[186]
• A study on the skull anatomy of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum, including the first reconstruction of its cranial nerves and the first description of its inner ear, is published by Roese-Miron et al. (2025). ^[187]
• New specimen of Exaeretodon riograndensis , providing new information on the postcranial anatomy of members of this species, is described by Kerber et al. (2025). ^[188]
• A specimen of Exaeretodon riograndensis affected by traumatic fracture of ribs that limited its locomotion capabilities, and possibly surviving with help of other members of its group, is described from the Upper Triassic strata of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Brazil) by Doneda, Roese–Miron & Kerber (2025). ^[189]
• New information on the skull anatomy of Trucidocynodon riograndensis is provided by Kerber et al. (2025). ^[190]
• Dotto et al. (2025) describe fossil material of a prozostrodontian cynodont from the Upper Triassic strata from the Buriol site (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Brazil), providing new information on the morphological diversity of teeth of Carnian probainognathians. ^[191]
• New information on the anatomy of Yuanotherium minor is provided by Liu, Ren & Mao (2025). ^[192]
• Description of the endocranial anatomy of Bienotheroides is published by Ren et al. (2025). ^[193]
• Averianov et al. (2025) report evidence of a dentary–squamosal jaw articulation in Xenocretosuchus sibiricus , providing evidence of development of such jaw articulation in a tritylodontid independently from those observed in tritheledontids and mammaliaforms. ^[194]
• Wang et al. (2025) describe a new mandible of Fossiomanus sinensis from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation (China), providing new information on the mandible shape and tooth morphology of members of this species. ^[195]
• Hai et al. (2025) describe a mandible of a juvenile specimen of Sinoconodon rigneyi from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation (China), providing new information on tooth replacement in members of this species. ^[196]
• Tumelty & Lautenschlager (2025) study the skull anatomy of Hadrocodium wui , and interpret the studied mammaliaform as not fully fossorial. ^[197]

Mammals

Main article: 2025 in paleomammalogy

Other animals

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Archaeaphorme [198]	Gen. et sp. nov		Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Anji Biota	China	A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is A. conica.
Blastulospongia bouliaensis [199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sheng & Aitchison	Cambrian (Drumian–Guzhangian)	Devoncourt Limestone	Australia	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Sebargasiidae.
Bruckneria [200]	Nom. nov	Valid	Hsu & Hsiao	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Denmark	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Euplectellidae; a replacement name for Walteriella Brückner (2006).
Calathites macrocalyx [201]	Sp. nov	Valid	Parry et al.	Cambrian (Drumian)	Marjum Formation	United States ( Utah)	A member of the family Dinomischidae, possibly belonging to the total group of Ctenophora.
Charnia ewinoni [202]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pasinetti et al.	Ediacaran		Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador)
Chiastoclonella globula [203]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Van Keulen	Ordovician		Germany	A demosponge belonging to the group Orchocladina and the family Chiastoclonellidae.
Chiastoclonella incrustans [203]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Van Keulen	Ordovician		Germany Netherlands	A demosponge belonging to the group Orchocladina and the family Chiastoclonellidae.
Chiastodiscus [203]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Van Keulen	Ordovician		Estonia Germany Netherlands Russia Sweden	A demosponge belonging to the group Orchocladina and the family Chiastoclonellidae. The type species is C. verrucosus; genus also includes C. regularis.
Choia qingjiangensis [204]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Cambrian Stage 3		China	A demosponge.
Choia textura [204]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Cambrian Stage 3		China	A demosponge.
Crateromorpha? (Neopsacas?) macrospicula [198]	Sp. nov		Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Anji Biota	China	A hexactinellid sponge.
Crestjahitus groenlandicus [29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	A member of Hyolithida.
Cryptosiphon oboloides [205]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn in Vinn et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Tsitre Formation	Estonia	A possible polychaete.
Cryptothelion sujkowskii [206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Świerczewska-Gładysz & Jurkowska	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Poland	A demosponge.
Dinomischus nudus [201]	Sp. nov	Valid	Parry et al.	Cambrian (Drumian)	Marjum Formation	United States ( Utah)	A member of the family Dinomischidae.
Elegantilites custos [207]	Sp. nov		Valent, Fatka & Budil	Ordovician	Dobrotivá Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Hyolitha.
Eorosselloides [198]	Gen. et sp. nov		Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Anji Biota	China	A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is E. antiquus.
Fimbulispina [208]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Drumian)	Fimbuldal Formation	China Greenland	A relative of gnathiferans, particularly resembling Dakorhachis . The type species is F. laurentica.
Juracanthocephalus [209]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Luo et al.	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A member of Acanthocephala. The type species is J. daohugouensis.
Kraytdraco [210]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mussini et al.	Cambrian	Bright Angel Shale	United States ( Arizona)	A member of Priapulida. The type species is K. spectatus.
Longgangia [211]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Mantou Formation	China	A probable annelid. The type species is L. bilamellata.
Lophiostroma leizunia [212]	Sp. nov		Jeon et al.	Ordovician		China	A member of Stromatoporoidea.
Nektognathus [213]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vinther et al.	Cambrian	Sirius Passet Lagerstätte	Greenland	A member of the family Nectocarididae. The type species is N. evasmithae.
Niquivilispongia [214]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Carrera, Botting & Cañas	Ordovician (Dapingian)	San Juan Formation	Argentina	A sponge belonging to the group Heteractinida, possibly a member of the family Astraeospongiidae. The type species is N. asteria.
Olgunia [215]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Luzhnaya	Ediacaran		Russia	An animal with colonial organization, possibly a sponge or a coelenterate-grade animal. Genus includes new species O. bondarenkoae.
Paraleptomitella reticula [216]	Sp. nov		Zhang et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Niutitang Formation	China	A sponge (possibly a hexactinellid) belonging to the family Leptomitidae.
Paraleptomitella zunyiensis [216]	Sp. nov		Zhang et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Niutitang Formation	China	A sponge (possibly a hexactinellid) belonging to the family Leptomitidae.
Pentaditrupa nickcavei [217]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kočí et al.	Paleocene (Selandian)	Kerteminde Marl Formation	Denmark	A polychaete belonging to the family Serpulidae.
Primocyathus [218]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang & Xiaoin Wang et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the group Ajacicyathida. The type species is P. uniseriatus.
Propomatoceros lathahypossiae [219]	Sp. nov	Valid	Beschin et al.	Eocene		Italy	A serpulid annelid.
Pseudanoxycalyx [198]	Gen. et sp. nov		Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Anji Biota	China	A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is P. verrucosus.
Scalidodendron [220]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mussini & Butterfield	Cambrian	Hess River Formation	Canada Northwest Territories	A scalidophoran. The type species is S. crypticum.
Sinocyathus [218]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang & Xiaoin Wang et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the group Ajacicyathida. The type species is S. biseriatus.
Spiraserpula iverseni [221]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kočí & Goedert	Oligocene	Pysht Formation	United States ( Washington)	A serpulid annelid.
Tentalus [222]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimmig et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Langston Formation	United States ( Utah)	An animal of problematic affiliation. The type species is T. spencensis.
Theiokylixia [201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Parry et al.	Cambrian (Drumian)	Marjum Formation	United States ( Utah)	A member of the family Dinomischidae. The type species is T. cartwrightae.
Tulaneia [223]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Runnegar & Horodyski in Runnegar et al.	Probably latest Ediacaran	Wood Canyon Formation	United States ( Nevada)	An erniettomorph. The type species is T. amabilia.
Wilsumispongia [203]	Gen. et 3 sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Van Keulen	Ordovician		Germany Netherlands	A demosponge belonging to the group Orchocladina and the family Chiastoclonellidae. The type species is W. cylindrica; genus also includes W. cratera and W. conica.
Yanchangparapandorina [224]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gan & Liu in Gan et al.	Triassic	Yanchang Formation	China	A probable animal embryo, possibly an embryo of an aquatic arthropod at the cleavage stage. The type species is Y. inornata.

Other animal research

• Mitchell & Dhungana (2025) calculate the lifespans and relative evolutionary rates for Dickinsonia, Kimberella, Trepassia, Tribrachidium, Charnia, Ernietta, Avalofractus, Primocandelabrum, Charniodiscus and Fractofusus. ^[225]
• Evidence from the study of extant invertebrates, indicating that coprostane is not a gut biomarker for Ediacaran animals, is presented by Mulligan & Gold (2025), who propose that the coprostane signal in the fossils of Dickinsonia is a result of feeding on the microbial mats by the studied animal. ^[226]
• Surprenant & Droser (2025) develop a growth model for Funisia dorothea , providing evidence of a growth pattern different from that of Wutubus annularis . ^[227]
• Elias et al. (2025) describe superficially coral-like fossils from the Cambrian Mural Formation (Alberta and British Columbia, Canada), assigned to the species Rosellatana jamesi and interpreted as indicative of affinities with hypercalcified sponges. ^[228]
• Evidence of similarity of growth and mortality dynamics of Parvancorina minchami and extant small marine invertebrates is presented by Ivantsov et al. (2025). ^[229]
• Zhao et al. (2025) describe disc-like fossils from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), preserving possibly remnants of the perioral musculature and innervation, and interpreted as probable fossils of eumetazoan-grade organisms. ^[230]
• Dunn, Donoghue & Liu (2025) describe a population of Fractofusus andersoni from the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Newfoundland, Canada), and present a model of growth in the studied taxon. ^[231]
• Wu et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Charnia masoni and C. gracilis from the Ediacaran Zhoujieshan Formation (China), extending known geographic distribution of Charnia and demonstrating that it likely persisted into the latest Ediacaran. ^[232]
• Zhang et al. (2025) describe sponge spicule tufts from the Cambrian (Fortunian) lower Yanjiahe Formation (China), representing some of the oldest fossils of biomineralized sponges reported to date. ^[233]
• Olivier et al. (2025) identify probable chaetetid fossil material from the Triassic (Olenekian) strata in Rock Canyon (Arizona, United States), representing the oldest Mesozoic record of chaetetids reported to date. ^[234]
• Becker-Kerber et al. (2025) reevaluate skeletal organization of Corumbella on the basis of the study of new specimens from the Ediacaran Tamengo Formation (Brazil), interpreted as inconsistent with close affinities with scyphozoan cnidarians. ^[235]
• A study on possible causes of decline of stromatoporoid diversity during the early Devonian is published by Stock et al. (2025). ^[236]
• Purported early mollusc Shishania aculeata is reinterpreted as a chancelloriid by Yang et al. (2025). ^[237]
• Hu et al. (2025) report evidence of exceptional preservation of organic templates in chancelloriid sclerites from the Cambrian Houjiashan Formation (China), interpret their arrangement as indicating that the biomineralization of chancelloriid sclerites was controlled by epithelial cells, and interpret the biomineralization mode of chancelloriids as suggestive of their affinities with eumetazoans. ^[238]
• Yun et al. (2025) report evidence of preservation of integument microstructures in chancelloriid fossils from the Cambrian Yu'anshan Formation (China) and study the phylogenetic affinities of chancelloriids, recovering them as epitheliozoans most likely sharing a more recent common ancestor with eumetazoans than with placozoans. ^[239]
• A study on locomotory trace fossils from 12 formations from the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, providing evidence of presence of probable bilateral eumetazoans with slender bodies with anterior-posterior body axes around 545 million years ago, is published by Wang & Miguez-Salas (2025). ^[240]
• Knaust & Duarte (2025) report the preservation of nemertean, polychaete and nematode fossils from the limestone and marlstone succession of the Pliensbachian Vale das Fontes and Lemede formations at the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point at Peniche (Portugal), and study the taphonomy of the described fossils. ^[241]
• Evidence from the study of Cambrian scalidophoran fossils, interpreted as indicating that the ventral nerve cord was ancestrally unpaired in scalidophorans, priapulids and possibly ecdysozoans in general, is presented by Wang et al. (2025). ^[242]
• Knaust (2025) identifies early Paleozoic trace fossils assigned to the ichnotaxon Skolithos linearis as most likely to be priapulid burrows. ^[243]
• Kovář & Fatka (2025) describe new lobopodian fossil material from the Cambrian Jince Formation (Czech Republic), extending known record of Cambrian hallucigeniid/luolishaniid lobopodians into the Drumian. ^[244]
• Knecht et al. (2025) redescribe Palaeocampa anthrax , interpret it as the youngest known "xenusiid" lobopodian, and report evidence of sclerite architecture distinct from those of other lobopodians, possibly related to the ability to secrete defensive chemicals. ^[245]
• Slater (2025) describes Cambrian protoconodonts preserved as small carbonaceous fossils from the Lontova Formation (Estonia) and from the Borgholm Formation (Sweden), and interprets the studied fossils as indicating that bilaterians with chaetognath-like grasping spines diverged by the latest Ediacaran. ^[246]
• Gao et al. (2025) describe new scolecodonts from the Silurian Miaogao Formation (Yunnan, China), extending known geographical range of members of the genus Langeites . ^[247]
• Jamison-Todd et al. (2025) study trace fossils in marine reptile bones from the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group (United Kingdom), produced by bone-eating worms and interpreted as likely indicative of high species diversity of Osedax during the early Late Cretaceous, and name new ichnotaxa Osspecus eunicefootia , O. morsus, O. campanicum, O. arboreum, O. automedon, O. frumentum and O. panatlanticum. ^[248]
• Jamison-Todd, Mannion & Upchurch (2025) identify boring produced by bone-eating worms in cetacean specimens from the Cenozoic strata from the Netherlands and the United States, including a specimen of Zyghorhiza kochii from the Eocene Yazoo Formation (Alabama) representing the oldest cetacean specimen with such borings reported to date, report evidence of high morphological diversity of the studied borings, and name a new ichnotaxon Osspecus pollardium described on the basis of borings from two teeth from the Neogene strata in the Netherlands. ^[249]
• The oldest pectinariid fossils from North America reported to date are described from the Eocene or Oligocene strata of the Quimper and Makah formations (Washington, United States) by Kočí, Goedert & Rich (2025). ^[250]
• Evidence from the study of hyoliths from the Cambrian Sellick Hill Formation (Australia) and Ordovician Mójcza Limestone (Poland), indicative of similarities of early ontogeny of hyoliths and molluscs, is presented by Dzik (2025). ^[251]
• A study on fossil material of the tommotiid Lapworthella fasciculata from the Cambrian strata in Australia is published by Bicknell et al. (2025), who report evidence of increase of thickness of sclerites of L. fasciculata and increase of the frequency of perforated sclerites through time, and interpret these findings as the oldest evidence of evolutionary arms race between predator and prey reported to date. ^[252]
• Vinn et al. (2025) describe soft body impressions of Devonian tentaculitids from Armenia, and interpret reconstructed muscle system of tentaculitids as supporting their placement within Lophotrochozoa and possibly within Lophophorata. ^[253]
• New information on the morphology and growth pattern of the microconchid species Aculeiconchus sandbergi is provided by Opitek et al. (2025). ^[254]
• Ma et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Pomatrum cf. P. ventralis from the Balang Formation (China), extending known range of this species to Cambrian Stage 4 and representing its first known record from outside the Chengjiang Biota. ^[255]
• A study on the taphonomy of yunnanozoan fossils from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (China) is published by He et al. (2025), who contest claims of preservation of cellular cartilage and microfibrils made by Tian et al. (2022), ^[256] and argue that cellular-scale preservation of cartilaginous tissues in the studied fossils is unlikely. ^[257]

Foraminifera

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Alexnoguesina [258]	Nom. nov	Valid	Consorti, Caus & Le Coze	Late Cretaceous		Spain	A replacement name for Alexina Hottinger & Caus (2009).
Bolivilongella [259]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Ismail et al.	Miocene		Egypt	A member of Bolivinoididae. Genus includes B. longata and B. semilongata.
Borelis dizerae [260]	Sp. nov		Acar & Bozkurt	Eocene (Priabonian)		Turkey	A member of the family Alveolinidae.
Borelis sozerii [260]	Sp. nov		Acar & Bozkurt	Eocene (Priabonian)		Turkey	A member of the family Alveolinidae.
Bulbobaculites attashensis [261]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jalloh & Kaminski in Jalloh et al.	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Dhruma Formation	Saudi Arabia	A member of Lituolida belonging to the family Ammobaculinidae.
Calvezina anatolica [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae.
Canalispina zagrosia [263]	Sp. nov		Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş	Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A member of the family Siderolitidae.
Eomarginulinella galinae [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae.
Flabellogaudryina [264]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kaminski & Korin	Eocene	Rashrashiyah Formation	Saudi Arabia	A member of Pseudogaudryininae. The type species is F. sirhanensis.
Frondicularia arctica [265]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yadrenkin	Triassic		Russia
Gavelinella praestelligera [266]	Sp. nov		Jarvis, Dubicka & Chroustová	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Seaford Chalk Formation	Ukraine United Kingdom
Gavelinella praethalmanni [266]	Sp. nov		Jarvis, Dubicka & Chroustová	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Seaford Chalk Formation	United Kingdom
Gavelinella praetumida [266]	Sp. nov		Jarvis, Dubicka & Chroustová	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation	United Kingdom
Glomomidiellopsis? okayi [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Capitanian to Changhsingian)		Cambodia Turkey	A member of Miliolata belonging to the family Hemigordiopsidae.
Glomospira kaminskii [267]	Sp. nov		Hikmahtiar	Paleocene (Danian)	Scaglia Rossa Formation	Italy	A member of the family Ammodiscidae.
Hereceina [260]	Gen. et sp. nov		Acar & Bozkurt	Eocene (Priabonian)		Turkey	A calcarinid. The type species is H. spinigera.
Kristanita [268]	Gen. et comb. nov		Falzoni, Rettori & Gale in Falzoni et al.	Late Triassic and Early Jurassic		Australia Austria Gibraltar Greece Italy Japan Myanmar Slovakia Slovenia Thailand Timor-Leste	A member of Ammodiscana belonging to the order Ataxophragmiida and the family Duotaxidae. The type species is "Tetrataxis" humilis Kristan (1957); genus also includes "Tetrataxis" inflata Kristan (1957).
Laxoendothyra parakosvensis gracilis [269]	Ssp. nov		Okuyucu et al.	Devonian-Carboniferous transition	Yılanlı Formation	Turkey
Loftusia tarburica [263]	Sp. nov		Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A member of the family Loftusiidae.
Nigrispiroides [270]	Gen. et comb. nov		Krainer, Lucas & Vachard	Carboniferous		Brazil Canada ( Yukon) Iran Peru United States ( Arkansas Idaho New Mexico Oklahoma Texas)	The type species is "Monotaxinoides" melanogaster Yarahmadzahi & Vachard (2019).
Omphalocyclus tarburensis [263]	Sp. nov		Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A member of the family Orbitoididae.
Paraglobivalvulina? intermedia [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Capitanian to Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Fusulinata belonging to the family Globivalvulinidae.
Plectorobuloides [262]	Gen. et sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. taurica.
Protostensioeina ukrainica [266]	Sp. nov		Jarvis, Dubicka & Chroustová	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Seaford Chalk Formation	Ukraine United Kingdom
Pseudocryptomorphina [262]	Gen. et sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata, possibly belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. amplimuralis.
Pseudomidiella sahini [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Miliolata belonging to the family Midiellidae.
Pseudorobuloides [262]	Gen. et sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Lopingian)		Iran Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae. The type species is P. reicheli.
Pualacana [271]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Barros, Haig & McCartain	Middle and Late Triassic	Aitutu Group	China Italy Timor-Leste United States ( Alaska)	A member of the family Variostomatidae. The type species is P. hortai; genus also includes new species P. xananai, as well as P. bilimbata (Hu in He & Hu, 1977), P. acutoangulata (Kristan-Tollmann, 1973), P. catilliforme (Kristan-Tollmann, 1960), P. cochlea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1960), P. crassum (Kristan-Tollmann, 1960), P. exile (Kristan-Tollmann, 1960), P. falcata (Kristan-Tollmann, 1973), P. hadrolimbata (Hu in He & Hu, 1977), P. helicta (Tappan, 1951), P. oberhauseri (Vettorel, 1988) and P. pralongense (Kristan-Tollmann, 1960).
Robuloides lata [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae.
Robuloides? rettorii [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Robuloididae.
Robustopachyphloia farinacciae [262]	Sp. nov		Altıner et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		Turkey	A member of Nodosariata belonging to the family Pachyphloiidae.
Siderolites persica [263]	Sp. nov		Ghanbarloo, Safari & Görmüş	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A member of the family Siderolitidae.
Solimanina [272]	Gen. et comb. nov		Shreif et al.	Eocene		Egypt	A nummulitid. The type species is "Operculina" canalifera d'Archiac & Haime (1853).
Stensioeina praeexsculpta [266]	Sp. nov		Jarvis, Dubicka & Chroustová	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Seaford Chalk Formation	United Kingdom

Foraminiferal research

• A study on the impact of ocean chemistry changes on evolution of foraminiferal wall types throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Faulkner et al. (2025), who find that changes of foraminiferal wall types were mostly driven by short-term ocean chemistry changes. ^[273]
• Zhang et al. (2025) study the fossil record of Carboniferous and Permian fusuline forams, and report evidence indicating that warming events resulted in diversity losses in the studied group, while long-term cooling promoted its diversification. ^[274]
• Evidence from the study of Carnian foraminiferal assemblages from the Erguan section in Guizhou and Quxia section in South Tibet (China), interpreted as indicating that there were no significant extinctions of foraminifera during the Carnian pluvial episode in the studied regions, is presented by Li et al. (2025). ^[275]
• A study on the composition of planktic foraminiferal assemblages from the Atlantic Ocean during the Eocene, providing evidence that they lacked resilience during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, is published by Sigismondi et al. (2025). ^[276]
• Evidence of changes in morphology of members of nummulites from the Pande Formation (Tanzania), interpreted as likely related to environmental changes during the Eocene–Oligocene transition, is presented by Koorapati, Moon & Cotton (2025). ^[277]
• Dowsett et al. (2025) study the fossil record of planktic foraminifera from the Pliocene, and interpret their findings as overall indicative of stable temperature preferences of members of the studied species since the Late Pliocene. ^[278]

Other organisms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Angochitina lingliensis [279]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu, Liang & Lu	Devonian	Nahkaoling Formation	China	A chitinozoan.
Baltisphaeridium iranense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Baltisphaeridium tillabadensis [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Belonechitina iranense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	A chitinozoan.
Bullatosphaera? colliformis [281]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	An acanthomorph acritarch.
Corollasphaeridium lissum [282]	Sp. nov		Green et al.	Cambrian	Forteau Formation	Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador)	A eukaryote of uncertain affinities, possibly a testate/loricate protist.
Cornuferifusa persianense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Cycliomedusa [283]	Sp. nov		Zhao et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	China	A discoidal macrofossil, reminiscent of the medusae and other medusoid forms from the Neoproterozoic. The type species is C. jiangchuanensis.
Dorsennidium iranense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Eotylotopalla inflata [281]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	An acanthomorph acritarch.
Excultibrachium jahandidehii [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Hensonidendra [29]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	An organism of uncertain affinities, with similarities to cyanobacteria from the family Epiphytaceae. The type species is H. tavsenica; genus also includes H. hensoniensis.
Lagenochitina postpirum [284]	Sp. nov		Camina et al.	Devonian	Los Monos Formation	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Laugephakos [29]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	Tubes of an organism of uncertain affinities. The type species is L. groenlandicus.
Lydonia [285]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pasinetti et al.	Ediacaran	Trepassey Formation	Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador)	An organism of uncertain affinities, with similarities to sponges. The type species is L. jiggamintia.
Minimarmilla [286]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rodriguez Dzul et al.	Neoproterozoic	Diabaig Formation	United Kingdom	An organic-walled microfossil, representing either a large cyanobacterial aggregate or a microalga. The type species is M. multicatenaria.
Navifusa caspiansis [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Nyfrieslandia kelimoli [287]	Sp. nov		Wu et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Kelimoli Formation	China	A radiolarian.
Oppilatala persianense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Pirea shahroudensis [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Pistillachitina alborzensis [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	A chitinozoan.
Pistillachitina iranense [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	A chitinozoan.
Pyramidinium [288]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Razumkova	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)		Russia	An acritarch. Genus includes new species P. annulatum.
Ramochitina durandi [284]	Sp. nov		Camina et al.	Devonian	Los Monos Formation	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Stellechinatum khoshyeilaghensis [280]	Sp. nov		Ghavidel-Syooki	Ordovician	Ghelli Formation	Iran	An acritarch.
Trilobatina [288]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Razumkova	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Uvat Formation	Russia	An acritarch. Genus includes new species T. angusta.
Verrucosphaera? undulata [281]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	An acanthomorph acritarch.

Research on other organisms

• Evidence from the study of microbial DNA from mammoth remains spanning over 1 million years, indicative of presence of host-associated microbes related to extant members of the genera Actinobacillus , Erysipelothrix , Streptococcus and Pasteurella (including relatives of extant bacteria linked to the deaths of African elephants), is presented by Guinet et al. (2025). ^[289]
• Review of the fossil record of the late Paleoproterozoic to the latest Tonian eukaryotes and a study on their diversity patterns is published by Porter et al. (2025), who find the fossil evidence insufficient to conclude whether the Tonian radiation of eukaryotes was a real event or an artifact of sampling of the fossil record. ^[290]
• Saint Martin et al. (2025) identify body fossils of Palaeopascichnus in the Neoproterozoic Histria Formation (Romania), providing evidence of the Ediacaran age of the studied formation. ^[291]
• A new assemblage of probable tubular microfossils of silicified soft-bodied organisms, with a preservation mode different from other known Neoproterozoic fossils, is described from the Dzhetym Group (Kyrgyzstan) by Moore et al. (2025). ^[292]
• Chen et al. (2025) describe vendotaenid fossils from the Ediacaran Tabia Member of the Adoudou Formation (Morocco) and study the temporal distribution of Lanceoforma , Tyrasotaenia and Vendotaenia , reporting that the three taxa appeared before the Ediacaran. ^[293]
• Kolesnikov, Pan'kova & Pan'kov (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of soft-bodied organisms from the Ediacaran Chernyi Kamen Formation (Russia), including fossils of Palaeopascichnus, Mawsonites , Hiemalora and putative rangeomorphs. ^[294]
• Lonsdale et al. (2025) describe ribbon-like fossils from the Ediacaran Deep Spring Formation (Nevada, United States), interpreted as probable fossil material of vendotaenids and extending their known geographical range during the late Ediacaran. ^[295]
• Evidence of sustained shift in morphology of organic-walled microfossils during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, interpreted as likely linked to nutrient limitation resulting from environmental perturbations, is presented by Tingle et al. (2025). ^[296]
• Xiao et al. (2025) study the fossil record of radiolarians from the middle Permian to Middle Triassic, and find evidence of different trends of evolution of body size in members of four radiolarian orders and in radiolarians from different latitudes during the Permian–Triassic extinction event. ^[297]
• Fossil evidence of survival of albaillellarian radiolarians into the Triassic is reported from the Nanpihe bridge section of the Changning-Menglian belt (Yunnan, China) by Zheng et al. (2025). ^[298]
• Erba et al. (2025) identify calcareous nannofossils in the Lower and Middle Triassic marine successions from South China, extending known fossil record of coccolithophores to the Early Triassic. ^[299]
• Evidence from the study of new calcareous nannofossil assemblage data from the Campbell Plateau (Pacific Ocean), indicative of changes in the composition of nannoplankton approximately 200,000 years before the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Jones et al. (2025), who interpret the reported changes as related to a previously unrecognized precursor event evidenced by decrease in bulk sediment δ¹³C and likely associated with warming and unstable surface ocean environments. ^[300]

History of life in general

• A study on rare Earth element data from greenstone belts of the northwest Superior Craton (Canada), interpreted as evidence of the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis in the Mesoarchaean or earlier, is published by Patry et al. (2025). ^[301]
• Evidence from experiments with algal-derived particulate matter in conditions similar to those of the late Neoproterozoic water column, interpreted as indicating that the appearance of algal particulate matter at the seafloor during the Neoproterozoic rise of the algae likely stimulated growth and activity of phagotrophs living in the anoxic conditions, is presented by Mills et al. (2025). ^[302]
• Evidence from the study of two Ediacaran communities from the Mistaken Point Formation (Canada), indicative of similar composition but different ecological dynamics of the studied communities, is presented by Mitchell et al. (2025). ^[303]
• Azizi et al. (2025) describe trace and body fossils from the Ediacaran Tabia Member of the Adoudou Formation (Morocco), providing evidence of stratigraphic overlap of soft-bodied Ediacaran biota and animal trace fossils. ^[304]
• Hammarlund et al. (2025) argue that expansion of sunlit benthic habitats with severe daily oxygen fluctuations during the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic transition might have promoted the radiation of organisms tolerant to oxygen variability. ^[305]
• Review of changes of organismal and community ecology during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is published by Mitchell & Pates (2025). ^[306]
• Evidence of changes of composition of fossil assemblages from chert Lagerstätten from the Yangtze craton (China) during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is presented by Luo & Zhu (2025). ^[307]
• Wang et al. (2025) study the smoothness of trace fossils from the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, and link the appearance of smooth trace fossils during the latest Ediacaran with the rise of slender mobile bilaterians to dominance. ^[308]
• Wood & Droser (2025) review evidence of evolution of animal reproductive styles throughout Ediacaran and Cambrian. ^[309]
• Reijenga & Close (2025) study the fossil record of Phanerozoic marine animals, and argue that purported evidence of a relationship between the duration of studied clades and their rates of origination and extinction can be explained by incomplete fossil sampling. ^[310]
• Benson et al. (2025) study the fossil record of marine invertebrates and attempt to determine latitudinal biodiversity distributions of marine invertebrates throughout the Phanerozoic. ^[311]
• Evidence from the study of the fossil record of marine organisms, interpreted as indicative of coupling of variations of biomass and marine biodiversity trends throughout the Phanerozoic, is presented by Singh et al. (2025). ^[312]
• Review of the ecology and evolution of endobionts associated with corals throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Vinn, Zapalski & Wilson (2025). ^[313]
• Maletz et al. (2025) revise Paleozoic fossils with similarities to feathers, and interpret the studied fossil material as including remains of macroalgae, hydrozoan cnidarians and graptolites. ^[314]
• White, Jensen & Barr (2025) interpret the unusual disparity of trace fossils from the High Head Member of the Cambrian Church Point Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada) as preserved because of a favourable combination of sedimentology and modern-day exposure, and argue that the studied assemblage might represent a more faithful record of deep-marine trace fossil disparity during the early Cambrian than observed in the majority of assemblages from other places. ^[315]
• Evidence of the impact of the appearance and subsequent extinction of archaeocyath reefs on the abundance of Cambrian animals is presented by Pruss (2025). ^[316]
• Revision of the Cambrian fauna from the Sæterdal Formation (Greenland), including fossils of trilobites, brachiopods and a hyolith, is published by Peel (2025). ^[317]
• Mussini & Butterfield (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of small carbonaceous fossils from the Cambrian Hess River Formation (Northwest Territories, Canada), including remains of wiwaxiids, annelids, brachiopods, chaetognaths, scalidophorans, arthropods and pterobranchs. ^[318]
• Murphy et al. (2025) study patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of skeletal animals from the Siberian Platform from 529 to 508 million years ago, and report evidence of selective survival and extinction in the aftermath of the Sinsk event, including extinction of reef-associated groups with massive, heavily calcified skeletons, and diversification of groups of motile animals with diverse feeding strategies and habitat associations. ^[319]
• Mussini et al. (2025) describe a middle Cambrian marine shelf biota, including priapulids, crustaceans and molluscs, on the basis of fossils from the Bright Angel Shale (Arizona, United States), and interpret the studied biota and Cambrian biotas with small carbonaceous fossils from other localities as consistent with emergence of phylogenetically derived and functionally sophisticated animals in habitable shallow marine environments (resulting in exclusion of earlier pioneer taxa), and with their protracted spillover into less habitable settings. ^[210]
• Yang et al. (2025) report the discovery of fossil material of the Guanshan Biota from the strata of the Wulongqing Formation from new localities from the Malong-Yiliang area (Yunnan, China), providing evidence that geographical distribution of the Guanshan Biota was not restricted by the Xiaojiang Fault. ^[320]
• A Burgess-Shale-type fauna occupying a peritidal habitat near the outer margin of a sea is described from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Pika Formation (Alberta, Canada) by Mussini, Veenma & Butterfield (2025), providing new information ecological tolerances of Cambrian marine animals. ^[321]
• A diverse fauna including agnostids, trilobites and small shelly fossils of various affinities is described from the Cambrian strata of the Thorntonia Limestone (Australia) by Betts et al. (2025). ^[322]
• Jeon, Li & Lee (2025) argue that the apparent sudden rise of diverse reef-building animals during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event is more likely an artifact of improved preservation conditions resulting from a global sea-level fall rather than a genuine evolutionary burst. ^[323]
• Early evidence of colonization of gastropod shells by corals is reported from the Ordovician strata in Estonia by Vinn et al. (2025). ^[324]
• Liu et al. (2025) report the discovery of the first Ordovician (Katian) Konservat-Lagerstätte from the North China Craton, preserving fossils a new deep-water fauna (the Fuping Fauna). ^[325]
• Evidence from the study of the trace fossil record ranging from the Ediacaran to the Devonian, interpreted as indicative of establishment of modern-style deep-marine benthic ecosystem during the Ordovician after 100 million years of protracted evolution, is presented by Buatois et al. (2025). ^[326]
• Vinn et al. (2025) report new evidence of symbiotic associations between worms and tabulate corals from the Ordovician and Silurian strata in Estonia, including evidence of symbiotic relationships between tabulates and cornulitids spanning from the late Katian to the Ludfordian. ^[327]
• Zhang et al. (2025) determine the timing and tempo of two phases of the Late Ordovician mass extinction on the basis of geochronological study of Ordovician-Silurian sections from the Yangtze Block (China), and link tempo of the extinction to rate of temperature change. ^[328]
• Zong et al. (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of well-preserved fossils (the Huangshi Fauna) in the Silurian (Rhuddanian) strata in south China, including fossils of sponges, cephalopods, arthropods and carbon film fossils of uncertain identity. ^[329]
• Zatoń et al. (2025) report evidence of widespread infestation of Devonian (Pragian) crinoid stems from the Hamar Laghdad locality (Morocco) by sclerobionts, and identify the stromatoporoid encrusting one of the stems as the oldest known record of the genus Ferestromatopora . ^[330]
• The first mesophotic coral reef ecosystem reported from the Paleozoic of eastern Gondwana, preserving fossil remains of corals and a diversified fish fauna, is described from the Devonian (Emsian) strata of the shore of Lake Burrinjuck (Taemas Formation; New South Wales, Australia) by Zapalski et al. (2025). ^[331]
• Brett et al. (2025) study changes of composition of Middle Devonian marine faunas from the Appalachian Basin in eastern North America, provide evidence that regional faunal turnovers coincide with recognized global bioevents, as well as evidence of range restriction and migration of marine animals during brief periods of faunal turnovers resulting in speciation within marginalized, isolated populations and subsequent reinvasion of abandoned areas by the new species, and interpret fossil evidence of stasis interrupted by faunal turnovers as consistent with the prevalence of punctuated equilibria. ^[332]
• A new non-pollen palynomorph assemblage, including remains of plants, fungi and diverse animals, is described from the Devonian (Givetian/Frasnian) strata in Poland by Kondas et al. (2025). ^[333]
• Otoo (2025) reviews the research on community assembly in deep time, focusing on the origin of terrestrial communities during the late Paleozoic. ^[334]
• A study on the mandibular morphology of Devonian to Permian stem and crown tetrapods is published by Berks et al. (2025), who report evidence of a spike in morphological diversity in the Gzhelian, interpreted as related to the evolution of herbivory. ^[335]
• Lucas & Mansky (2025) revise invertebrate and vertebrate trace fossils from the Carboniferous (Mississippian) Horton Bluff Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada), name new ichnotaxa: fish traces Sonjawoodichnus monstrum and Doliosichnus sarjeanti , and tetrapod traces Thorakosichnus cameroni , Luctorichnus hunti and Pseudobradypus fillmorei , and interpret early tetrapodomorphs such as Panderichthys , Elpistostege and Tiktaalik as unlikely to be directly ancestral to tetrapods. ^[336]
• A study on the fossil record of conodonts and carbon isotope of bulk rock from the Naqing, Narao and Shanglong sections in southern Guizhou (China), providing evidence of timing of biotic changes during the Moscovian and Kasimovian, is published by Wang et al. (2025). ^[337]
• Bicknell et al. (2025) describe bromalites with xiphosuran shell remains from the Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States), interpreted as evidence of presence of a durophagous predator (possibly a large lungfish) commonly consuming xiphosurans in the studied assemblage. ^[338]
• Rossignol et al. (2025) determine plants and animals (including branchiosaurid temnospondyls) from the Perdasdefogu Basin (Sardinia, Italy) to be most likely early Permian in age, indicating that they were coeval with their counterparts from the Thuringian Forest Basin (Germany) and that the Variscan belt was not a barrier to their dispersal during the early Permian. ^[339]
• Natural casts of burrows that were possibly produced by small tetrapods are described from the Permian (Asselian) Słupiec Formation (Poland) by Sadlok (2025). ^[340]
• Wang et al. (2025) study the evolution of shell morphology of brachiopods and forams across the Permian–Triassic extinction event and of forams across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, and report evidence of morphological changes reducing the energetic costs of shell calcification, likely in response to environmental pressures. ^[341]
• A new seabed assemblage preserving fossils of filamentous cyanobacteria, calcareous plankton and marine animals living less than 1 million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event is described from the Feixianguan Formation (China) by Qiao et al. (2025), providing evidence of early recovery of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian extinction, and possible evidence that microbial mounds created hospitable environments for animals in the Early Triassic seas. ^[342]
• Evidence from the study of animal and plant fossils from the Lower Triassic Heshanggou Formation (China), indicative of the presence of a diverse riparian ecosystem 2 million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is presented by Guo et al. (2025). ^[343]
• Review of the fossil record of Triassic terrestrial tetrapods from the Central European Basin is published by Mujal et al. (2025). ^[344]
• A study on the assemblage of fossil teeth from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) strata from the Montseny area (Spain), providing evidence of presence of capitosaur temnospondyls, procolophonids, archosauromorphs and indeterminate diapsids, is published by Riccetto et al. (2025). ^[345]
• Araujo et al. (2025) study the composition of the Carnian vertebrate assemblage from the Vale do Sol area (Brazil), and reevaluate the biostratigraphy of the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone. ^[346]
• Evidence of similarity of processes of reef rubble consolidation and regeneration observed in Late Triassic reefs from the Dachstein platform (Austria) and in modern coral reefs is presented by Godbold et al. (2025). ^[347]
• Jésus et al. (2025) describe new vertebrate fossil material from the Upper Triassic Ørsted Dal Formation (Greenland), including the first records of a doswelliid and members of the genera Lissodus and Rhomphaiodon from the Upper Triassic strata from Greenland reported to date. ^[348]
• Alarcón et al. (2025) reconstruct environmental conditions in northwestern Gondwana during the Norian and report new fossil assemblages of plants, clam shrimps and vertebrates from the Bocas and Montebel formations (Colombia), providing evidence of biogeographic affinities with Laurasia. ^[349]
• Kligman et al. (2025) study the composition the Late Triassic vertebrate assemblage from the Pilot Rock White Layer within the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation at the PFV 393 bonebed (Arizona, United States), preserving evidence of coexistence of members of Triassic vertebrate lineages with members of lineages that diversified after Triassic, including terrestrial stem-turtles and a new pterosaur Eotephradactylus mcintireae . ^[350]
• A new vertebrate assemblage including fish, rhynchocephalian, phytosaur and pterosaur fossils is described from the Upper Triassic (upper Norian to possibly lower Rhaetian) Arnstadt Formation (Germany) by Numberger-Thuy et al. (2025). ^[351]
• Stone et al. (2025) compare the composition of Pliensbachian reefs from lagoonal and platform edge settings in the Central High Atlas (Morocco), and identify environmental differences resulting in development of two different reef types. ^[352]
• Evidence from the study of the fossil record of Early Jurassic brachiopods, gastropods and bivalves from the epicontinental seas of the north-western Tethys Ocean, indicative of a relationship between the thermal suitability of the studied animals and changes of their occupancy in response to climate changes during the Pliensbachian and Toarcian, is presented by Reddin et al. (2025). ^[353]
• Guo et al. (2025) report that differentiation among the fossil communities of the Middle Jurassic Yanliao Biota was strongly associated with salinity, and link development and extinction of the studied biota to structural alteration of the North China Craton. ^[354]
• Kubota et al. (2025) report the discovery of a new amber Lagerstätte (the Nakagawa amber) from the Aptian strata of the Yezo Group (Japan), preserving remains of plants, fungi and arthropods. ^[355]
• Delclòs et al. (2025) report a rich amber deposit from the Napo Province in Ecuador, preserving a diverse arthropod fauna and providing evidence of presence of a humid, resinous forest in northwestern South America during the Early Cretaceous. ^[356]
• Salvino, Schmiedeler & Shimada (2025) document fossil material of an ecologically diverse vertebrate fauna from the Western Interior Seaway found in the Cenomanian strata of the Graneros Shale (Kansas, United States). ^[357]
• Petrizzo et al. (2025) compare the impact of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event on different groups of marine biocalcifiers, and report evidence of higher vulnerability of large benthic foraminifera and rudist bivalves compared to other studied groups, likely caused by extremely high and fluctuating sea surface temperature. ^[358]
• Perea et al. (2025) report the discovery of bioerosion traces on dinosaur bones from the Upper Cretaceous Guichón Formation (Uruguay), interpreted as likely produced by beetles (probably dermestids) and small vertebrate scavengers (possibly multituberculate mammals). ^[359]
• Nikolov et al. (2025) study the composition of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian-Campanian) vertebrate assemblage and other fossils from the Vrabchov Dol locality (Bulgaria), providing evidence of similarities with the Santonian assemblage from the Iharkút and Ajka localities (Hungary) and with the assemblage from the Hațeg Island (present day Romania). ^[360]
• A study on the composition of the Campanian biota from the Bozeș Formation (Romania) is published by Trif et al. (2025). ^[361]
• Dalla Vecchia et al. (2025) report the discovery of a new assemblage of Late Cretaceous (possibly Campanian-Maastrichtian) plants and fishes from the Friuli Carbonate Platform (Italy). ^[362]
• Polcyn et al. (2025) review the fossil record of Cretaceous and Paleogene fossil tetrapods from Louisiana, including the fossil record of Cretaceous mosasaurs and the Paleogene mammal Anisonchus fortunatus , and review the record of megaripples imaged from seismic data that were caused by tsunami generated by the Chicxulub impact during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition. ^[363]
• Close & Reijenga (2025) study the species–area relationships in North American terrestrial vertebrate assemblages during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, and report evidence of a large increase in regional-scale diversity of the studied vertebrates in the earliest Paleogene (primarily driven by the diversification of mammals), resulting in the earliest Paleogene assemblages being regionally homogenized to a lesser degree than the latest Cretaceous ones. ^[364]
• Agnihotri et al. (2025) reconstruct the composition of the Eocene ecosystem from the Kutch Basin (India) on the basis of palynological and arthropod assemblages from the Umarsar Lignite Mine, reporting evidence of presence of a tropical ecosystem with three distinct floristic communities including plants with both Gondwanan and Laurasian origin, evidence of presence of arthropods belonging to at least 45 families, and evidence of diverse plant-arthropod interactions. ^[365]
• Zonneveld et al. (2025) study the composition of the marine invertebrate assemblage from the Eocene Tanjung Formation (Indonesia) and its stratigraphic setting, and interpret the studied assemblage as supporting the hypothesis that diverse tropical invertebrate faunas of the modern Indo-Australian region might have originated in the Paleogene. ^[366]
• Description of bird and squamate tracks from the Eocene Clarno Formation and feliform and ungulate tracks from the Oligocene John Day Formation (John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon, United States) is published by Bennett, Famoso & Hembree (2025). ^[367]
• A study on fossils from the paleontological sites near the towns of Beaugency, Tavers and Le Bardon (France) and on their taphonomy is published by Perthuis et al. (2025), who identify the presence of a Miocene vertebrate assemblage, as well as fossils of Ronzotherium romani and Palaeogale minuta that were likely reworked from the Oligocene strata. ^[368]
• Revision of the Pleistocene assemblage from the Cumberland Bone Cave (Maryland, United States) and a study on its paleoecology is published by Eshelman et al. (2025). ^[369]
• Berghuis et al. (2025) describe a vertebrate assemblage from a subsea site in the Madura Strait off the coast of Surabaya, living in the now-submerged part of Sundaland during the Middle Pleistocene, and report differences in the composition of this assemblage compared to the vertebrate assemblage from Ngandong (Java, Indonesia), including evidence of survival of Duboisia santeng , Epileptobos groeneveldtii and Axis lydekkeri in Java until the end of the Middle Pleistocene; ^[370] Berghuis et al. (2025) study the depositional conditions and age of the fossil-bearing strata of this site, ^[371] while Berghuis et al. (2025) study the taphonomy of fossils from this site. ^[372]
• Evidence from the study of bone fragments and ancient DNA from Arne Qvamgrotta (Storsteinhola cave system, northern Norway), indicative of presence of a diverse coastal faunal assemblage during the Marine Isotope Stage 5a that was different from mammoth steppe communities from the Last Glacial Period, is presented by Walker et al. (2025). ^[373]
• Evidence from the study of Quaternary vertebrate fossils from the Sombrero Island, indicative of presence of a more diverse assemblage of land vertebrates on the island than in the present day, is presented by Viñola-Lopez et al. (2025). ^[374]
• Lallensack, Leonardi & Falkingham (2025) organized a comprehensive list of 277 terms used in tetrapod trace fossil research. ^[375]
• Maisch (2025) reevaluates the generic names introduced for preoccupied fossil vertebrate taxa by Oskar Kuhn, and either confirms or reestablishes the validity of the genera Acanthostoma, Astrodon, Ctenosaurus, Hydromeda, Lyrocephalus, Macroscelesaurus, Pachysaurus, Protobatrachus and Undina. ^[376]
• Evidence from the study of the fossil record of members of 30 animal clades, indicating that the majority of new morphotypes in the studied groups that were distinct enough to be recognized as species-rank lineages originated through cladogenesis (consistent with the core concepts of punctuated equilibrium), is presented by Anderson & Allmon (2025). ^[377]

Other research

• Evidence of lengthy co-oxygenation history for the atmosphere and oceans during the past 2.5 billion years, with a 2-billion-years-long transitional period with fluctuating, generally low atmospheric partial pressure of O₂, and interpreted as likely explanation for the protracted rise of complex life, is presented by Wang et al. (2025). ^[378]
• Galili et al. (2025) reconstruct marine dissolved organic carbon signals since the late Paleoproterozoic, and report evidence of near-modern dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the Paleoproterozoic, their decrease in the Neoproterozoic and subsequent rise in the Cambrian, interpreted as connected to changes of ocean oxygenation and evolution of complex organisms from single-celled ancestors. ^[379]
• Review of the Earth system processes and their impact on the evolution of life during the "Boring Billion" is published by Mukherjee et al. (2025). ^[380]
• Evidence from the study of Statherian strata from the southern margin of the North China Craton, interpreted as indicating that expansion of Statherian eukaryotes into non-marine settings was limited because these habitats were depleted in fixed nitrogen, is presented by Ma et al. (2025). ^[381]
• Evidence of a link between marine iodine cycle and stability of the ozone layer throughout Earth's history, resulting in an unstable ozone layer until approximately 500 million years ago that might have restricted complex life to the ocean prior to its stabilization, is presented by Liu et al. (2025). ^[382]
• Evidence of slow accumulation of Australian sediments preserving Archean mudrocks with high organic content is presented by Lotem et al. (2025), who interpret their findings as consistent with lower primary productivity in Archean than in present times. ^[383]
• Lee, Xu & Xiao (2025) report evidence indicating that apatite nanocrystals replicating embryo-like microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) are surrounded by a thin coating of amorphous silica covering, interpreted as the cause of exceptional preservation of the studied fossils. ^[384]
• Tarhan et al. (2025) study the fossil record of changes of burrowing depth and sedimentary layers in marine sediments throughout the Phanerozoic, and report evidence of protracted development of the sediment mixed layer, as well as evidence that deep burrowing was established as early as the Cambrian, when the underlying transition layer was established, but also evidence that no significant deepening of this layer happened until the Mesozoic. ^[385]
• Evidence interpreted as indicative of a link between global tectonic processes, biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and a 60 million-year cyclic fluctuation in marine faunal diversity and extinction throughout the Phanerozoic is presented by Boulila et al. (2025). ^[386]
• Farrell et al. (2025) present a global Furongian time scale, date Furongian as beginning approximately 494,5 million years ago and ending approximately 487,3 million years ago, and interpret the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion as lasting approximately 2,6 million years. ^[387]
• Xu et al. (2025) study the origin and evolution of microcrystalline quartz from Late Ordovician and Early Silurian marine mudstones from the Yangtze Block in the South China Craton, and argue that Early Silurian cooling might have been driven by formation of microcrystalline quartz which in turn resulted from recovery of siliceous organisms after the Late Ordovician mass extinction. ^[388]
• Cowen et al. (2025) study the geochemistry of dental tissue of Devonian fish fossils from Svalbard (Norway) and Cretaceous lungfish and plesiosaur fossils from Australia, and interpret their findings as indicative of preservation of the primary chemical composition of the bioapatite in the studied fossils. ^[389]
• Bubphamanee et al. (2025) reconstruct the history of deep-ocean oxygenation throughout the Paleozoic, and find no evidence of permanent deep-ocean oxygenation until the middle Devonian, coinciding with radiation of epifauna and infauna in deeper oceanic habitats. ^[390]
• Evidence from the study of Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections in Canada and China, interpreted as indicative of occurrence of photic zone euxinia linked to extinctions of marine organisms during the Hangenberg event, is presented by Wang et al. (2025). ^[391]
• Zhang et al. (2025) link the initiation of the late Paleozoic icehouse to enhanced organic carbon burial and oceanic anoxia resulting from changes in the biological pump in early Mississippian oceans. ^[392]
• Schiffbauer et al. (2025) study the ecology of biotas from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States), and corroborate the distinction of the two marine Essex assemblages and the nearshore Braidwood assemblage. ^[393]
• Mann et al. (2025) study the depositional setting of the lost vertebrate deposit southwest of the Danville city (Illinois, United States), preserving some of the oldest known diadectomorph and captorhinid fossils reported to date, and assign the fossil assemblage from the studied site to the Inglefield Sandstone Member below the Macoupin Limestone Member of the Patoka Formation (Kasimovian, Carboniferous). ^[394]
• Liu et al. (2025) link the climate warming happening during the Capitanian mass extinction event to the release of the magmatic methane in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. ^[395]
• Evidence from the study of fossils of the Early Triassic Paris biota, indicative of existence of clade-specific geochemical signatures in the studied fossils that might aid identification of undetermined specimens from the Paris Biota, is presented by Smith et al. (2025). ^[396]
• Evidence from the study of boron isotope data from fossil oysters from the Lavernock Point (Wales, United Kingdom), indicative of ocean acidification from volcanic outgassing during the Triassic–Jurassic transition, is presented by Trudgill et al. (2025). ^[397]
• Numberger-Thuy et al. (2025) study the stratigraphy of previously undocumented succession of Rhaetian to Hettangian strata near the town of Irrel (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), and report the presence of a fossil assemblage including palynomorphs, molluscs, ostracods, echinoderms and vertebrates. ^[398]
• A study on calcareous nannofossils from the level of the Los Molles Formation (Argentina) preserving fossils of Maresaurus coccai , Chacaicosaurus cayi and Mollesaurus periallus is published by Chaumeil Rodríguez et al. (2025), who interpret the studied nannofossils as indicative of an early Bajocian age and possibly indicative of a shallowing event in the Neuquén Basin, and link the abundance of Watznaueria britannica to a turnover of calcareous nannoplankton in the late Aalenian and a subsequent diversification of Watznaueria. ^[399]
• Varejão et al. (2025) link exceptional preservation of fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Barbalha, Crato, Ipubi and Romualdo formations (Brazil) to environmental conditions resulting from short-term marine incursions into continental settings, caused by separation of Africa and South America and opening of the southern Atlantic Ocean. ^[400]
• Evidence indicating that the volcanic activity that formed the Ontong Java Nui basaltic plateau complex was synchronous with the Selli Event is presented by Matsumoto et al. (2025). ^[401]
• Albert et al. (2025) provide new information on the Cretaceous Densuș-Ciula Formation (Romania), reporting evidence indicating that the lower part of the formation covers part of the Campanian, and evidence indicating that the shift from marine to continental deposition recorded in the formation happened by middle late Campanian. ^[402]
• Evidence of a link between large-scale Deccan Traps volcanism and global changes in climate near the end of the Cretaceous is presented by Westerhold et al. (2025). ^[403]
• Rodiouchkina et al. (2025) report evidence interpreted as indicating that the amount of sulfur released by Chicxulub impact was approximately 5 times lower than inferred from previous estimates, resulting in milder impact winter scenario during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition. ^[404]
• Weaver et al. (2025) link the widespread facies shifts in western North America during the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, arguing that non-avian dinosaurs likely promoted open habitats and that their extinction might have resulted in widespread emergence of dense forest cover. ^[405]
• Bai et al. (2025) study the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Eocene fossil assemblage from the deposits of the Bayan Obo and Jhama Obo sections in the Shara Murun region (Inner Mongolia, China), correlate them with other Paleogene sections from the Erlian Basin, and propose the subdivision of the Ulangochuian Asian land mammal age. ^[406]
• New information on the chronology of the Miocene fossil sites from central Anatolia (Turkey) is provided by Tholt et al. (2025). ^[407]
• Djokic et al. (2025) study the mode of preservation of fossils from the McGraths Flat Lagerstätte, and argue that fossil sites with similar fossil preservation might be present worldwide. ^[408]
• A study on the composition of the Early Pleistocene biotic assemblage from the Dursunlu Lignite Quarry (Turkey), interpreted as indicative of presence of a shallow lake and palustrine vegetation surrounded by steppe areas, is published by Luján et al. (2025). ^[409]
• Samim et al. (2025) determine distinct geochronological ages for the Lower, Middle and Upper Nariokotome tuffs (Turkana Basin, Kenya), improving age constraints for archaeological sites within the Nachukui Formation. ^[410]
• Evidence from the study that re-sampled a dataset of modern marine skeletonized invertebrates, indicating that reconstructions of changes of Phanerozoic diversity based on the fossil record are significantly impacted by spatial distribution of fossil samples, is presented by Phillipi, Czekanski-Moir & Ivany (2025). ^[411]
• Evidence from the study of extant benthic invertebrate communities and their death assemblages accumulating on the sea-floor from the Onslow Bay (North Carolina, United States), indicative of high functional fidelity between the entire extant assemblages and predicted assemblages consisting of species with a known fossil record, is presented by Tyler & Kowalewski (2025). ^[412]
• Lindahl et al. (2025) review the utility of paleogenomics for the studies of biodiversity trends throughout the Quaternary. ^[413]
• A new integrative script for TNT which can be used to analyze the phylogenetic placement of fossil taxa on a reference tree is presented by Catalano et al. (2025). ^[414]
• Mulvey et al. (2025) review the use of the fossilized birth–death models in the phylogenetic analyses incorporating fossil taxa. ^[415]
• Nikolic, Warnock & Hopkins (2025) evaluate the utility of inclusion of both fossils with morphological data and ones only with taxonomic constraints and data on age but without morphological data in the analyses aiming to recover dated phylogeny of extinct taxa, testing their combined approach on trilobites from the group Aulacopleurida, and argue that a combined analysis outperforms analyses that only include taxa scored into a morphological matrix. ^[416]
• Parins-Fukuchi (2025) presents a new probabilistic model that can be used in the studies of the origin and loss of polymorphic variants of morphological traits within a species and their sorting during speciation, and uses this model to study the evolution of the Cretaceous sea urchin genus Micraster , providing evidence of loss of variation in later species compared to their ancestors. ^[417]
• Evidence from the study of extant tetrapods and non-avian dinosaurs, indicative of a link between mass distribution and robusticity of the humeral shaft relative to the femoral shaft which can be used to determine mass distribution in fossil tetrapods, is presented by Dempsey et al. (2025). ^[418]

Paleoclimate

• Evidence of low atmospheric CO₂ levels throughout the main phase of the late Paleozoic icehouse, and of rapid increase in atmospheric CO₂ between 296 and 291 million years ago, is presented by Jurikova et al. (2025). ^[419]
• Xu et al. (2025) link prolonged high CO₂ levels and extreme hothouse climate during the Early Triassic to losses of terrestrial vegetation during the Permian–Triassic extinction event. ^[420]
• Qiu et al. (2025) identify a massive release of biogenic methane during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event as a contributing factor to global surface warming, and link this release to increased methanogenesis and associated decline in methane oxidation within marine environments. ^[421]
• A study on the climate and environmental changes in the Yanliao region (China) during the Middle Jurassic is published by Hao et al. (2025), who report evidence of a shift from wet to sub-humid conditions during the Bathonian, interpreted by the authors as likely driving the diversification of the Yanliao Biota. ^[422]
• Lu et al. (2025) report evidence from the study of palynological assemblages and clay mineralogy of the Kazuo Basin (Liaoning, China) indicative of a dry and hot climatic event during the early Aptian, interpreted as likely synchronous with the Selli Event. ^[423]
• Feng et al. (2025) reconstruct mean Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous atmospheric pCO₂ on the basis of the study of oxygen isotope composition of dinosaur tooth enamel, and estimate that Mesozoic gross primary productivity might have been 20 to 120% higher than today. ^[424]
• Evidence from the study of lizard and snake fossils from Eocene localities in Wyoming and North Dakota (United States), interpreted as indicative of warmer and wetter climate in mid-latitude North America during the late Eocene than indicated by earlier studies, is presented by Smith & Bruch (2025), who argue that there is no evidence of exceptionally high climate sensitivity to the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ during the early Eocene. ^[425]
• Evidence indicating that climate and geographic changes in the Miocene resulted in vegetation changes that in turn caused climate change feedbacks that impacted cooling and precipitation changes during the late Miocene climate transition is presented by Zhang et al. (2025). ^[426]
• Markowska et al. (2025) present evidence of recurrent humid intervals in the arid Arabian interior over the past 8 million years, and argue that those wet episodes might have enabled dispersals of mammals between Africa and Eurasia. ^[427]
• Evidence indicating that abrupt climate changes during the Last Glacial Period increased pyrogenic methane emissions and global wildfire extent is presented by Riddell-Young et al. (2025). ^[428]
• Matthews et al. (2025) study new palaeoclimatic record from Llangorse (South Wales, United Kingdom) near the earliest British archaeological sites, and find that repopulation of the northwest margin of Europe by humans after the Last Glacial Maximum was supported by local summer warming. ^[429]
• Geochemical evidence from the study of a speleothem from the Herbstlabyrinth Cave (Germany), interpreted as indicating that the Laacher See eruption was not directly linked to the Younger Dryas cooling in Greenland and Europe, is presented by Warken et al. (2025). ^[430]

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