Lycaenops

Lycaenops Temporal range: Guadalupian (Capitanian), 260  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
L. ornatus skeleton, American Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	† Gorgonopsia
Family:	† Gorgonopsidae
Genus:	† Lycaenops Broom, 1925
Type species
Lycaenops ornatus Broom, 1925
Species
†L. ornatusBroom, 1925 †L. angusticepsBroom, 1913 †L. microdonBoonstra, 1934 †L. sollasiBroili and Schröder, 1935
Synonyms
Lycaenoides Broom, 1925 Aelurognathus microdon Boonstra, 1934 Aelurognathus sollasi Broili and Schröder, 1935 Scymnognathus angusticeps Broom, 1913

Lycaenops ("wolf-face") is a genus of carnivorous therapsids. It lived during the Middle Permian to the early Late Permian, about 260 mya, in what is now South Africa. ^[1]

Description

Reconstruction of L. ornatus

Life restoration with dicynodont prey and speculative hair

Like the modern-day wolves from which it took its name, Lycaenops had a long and slender skull, with dog-like fangs set into its upper and lower jaws. ^[2] These pointed canine teeth were ideal for stabbing and/or tearing at the flesh of any large prey that it came upon. Lycaenops most likely hunted small vertebrates such as reptiles and dicynodonts.

Lycaenops walked and ran with its long legs held close to its body. This feature is found in mammals but not in more primitive amniotes, early reptiles, and synapsids such as pelycosaurs, whose legs are positioned to the sides of their bodies. The ability to move like a mammal would have given Lycaenops an advantage over other land vertebrates since it would have been able to outrun them.

Species

A Lycaenops skeleton in the Milan Natural History Museum

The type species Lycaenops ornatus was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in 1925. ^[3]

Several other species have also been referred to the genus, including L. angusticeps, which was originally named Scymnognathus angusticeps. It is currently considered a valid taxon. ^[4]

Several other specimens have been referred to as Lycaenops but are no longer included within this genus. This includes:

• L. kingwilli, which was originally named Tigricephalus kingwilli, is now placed in the genus Aelurognathus .
• L. tenuirostris, which was originally named Tangagorgon tenuirostris, is now in the genus Cyonosaurus .
• Two additional species, L. microdon and L. sollasi, were added to Lycaenops after being classified as Aelurognathus species. The species L. minor is now considered a synonym of L. sollasi. ^[5]

Classification

Skull of L. cf. angusticeps at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Gebauer (2007): ^[5]

Gorgonopsia	Aloposaurus Cyonosaurus Aelurosaurus Gorgonopsidae Scylacognathus Eoarctops Gorgonops Njalila Lycaenops Arctognathus Inostrancevia Rubidgeinae Aelurognathus Rubidgea Sycosaurus Clelandina

See also

• Paleontology portal

• Evolution of mammals
• List of therapsids
• Gorgonops

References

1. Colbert, Edwin H. (1948). "The mammal-like reptile Lycaenops". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 89 (6): 353–404.
2. Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 189. ISBN   1-84028-152-9.
3. Broom, Robert (1925). "On some carnivorous therapsids". Records of the Albany Museum. 25: 309–326.
4. Laurin, Michel (1998-12-28). "New data on the cranial anatomy ofLycaenops(Synapsida, Gorgonopsidae), and reflections on the possible presence of streptostyly in gorgonopsians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (4): 765–776. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011105. ISSN   0272-4634.
5. Gebauer, E.V.I. (2007). Phylogeny and evolution of the Gorgonopsia with a special reference to the skull and skeleton of GPIT/RE/7113 ('Aelurognathus?' parringtoni) (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen. pp. 1–316.