2024 in paleobotany

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This paleobotany list records new fossil plant taxa that were to be described during the year 2024, as well as notes other significant paleobotany discoveries and events which occurred during 2024.

Algae

Charophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Echinochara pontis [1]	Sp. nov		Pérez-Cano & Martín-Closas	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)	Els Mangraners Formation	Spain		A member of the family Clavatoraceae.

Chlorophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Acicularia claudiopolitana [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bucur et al.	Triassic		Romania		A species of Acicularia .
Bediaella [3]	Gen. et sp. nov		Ernst, Vachard & Rodríguez	Devonian (Pragian)		Spain		A probable member of Dasycladales. The type species is B. hispanica.
Clypeina? pamelareidae [4]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bucur, Del Piero & Martini	Late Triassic (Norian)		Canada (  Yukon)		A member of Dasycladales.
Harpericystis [5]	Gen. et sp. nov		Krings	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom		A probable member of Chlorophyta. The type species is H. verecunda.
Jimaodanus [6]	Nom. nov		Pu	Silurian (Llandovery)	Waukesha Lagerstätte	United States (  Wisconsin)		A dasycladalean alga; a replacement name for Heterocladus LoDuca, Kluessendorf & Mikulic (2003).
Julpiaella baltresi [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bucur et al.	Triassic		Romania		A member of Dasycladales.
Pseudodiplopora ioanaletitiae [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bucur et al.	Triassic		Romania		A member of Dasycladales.

Ochrophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Houjiashania [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	China	A possible brown alga. The type species is H. yuxiensis. Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.

Rhodophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Amphiroa dabbabensis [8]	Sp. nov		Hamad	Pliocene	Shagra Formation	Egypt	A species of Amphiroa .

Other algae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Characrhynium [9]	Gen. et sp. nov		Krings	Devonian	Windyfield chert	United Kingdom	A probable unicellular alga. Genus includes new species C. amoenum.

Phycological research

• Evidence from genomic data, interpreted as indicating that the brown algae originated during the Ordovician but their major diversification happened during the Mesozoic, is presented by Choi et al. (2024). ^[10]
• Kiel et al. (2024) report the discovery of kelp holdfasts from the Oligocene strata in Washington State (United States), providing evidence of the presence of kelp in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the earliest Oligocene. ^[11]
• Putative dasycladalean alga Voronocladus dryganti from the Silurian of Ukraine is argued by LoDuca (2024) to be a member of Bryopsidales; the author also reinterprets purported graptolite-like epibionts of V. dryganti, originally described as the new taxon Podoliagraptus algaeoides, as actually representing the uppermost siphons of mature thalli of V. dryganti. ^[12]
• A diverse charophyte flora, including fossil material of Echinochara cf. peckii representing the oldest record of the family Clavatoraceae reported to date, is described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) marginal marine beds of southern France by Trabelsi, Sames & Martín-Closas (2024). ^[13]

Non-vascular plants

Bryophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Jamesrossia [14]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Walker et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Santa Marta Formation	Antarctica		A moss belonging to the family Rhabdoweisiaceae. The type species is J. plicata.

Marchantiophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Frullania delgadillii [15]	Sp. nov		Juárez-Martínez & Estrada-Ruiz in Juárez-Martínez, Córdova-Tabares & Estrada-Ruiz	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico		A liverwort, a species of Frullania .
Jubula polessica [16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mamontov, Atwood & Perkovsky in Mamontov et al.	Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine		A liverwort, a species of Jubula .
Leptoscyphus davidii [17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mamontov et al.	Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine		A liverwort, a species of Leptoscyphus .
Nipponolejeunea rovnoi [18]	Sp. nov		Mamontov et al.	Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine		A liverwort.
Nipponolejeunea solodovnikovii [18]	Sp. nov		Mamontov et al.	Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine		A liverwort.
Radula tikhomirovae [19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mamontov & Perkovsky in Mamontov et al.	Eocene	Rovno amber	Ukraine		A liverwort, a species of Radula .

Non-vascular plant research

• Ignatov et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of the Permian moss Gomankovia from the Aristovo locality (Vologda Oblast, Russia), providing new information on its anatomy. ^[20]

Lycophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Heliodendron [21]	Gen. et sp. nov	Junior homonym	Qin et al.	Devonian	Wutong Formation	China		A member of Isoetales belonging to the group Dichostrobiles. The type species is H. longshanense. The generic name is preoccupied by Heliodendron Gill.K.Br. & Bayly (2022).
Lepidostrobus willardii [22]	Sp. nov		Pšenička, Bek & Nelson	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Tradewater Formation	United States (  Illinois)
Selaginellites argentinensis [23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cariglino, Zavattieri & Lara	Triassic		Argentina		A member of the family Selaginellaceae.

Ferns and fern allies

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Bussacoconus [24]	Gen. et sp. nov		Correia & Sá	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Vale da Mó Formation	Portugal		A member of Sphenophyllales. Genus includes new species B. zeliapereirae.
Cystodium parasorbifolium [25]	Sp. nov		Li & Moran in Guo et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar		A member of the family Cystodiaceae.
Equicalastrobus glabratus [26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Procopio Rodríguez, Bodnar & Beltrán	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Cortaderita Formation	Argentina		A member of the family Equisetaceae.
Henanotheca qingyunensis [27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Guo, Zhou & Feng in Guo et al.	Permian (Lopingian)	Xuanwei Formation	China		A filicalean fern.
Hexaphyllostrobus [28]	Gen. et sp. nov		D'Antonio et al.	Carboniferous	Mazon Creek fossil beds	United States (  Illinois)		A member of Sphenophyllales. Genus includes new species H. kostorhysii.
Jerana [29]	Gen. et sp. nov		Meyer-Berthaud et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Morocco		A member of Cladoxylopsida. Genus includes new species J. modica.
Neocalamites vanderburghii [30]	Sp. nov		Kuipers, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert & Wagner-Cremer	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Germany		A member of Equisetales.
Palaeosorum siwalikum [31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kundu, Hazra & Khan in Kundu et al.	Miocene		India		A member of the family Polypodiaceae. Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.
Pecluma hispaniolae [32]	Sp. nov		Regalado & Schmidt in Regalado et al.	Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic		A species of Pecluma .
Tempskya hailunensis [33]	Sp. nov		Liu et al.	Cretaceous	Songliao Basin	China

Pteridological research

• The classification of Microlepia burmasia from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar as a dennstaedtiaceous fern belonging to the genus Microlepia is contested by Zhang (2024). ^[34]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil members of Cyatheales, and on the biogeography of the group throughout its evolutionary history, is published by Ramírez-Barahona (2024). ^[35]
• Machado et al. (2024) describe fossil material of Pteridium sp. cf. P. esculentum from the Miocene Ñirihuau Formation (Argentina) representing the oldest and southernmost record of Pteridium from South America reported to date. ^[36]

Bennettitales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Weltrichia huitzilopochtlii [37]	Comb. nov		(Wieland)	Early Jurassic (Toarcian)	Rosario Formation	Mexico		A member of Bennettitales. Moved from Williamsonia huitzilopochtli Wieland.
Williamsoniella rosarensis [38]	Sp. nov		Velasco de León et al.	Early-Middle Jurassic	Cualac Formation	Mexico		A member of Bennettitales belonging to the family Williamsoniaceae.

Conifers

Araucariaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Araucaria timkarikensis [39]	Sp. nov		Slodownik	Eocene		Australia		A species of Araucaria .

Cupressaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Amurodendron [40]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sokolova et al.	Paleocene		Russia (  Amur Oblast)		A conifer with affinities with the family Cupressaceae. The type species is A. pilosum. Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Cunninghamia nakatonbetsuensis [41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiang & Yamada in Jiang et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Heitaro-zawa Formation	Japan		A species of Cunninghamia .
Cupressoxylon dianneae [42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vanner et al.	Cretaceous	Tupuangi Formation	New Zealand

Pinaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Paranothotsuga [43]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kowalski in Kowalski et al.	Oligocene to Pliocene	Cottbus Formation	Germany		The type species is "Pseudotsuga" jechorekiae Czaja (2000).
Pseudotsuga lesvosensis [44]	Sp. nov		Zhu, Li, Wang & Zouros in Zhu et al.	Miocene	Sigri Pyroclastic Formation	Greece		A species of Pseudotsuga .
Tsuga weichangensis [45]	Sp. nov	In press	Li et al.	Miocene		China		A species of Tsuga . Announced in Feb 2023, formally published Jan 2024

Podocarpaceae

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Podocarpus paralungatikensis [39]	Sp. nov		Slodownik	Eocene		Australia		A species of Podocarpus .
Protophyllocladoxylon jacobusii [42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vanner et al.	Cretaceous	Tupuangi Formation	New Zealand

Voltziales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Archaeovoltzia kuedensis [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Naugolnykh	Permian		Russia (  Perm Krai)

Other conifers

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cratoxylon [47]	Gen. et sp. nov		Conceição et al.	Early Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil		A member of Pinidae of uncertain affinities. The type species is C. placidoi. The name is preoccupied by Cratoxylon Blume.
Ferganiella ivantsovii [48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frolov & Mashchuk	Early Jurassic (Toarcian)	Prisayan Formation	Russia
Leliacladus [49]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Batista & Kunzmann in Batista et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato Formation	Brazil		A member of Cupressales of uncertain affinities. The type species is "Brachyphyllum" castilhoi Duarte (1985).
Ourostrobus einbergensis [50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al.	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)		Germany		A conifer cone.
Shanxiopitys [51]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shi et al.	Permian (Lopingian)	Sunjiagou Formation	China		A conifer wood. The type species is S. zhangziensis.
Sphaerostrobus einbergensis [50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al.	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)		Germany		A conifer cone.

Conifer research

• Decombeix, Hiller & Bomfleur (2024) describe a dwarf conifer tree from the Middle Triassic strata in Antarctica preserving evidence suppressed growth likely caused by stressful local site conditions in spite of overall favorable regional climate, representing the first finding of a tree with such suppressed growth in the fossil record reported to date. ^[52]
• Xie, Gee & Griebeler (2024) use growth models based on the height–diameter relationships of extant araucarians to determine heights of araucariaceous logs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Utah, United States). ^[53]
• Xie et al. (2024) interpret Xenoxylon as a likely relative of extant members of Podocarpaceae. ^[54]

Gnetophyta

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Laiyangia [55]	Gen. et sp. nov		Jin in Jin et al.	Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian–Barremian)	Laiyang Formation	China		A member of the family Ephedraceae. The type species is L. compacta.

Flowering plants

Chloranthoids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Asterostemon [56]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov		Friis, Crane & Pedersen in Friis et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Figueira da Foz Formation	Portugal		A chloranthoid flowering plant. The type species is A. hedlundii; genus also includes A. norrisii.
Swamyflora [56]	Gen. et sp. nov		Friis, Crane & Pedersen in Friis et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Potomac Group	United States (  Virginia)		A chloranthoid flowering plant. The type species is S. alata.
Wasmyflora [56]	Gen. et sp. nov		Friis, Crane & Pedersen in Friis et al.	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)	Vale de Água clay pit complex	Portugal		A chloranthoid flowering plant. The type species is W. portugallica.

Magnoliids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cryptocarya latiradiata [57]	Sp. nov		Zhang, Su & Oskolski in Zhang et al.	Miocene	Dajie Formation	China		A species of Cryptocarya .
Magnolia germanica [43]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Mai)	Oligocene to Miocene		Germany		A species of Magnolia ; moved from Manglietia germanica Mai (1971).
Pabiania enochii [58]	Sp. nov		Rubalcava-Knoth & Cevallos-Ferriz	Late Cretaceous	Olmos Formation	Mexico		A member of Laurales.

Magnoliid research

• The first fossil record of a flower of a member of the genus Cryptocarya is reported from the Miocene Zhangpu amber (China) by Beurel et al. (2024). ^[59]

Monocots

Arecales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cryosophiloxylon indicum [60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kumar & Khan	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		A member of the tribe Cryosophileae. Published online in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.
Palmoxylon calamoides [61]	Sp. nov		Kumar, Roy & Khan in Kumar et al.	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		Fossil wood of a member of the family Arecaceae and the subfamily Calamoideae.
Palmoxylon coryphaoides [62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ali, Roy & Khan in Ali et al.	Cretaceous-Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		Fossil wood of a member of the family Arecaceae.
Phoenicites insula-lacuna [63]	Sp. nov		Greenwood & Conran	Cenozoic		Australia
Sabalites siwalicus [64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mahato & Khan	Miocene	Chunabati Formation	India		Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023.
Spinopinnophyllum [65]	Gen. et sp. nov		Kumar, Su & Khan in Kumar et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Paleocene (Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India		A member of the family Arecaceae. The type species is S. acanthorachis.

Dioscoreales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Dioscorea lindgrenii [66]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera & Manchester	Eocene	Green River Formation Fossil Butte Member	United States (  Wyoming)		A species of Dioscorea .
Dioscorea shermanii [66]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera & Manchester	Eocene	Green River Formation Fossil Butte Member	United States (  Wyoming)		A species of Dioscorea.

Poales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Sparganium tuberculatum [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kowalski in Kowalski et al.	Miocene	Spremberg Formation	Germany		A species of Sparganium .

Monocot research

• A study on the phytolith morphology of palms and on the utility of phytoliths for reconstructions of environment of fossils palms is published by Brightly et al. (2024), who find that phytoliths do not reliably differentiate most palm taxa, though they might be useful to determine the presence of more distinct (and possibly environmentally informative) members of the group in the fossil record. ^[67]
• Fossil material of palms resembling members of the extant tribe Cocoseae is described from the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition of the Deccan Intertrappean Beds (Madhya Pradesh, India) by Kumar, Manchester & Khan (2024), who interpret cocosoid palms as dominant among the arecoid palms of the Deccan Intertrappean beds in Madhya Pradesh. ^[68]
• A study on the affinities of elongated fossil fruits of members of the genus Carex , providing evidence of the continued presence of Carex sect. Cyperoideae in the Old World since the Miocene, is published by Martinetto et al. (2024). ^[69]

Basal eudicots

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Palaeosinomenium oisensis [70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kara et al.	Paleocene		France		A member of the family Menispermaceae. Published online in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.
Platanites fremontensis [71]	Comb. nov		(Berry)	Eocene	"Tipperary flora"	United States (  Wyoming)		A member of Proteales belonging to the family Platanaceae; moved from Negundo fremontensis Berry (1930).
Platanites montanus [71]	Comb. nov		(Brown)	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Hell Creek Formation	United States (  Montana   North Dakota)		A member of Proteales belonging to the family Platanaceae; moved from Sassafras montana Brown (1939).
Sabia megacarpa [72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Latchaw & Manchester	Miocene	Succor Creek Formation	United States (  Idaho   Oregon)		A member of Proteales belonging to the family Sabiaceae.

• Patel et al. (2024) describe fossil reproductive organ of a member of the genus Nelumbo from the Palana Formation (India), and interpret this finding as indicative of the existence of a freshwater ecosystem in the Rajasthan Basin during the early Eocene. ^[73]
• Danika et al. (2024) describe leaf fossils of Platanus academiae from the Miocene to Pleistocene strata in Greece, trace the presence of morphological traits characteristic of the Pacific North American–European clade of members of the genus Platanus (including Platanus orientalis , Platanus racemosa and Platanus wrightii ) in the fossil record of North American and Eurasian Platanus, and argue that modern distribution of members of the Pacific North American–European clade is more likely the result of migration from through Beringia into Asia than the result of a migration through North Atlantic. ^[74]

Superasterids

Boraginales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Cordioxylon indicum [75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bhatia, Srivastava & Mehrotra	Miocene	Tipam Sandstone	India		Fossil wood of a member of the genus Cordia . Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.

Caryophyllales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ancistrocladus eocenicus [76]	Sp. nov		Ali, Manchester & Khan in Ali et al.	Eocene	Palana Formation	India		A species of Ancistrocladus .

Cornales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Fenestracarpa [77]	Gen. et sp. nov		Nguyen & Atkinson	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Cedar District Formation	United States (  Washington)		A member of Cornales not assignable to any extant family. Genus includes new species F. washingtonensis.

Ericales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Pterosinojackia [43]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kowalski in Kowalski et al.	Oligocene to Miocene		Germany		A member of the family Styracaceae. The type species is P. lusatica.
Sapotoxylon costarricensis [78]	Sp. nov		Cevallos-Ferriz et al.	Miocene		Costa Rica		Wood of a member of the family Sapotaceae.

Gentianales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Apocynoxylon umut-tuncii [79]	Sp. nov		Akkemik & Mantzouka in Akkemik, Toprak & Mantzouka	Eocene	Çekerek Formation	Turkey
Aspidospermoxylon guatambue [80]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ramos et al.	Pleistocene	El Palmar Formation	Argentina		Fossil wood of a member of the family Apocynaceae.
Aspidospermoxylon paleoneuron [80]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ramos et al.	Pleistocene	El Palmar Formation	Argentina		Fossil wood of a member of the family Apocynaceae.

Superasterid research

• Manchester, Kapgate & Judd (2024) interpret caryophyllalean fruits Kuprianovaites deccanensis from the Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds (India) as belonging to a member of the family Montiaceae. ^[81]

Superrosids

Fabales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Aphanocalyxylon [78]	Gen. et sp. nov		Cevallos-Ferriz et al.	Miocene		Costa Rica		Wood of a member of Detarioideae. The type species is A. carballense.
Bauhinia tengchongensis [82]	Sp. nov		Cao, Wu & Ding in Cao et al.	Pliocene	Mangbang Formation	China
Dalbergia ziwenii [83]	Sp. nov		Zhao, Huang & Su in Zhao et al.	Miocene	Lower Sanhaogou Formation	China		A species of Dalbergia .
Dalbergioxylon judasea [78]	Sp. nov		Cevallos-Ferriz et al.	Miocene		Costa Rica		Wood of a member of Papilionoideae.
Hymenaeaphyllum [84]	Gen. et sp. nov		Hernández-Damián, Rubalcava-Knoth & Cevallos-Ferriz	Miocene	La Quinta Formation (Mexican amber)	Mexico		A member of the subfamily Detarioideae belonging to the tribe Detarieae. The type species is H. mirandae.
Jantungspermum [85]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spagnuolo & Wilf in Spagnuolo et al.	Eocene	Tanjung Formation	Indonesia		A legume. Genus includes new species J. gunnellii.
Mezoneuron zhekunii [86]	Sp. nov		Zhao, Jia & Su in Zhao et al.	Miocene	Sanhaogou Formation	China		A species of Mezoneuron .

Fagales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Juglans cordata [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Manchester et al.	Eocene	Buchanan Lake Formation	Canada (  Nunavut)		A species of Juglans .
Juglans eoarctica [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Manchester et al.	Eocene	Buchanan Lake Formation	Canada (  Nunavut)		A species of Juglans.
Juglans nathorstii [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Manchester et al.	Eocene	Buchanan Lake Formation	Canada (  Nunavut)		A species of Juglans.
Morella stoppii [43]	Comb. nov	Valid	(Kirchheimer)	Miocene		Germany		A member of the family Myricaceae; moved from Myrica stoppii Kirchheimer (1942).
Pterocarya liae [88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Song & Wang in Song et al.	Eocene	Niubao Formation	China		A species of Pterocarya .

Malpighiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Aspidopterys mangbangensis [89]	Sp. nov		Lou & Ding in Lou et al.	Pliocene		China		A species of Aspidopterys .
Dicella indica [90]	Sp. nov		Hazra, Manchester & Khan	Pliocene		India		A species of Dicella .
Passiflora axsmithii [91]	Sp. nov		Stults, Hermsen & Starnes	Oligocene	Catahoula Formation	United States (  Mississippi)		A species of Passiflora .

Malvales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Malvacioxylon [78]	Gen. et sp. nov		Cevallos-Ferriz et al.	Miocene		Costa Rica		Wood of a member of the family Malvaceae. The type species is M. conacytea.
Uiher [92]	Gen. et sp. nov		Siegert, Gandolfo & Wilf	Eocene	Huitrera Formation	Argentina		A member of Malvoideae. Genus includes new species U. karuen.

Myrtales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Andesanthus risaraldense [93]	Sp. nov		Ayala-Usma & Lozano-Gutiérrez in Ayala-Usma et al.	Pleistocene		Colombia		A species of Andesanthus .
Eucalitoxylon [78]	Gen. et sp. nov		Cevallos-Ferriz et al.	Oligocene-Miocene	Masachapa Formation	Nicaragua		Wood of a member of the family Myrtaceae. The type species is E. nicaraguense.
Hindeucalyptus [94]	Gen. et sp. nov		Patel, Almeida, Ali & Khan in Patel et al.	Eocene	Palana Formation	India		A member of the family Myrtaceae. The type species is H. eocenicus.
Miconia villasenorii [95]	Sp. nov		Centeno-González, Alvarado-Cárdenas & Estrada-Ruiz	Miocene	Mexican amber	Mexico		A species of Miconia .
Qualeoxylon lafila [96]	Sp. nov		Woodcock	Eocene		Peru		Fossil wood with affinities with the family Vochysiaceae.
Terminalioxylon gumminae [93]	Sp. nov		Ayala-Usma & Lozano-Gutiérrez in Ayala-Usma et al.	Pleistocene		Colombia		Fossil wood of a member of the family Combretaceae.
Trapa radiatiformis [97]	Sp. nov		Xiao in Xiao et al.	Miocene	Shengxian Formation	China		A water caltrop.

Rosales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ficoxylon anatolica [79]	Sp. nov		Akkemik & Mantzouka in Akkemik, Toprak & Mantzouka	Eocene	Çekerek Formation	Turkey
Rosa mariae [98]	Sp. nov		Agbamuche, Hamersma & Manchester	Oligocene		United States (  Oregon)		A rose.
Rosa packardae [98]	Sp. nov		Fields, Agbamuche & Hamersma in Agbamuche, Hamersma & Manchester	Miocene	Sucker Creek Formation	United States (  Oregon)		A rose.
Ziziphoxylon sayaz [99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik in Akkemik & Toprak	Miocene (Burdigalian-Serravallian)	Mut Formation	Turkey		Fossil wood of a member of the family Rhamnaceae.

Sapindales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Anacardium quindiuense [93]	Sp. nov		Ayala-Usma, Lozano-Gutiérrez & Orejuela in Ayala-Usma et al.	Pleistocene		Colombia		A species of Anacardium .
Dobineaites [100]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wilf et al.	Eocene	Laguna del Hunco Formation	Argentina		A member of Anacardiaceae related to Dobinea ; a new genus for "Celtis" ameghinoi.
Pericuxylon [101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mejia-Roldán, Rodríguez-Reyes & Estrada-Ruiz in Mejia-Roldán et al.	Eocene	Tepetate Formation	Mexico		Fossil wood of a member of the family Anacardiaceae. The type species is P. ductifera.

Saxifragales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Liquidambar nanningensis [102]	Sp. nov		Xu, Zdravchev, Maslova & Jin in Xu et al.	Oligocene	Yongning Formation	China		A species of Liquidambar .
Parrotia zhiyanii [103]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Miocene	Zhangpu amber	China		A species of Parrotia . Published online in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024.
Zlatkophyllum [104]	Gen. et comb. nov		Wu et al.	Eocene		Germany		A member of the family Altingiaceae. Genus includes "Laurophyllum" fischkandelii Kunzmann & Walther (2002).

Vitales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Ampelocissus wenae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera et al.	Miocene	Cucaracha Formation	Panama		A species of Ampelocissus .
Cissus correae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera et al.	Miocene	Cucaracha Formation	Panama		A species of Cissus .
Leea mcmillanae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera et al.	Eocene	Tonosí Formation	Panama		A species of Leea .
Lithouva susmanii [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Herrera et al.	Paleocene	Bogotá Formation	Colombia		A member of the family Vitaceae.
Nekemias mucronata [106]	Sp. nov		Tosal, Vicente & Denk	Eocene to Oligocene	Montmaneu Formation	Spain		A species of Nekemias .

Superrosid research

• Lagrange, Martínez & Del Rio (2024) study the seed morphology of members of the tribe Paropsieae in the family Passifloraceae, and argue that, with exception of distinctive seeds of members of the genus Androsiphonia , fossil Paropsieae cannot be identified confidently based solely on seed characters. ^[107]

Other angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Aextoxicoxylon jacksius [108]	Sp. nov		Tilley	Paleocene		Antarctica		Fossil wood of a flowering plant sharing traits with extant Aextoxicon punctatum .
Archaebuda cretaceae [109]	Sp. nov		Huang & Wang	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)	Yixian Formation	China		An early flowering plant.
Comoxia [110]	Gen. et sp. nov		Jud et al.	Late Cretaceous	Northumberland Formation	Canada (  British Columbia)		A dicot liana of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species C. multiporosa.
Felinanthus [111]	Gen. et comb. nov		Heřmanová et al.	Late Cretaceous		Czech Republic   Germany		A flowering plant with pollen of the Normapolles type. Genus includes "Walbeckia" aquisgranensis Knobloch & Mai (1986), "Microcarpolithes" guttaeformis Knobloch (1971), "Walbeckia" scutata Knobloch & Mai (1986) and "Walbeckia" fricii Knobloch & Mai (1986).
Nothophylica [112]	Gen. et comb. nov		Beurel et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar		A flowering plant of uncertain affinities. Oskolski et al. (2024) interpreted it as a flowering plant with an affinity to Rhamnaceae, possibly to an extinct basal lineage; [113] on the other hand Beurel et al. (2024) interpreted it as a flowering plant with probable magnoliid affinities. [112] The type species is "Phylica" piloburmensis Shi et al. (2022).

General Angiosperm research

• The reinterpretation of Endobeuthos paleosum as a member of the family Proteaceae proposed by Chambers & Poinar (2023) ^[114] is rejected by Lamont & Ladd (2024). ^[115]
• Hošek et al. (2024) report fossil evidence from the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) indicative of survival of trees such as oak, linden and Fraxinus excelsior in the area during the Last Glacial Maximum, and interpret their survival as made possible by the existence of hot springs providing stable conditions for the long-term maintenance of refugia. ^[116]

Other plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Alasemenia [117]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Wutong Formation	China		A seed plant of uncertain affinities. The type species is A. tria.
Callipteris seshufenensis [118]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen, Zhang & Yang	Permian		China		A callipterid seed fern.
Compsopteris longipinnata [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Naugolnykh	Permian		Russia (  Perm Krai)		A member of Peltaspermales.
Cordaites pastuchovicensis [119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek			Czech Republic
Cordaites roprachticensis [119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek			Czech Republic
Cordaites setlikii [119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek			Czech Republic
Cyrillopteris orbicularis [120]	Comb. nov		(Halle)	Permian	Upper Shihezi Formation	China		A seed fern. Moved from Odontopteris orbicularis Halle (1927).
Dicroidium sinensis [121]	Sp. nov		Sun & Deng in Sun et al.	Middle Triassic	Tongchuan Formation	China		A seed fern belonging to the family Umkomasiaceae.
Gnetopsis quadria [122]	Sp. nov		Wang et al.	Devonian (Famennian)		China
Harrisiothecium roesleri [123]	Comb. nov		(Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al.)	Late Triassic		Germany		Pollen organ of a plant of uncertain affinities. Moved from Hydropterangium roesleri Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al. (2017)
Harrisiothecium sanduense [123]	Sp. nov		Shi et al.	Late Triassic	Yangmeilong Formation	China		Pollen organ of a plant of uncertain affinities, associated with pinnate leaves of Ptilozamites .
Mixoxylon jeffersonii [124]	Sp. nov		Oh et al.	Early Jurassic (Toarcian)	Mawson Formation	Antarctica		Indeterminate Spermatopyte Wood, maybe related with Bennettitales or Cycadales
Panxianopteris [125]	Gen. et sp. nov		Qin, He, Hilton & Wang in Qin et al.	Permian	Xuanwei Formation	China		A taeniopterid. The type species is P. taeniopteroides.
Protocircoporoxylon guyangensis [126]	Sp. nov		Xu & Zhao in Zhao et al.	Early Cretaceous	Guyang Formation	China		A gymnosperm wood.
Protocupressinoxylon baii [127]	Sp. nov		Jiang & Wan in Jiang et al.	Permian	Upper Shihhotse Formation	China		Fossil trunk of a gymnosperm.
Pseudotorellia oskolica [128]	Sp. nov		Nosova in Nosova, Fedyaevskiy & Lyubarova	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian–Callovian)		Russia (  Belgorod Oblast)		A gymnosperm belonging to the family Pseudotorelliaceae.
Sanfordiacaulis [129]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gastaldo et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Albert Formation	Canada (  New Brunswick)		A tree of uncertain affinities. The type species is S. densifolia.
Shaolinia [130]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang & Chen	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China		A plant with conifer-like vegetative and reproductive morphologies, as well as a single seed partially wrapped by the subtending bract. The type species is S. intermedia.
Triloboxylon maroccanum [29]	Sp. nov		Meyer-Berthaud et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		Morocco		An aneurophytalean progymnosperm.
Xenofructus [131]	Gen. nov		Fu et al.	Middle Jurassic	Dabu Formation	China		A possible flowering plant. The type species is X. dabuensis, formerly named Williamsoniella dabuensis Zheng & Zhang (1990).

Other plant research

• Drovandi et al. (2024) report the first discovery of an assemblage of basal tracheophytes from the Silurian (Přídolí) Rinconada Formation (Argentina), and interpret this finding as evidence of southward expansion of Silurian floras related to climate change from the cold conditions of the Ludfordian to the subsequent greenhouse conditions. ^[132]
• Redescription and a study on the affinities of Stauroxylon beckii is published by Durieux et al. (2024). ^[133]
• A study on the morphological diversity of cycad leaves throughout their evolutionary history, providing evidence of a dynamic history of diversification, is published by Coiro & Seyfullah (2024). ^[134]
• Zhang et al. (2024) compile a dataset of macroscopic and cuticular traits of fossils of members of the group Czekanowskiales from China, and use it to classify the studied fossils on the basis of quantitative analytical evidence. ^[135]
• Crane et al. (2024) interpret Dordrechtites elongatus as a highly modified lateral branch of a seed cone, and report the presence of structural similarities between Dordrechtites and the cupules of members of Doyleales. ^[136]
• A study on the morphology and affinities of Furcula granulifer is published by Coiro et al. (2024), who interpret the studied plant as a likely relative of pteridosperms such as Scytophyllum and Vittaephyllum , and interpret F. granulifer as a plant that evolved its hierarchical vein system of leaves convergently with the flowering plants. ^[137]
• Possible caytonialean pteridosperm fossils are described from the Bajocian strata in the Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) by Naugolnykh & Mitta (2024). ^[138]

Palynology

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Aratrisporites woodii [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling in McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia		Spores of a member of Isoetopsida.
Callialasporites propinquivellersis [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Evergreen Formation	Australia
Camarozonosporites dorsus [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia
Clavatosporis varians [140]	Sp. nov		De Benedetti et al.	Cretaceous-Paleogene transition	La Colonia Formation	Argentina		A fern spore of uncertain affinities.
Contignisporites confractus [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling in McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia
Converrucosisporites parvitumulus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia
Converrucosisporites pricei [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Gubberamunda Sandstone	Australia
Convolutispora prisca [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Walloon Coal Measures	Australia		Spores of a fern.
Curvaturaspora [139]	Gen. et comb. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic		Australia   Germany		Spores with uncertain (possibly lycopodialean) affinity. The type species is "Lycopodiacidites" frankonense Achilles (1981).
Dejerseysporites [139]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic and Early Cretaceous	Hutton Sandstone	Australia   Canada   Germany		Spores of a member of the family Sphagnaceae. The type species is D. biannuliverrucatus; genus also includes "Stereisporites (Dicyclosporis)" verrucyclus Schulz in Döring et al (1966) and "Distalanulisporites" verrucosus Pocock (1970).
Densoisporites filatoffii [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Walloon Coal Measures	Australia
Dictyotosporites esterleae [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia
Dictyotosporites obscurus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Mooga Sandstone	Australia
Dictyotosporites sandrana [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Walloon Coal Measures	Australia
Impardecispora neopunctata [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia
Interulobites scabratus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia		Probably spores of a bryophyte.
Januasporites spinosireticulatus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia
Jiangsupollis intertrappea [141]	Sp. nov		Thakre et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		India
Maculatasporites eurombahensis [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia		Possible algal spores.
Maculatasporites fionabethiana [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia		Possible algal spores.
Microreticulatisporites patagonicus [140]	Sp. nov		De Benedetti et al.	Cretaceous-Paleogene transition	La Colonia Formation	Argentina		A fern spore of uncertain affinities.
Neoraistrickia loconiensis [140]	Sp. nov		De Benedetti et al.	Cretaceous-Paleogene transition	La Colonia Formation	Argentina		A lycophyte spore.
Neoraistrickia parvibacula [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Walloon Coal Measures	Australia
Neoraistrickia rugobacula [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Walloon Coal Measures	Australia
Nevesisporites annakhlonovae [139]	Nom. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Triassic		Pakistan		Probably spores of a hornwort; a replacement name for Simeonospora khlonovae Balme (1970).
Osmundacidites injunensis [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia
Peroaletes ieiunus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia
Perotrilites cameronii [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia
Retitriletes johniorum [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Orallo Formation	Australia
Retitriletes neofacetus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia
Retitriletes proxiradiatus [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Hutton Sandstone	Australia
Retitriletes siobhaniae [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Gubberamunda Sandstone	Australia
Retitriletes thomsonii [139]	Sp. nov		Cooling in Cooling & McKellar	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia
Sellaspora passa [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia		Spores of a fern.
Syncolpraedapollis [142]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mendes et al.	Eocene-Oligocene	Kwanza Basin	Angola		Genus includes new species S. angolensis.
Thecaspora polygonalis [140]	Sp. nov		De Benedetti et al.	Cretaceous-Paleogene transition	La Colonia Formation	Argentina		A salvinialean spore.
Tuberculatosporites westbournensis [139]	Sp. nov		McKellar & Cooling	Jurassic–Cretaceous transition	Westbourne Formation	Australia		Spores of a member of the family Marattiaceae.

Palynological research

• Strother & Taylor (2024) review the early spore fossil record. ^[143]
• Mamontov, McLean & Gavrilova (2024) study the ultrastructure of Maiaspora concava and M. panopta, providing evidence of similarities with extant Gleicheniales, and interpret the origin of the Gleicheniales stem as related to closure of the Rheic Ocean in the Paleozoic. ^[144]
• El Atfy et al. (2024) review the fossil record of the spore genus Vestispora from the Carboniferous of Gondwana, and describe new fossil material of members of five species belonging to this genus from the Moscovian-Gzhelian Dhiffah Formation (Egypt). ^[145]
• A study on the palynoflora from the Permian Emakwezini Formation (South Africa) is published by Balarino et al. (2024), who interpret the studied fossils as providing evidence of the presence of complex forests during the Guadalupian, with plant diversity greater than indicated by the macrofloral record. ^[146]
• A study on the earliest Triassic palynoflora from the Bulgo Sandstone (Australia), providing evidence of the presence of dense vegetation in riparian habitat less than 1 million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Vajda & Kear (2024). ^[147]
• A study on the fossil record of Early Triassic palynomorphs from the Vikinghøgda Formation (Svalbard, Norway), providing evidence of a shift from lycophyte-dominated to a gymnosperm-dominated vegetation related to the onset of a cooling episode, is published by Leu et al. (2024). ^[148]
• A study on the age of the Santa Clara Abajo and the Santa Clara Arriba formations and their palynomorph assemblages, previously inferred to be Carnian-Norian in age, is published by Benavente et al. (2024), who determine an upper Anisian age for both formations, and interpret their findings as indicating that the taxonomic composition of Triassic Gondwanan palynomorph assemblages correlates more strongly with latitude than with geologic age. ^[149]
• The interpretation of Cycadopites and Ricciisporites proposed by Vajda et al. (2023), who considered them to represent, respectively, normal and aberrant pollen produced by the same plant with Lepidopteris ottonis foliage and Antevsia zeilleri pollen sacs, ^[150] is contested by Zavialova (2024); ^[151] Vajda et al. (2024) subsequently reaffirm that Antevsia zeilleri produced Cycadopites and Ricciisporites pollen. ^[152]
• Evidence from pollen and spores from the Jiyuan Basin (China), interpreted as indicative of a relationship between two peaks of wildfires of different types and changes in plant communities during the Triassic-Jurassic transition, is presented by Zhang et al. (2024). ^[153]
• Evidence of high abundances of malformed fern spores from the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany) during the Triassic–Jurassic transition, interpreted as indicative of persistence of volcanic-induced mercury pollution after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, is presented by Bos et al. (2024). ^[154]
• Rodrigues et al. (2024) study the palynological assemblages from the Kwanza Basin (Angola) ranging from the late Albian to the Turonian, reporting the presence of pollen indicative of subtropical to tropical climate and dinocysts with higher latitude affinities, and interpret these findings as indicative of existence of an open connection between the Central Atlantic and South Atlantic oceans in the mid-Cretaceous. ^[155]
• Evidence from the study of spores and pollen from the maritime Oyster Bay Formation (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada), interpreted as indicative of the presence of refugia permitting greater stability of terrestrial plant communities during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition than in continental regions, is presented by Patel et al. (2024) . ^[156]
• Evidence from fossil pollen assigned to the form genus Classopollis , interpreted as indicative of existence of a refugium of members of the family Cheirolepidiaceae, is reported from the Paleocene Lower Wilcox Group (Texas, United States) by Smith et al. (2024). ^[157]
• Evidence from fossil pollen interpreted as indicative of existence of ecological corridors linking Andean, Atlantic and Amazonian regions of South America during the Last Glacial Maximum, resulting in establishment of complex connectivity patterns between plants from the studied parts of South America, is presented by Pinaya et al. (2024). ^[158]

General Research

• A study addressing and evaluating the uncertainty of plant fossil phylogenetics is published by Coiro (2024). ^[159]
• Review of functional traits in the plant fossil record is published by McElwain et al. (2024). ^[160]
• Evidence of the existence of two plant dispersal routes in the Devonian, connecting the South China and Euramerica–Siberia realms, is presented by Liu et al. (2024). ^[161]
• Davies, McMahon & Berry (2024) describe plant fossils from the Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation (Somerset and Devon, United Kingdom), interpreted as remains of cladoxylopsid-dominated forest and possibly the oldest global evidence for the spacing of growing trees. ^[162]
• Evidence of changes of composition and diversity of the flora from the Carboniferous coal swamps of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield (France) in response to climate and landscape changes is presented by Molina-Solís et al. (2024). ^[163]
• A study on changes of floral communities in southwestern China during the Permian-Triassic transition is published by Hua et al. (2024), who provide evidence indicative of frequent wildfires that destroyed the stability of wetlands prior to the main extinction phase and inhibited recovery in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and resulted in gradual replacement of fern-dominated floral communities by gymnosperm-dominated ones. ^[164]
• Turner, McLoughlin & Mays (2024) review the known record of plant–arthropod interactions on Early and Middle Triassic fossil leaves from Gondwana, reevaluate known record of the studied interactions in the Australian Middle Triassic Benolong Flora, and argue that concerted investigations can greatly increase the number of plant–arthropod interactions in the studied fossil assemblages. ^[165]
• Gurung et al. (2024) use a new vegetation and climate model to study links between plant geographical range, the long-term carbon cycle and climate, and find that reduced geographical range of plants in Pangaea resulted in increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, while the expande geographical range of plants after the breakup of Pangaea amplified global CO₂ removal. ^[166]
• Kvaček et al. (2024) reconstruct Cenomanian plant communities from the Peruc–Korycany Formation (Czech Republic), providing evidence of diversification and dominance of flowering plant both in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and in Europe in general (particularly in alluvial plains). ^[167]
• Rossetto-Harris & Wilf (2024) revise the diversity of the assemblage of Eocene leaves from the Río Pichileufú locality (Argentina) and report the presence of 82 valid leaf morphotypes. ^[168]
• Evidence of the presence of fragmented tropical humid forests among connected savanna in Amazonia during the Last Glacial Maximum is presented by Kelley et al. (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that distinct forest fragments were connected by areas with taller, dense woodland/tropical savanna that could sustain both Amazonian and Cerrado species. ^[169]
• Review of the fossil record of photosynthetic microbes and plants from Ukraine, and of the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the study of this fossil record, is published by Shevchuk et al. (2024). ^[170]

Deaths

• Estella Leopold, paleobotanist and conservation paleontologist passes on February 25, 2024, at 97. Leopold's work as a conservationist included taking legal action to help save the Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado, and fighting pollution. She was the daughter of Aldo Leopold. ^[171]

References

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2. Bucur, I. I.; Gradinaru, E.; Lazar, I.; Ples, G.; Mircescu, C. V. (2024). "Dasycladalean algae from Middle-Upper Triassic limestones of North Dobrogea (SE Romania)". Micropaleontology. 70 (5): 405–450. doi:10.47894/mpal.70.5.01.
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