Tuco-tuco

Tuco-tuco Temporal range: Late Pliocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Female Haig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys haigi)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Suborder:	Hystricomorpha
Infraorder:	Hystricognathi
Parvorder:	Caviomorpha
Superfamily:	Octodontoidea
Family:	Ctenomyidae Lesson, 1842
Genus:	Ctenomys Blainville, 1826
Type species
Ctenomys brasiliensis
Species
See text

A tuco-tuco is a neotropical rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. ^{[1] [2]} Tuco-tucos belong to the only living genus of the family Ctenomyidae, Ctenomys, but they include approximately 60 different species. The common name, "tuco-tuco", comes from the "tuc-tuc" sound they make while they dig their burrows. ^[3]

The relationships among the species are debated by taxonomists. It has been described that they are in a state of "taxonomic chaos", but banded karyotypes have been used to help make progress on their taxonomic study. ^[4] Their closest relatives are degus and other octodontids. ^[1] All species of tuco-tucos are found in South America from Peru and central Brazil southward. The tuco-tucos of South America have an ecological role equivalent to that of the pocket gophers of North America.

They occupy an ecological niche previously taken by gondwanatheres such as Patagonia earlier in the Cenozoic. ^[5]

Anatomy

Tuco-tucos have heavily built cylindrical bodies with short legs and their pelage ranges in color from black to light grey. ^[3] Their skin is loosely applied, possibly to slide about the tunnels they create. They have long fore feet for burrowing, and bristled hind feet for grooming. They also have large heads, small ears, and hairy tails. Their bodies range in size from 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) in length, and they can weigh as little as 100 grams (C. pundti) to more than 1000 grams (C. conover). ^{[6] [7]}

Distribution

Members of the genus Ctenomys are widely distributed, but over 50 of the species are found in the southern half of South America. ^[4] They can be seen in many areas from the southern portion of Peru and southern Brazil to the Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip of South America, through parts of Chile and a majority of Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Their ranges occur from coastal grasslands to mountain slopes, including the Andean Puna at over 4000 meters, ^[2] and depend on factors such as soil type, ambient temperature, and primary productivity. ^[7] The only sympatric distribution of this genus occurs between C. australis and C. talarum in a coastal dune region. ^[8]

Habitat

Tuco-tucos live in excavated burrows and spend a majority (up to 90%) of their lives underground. It is estimated that they represent about 45% of all the underground rodents of the world. ^[9] Their burrows maintain a fairly constant temperature and humidity level that is independent of the geographic region. ^[10] In order to excavate the soil, they have many morphological adaptations, including their body shape, reduced eyes, and strong limbs. ^[11] Their olfaction is increased and is used to help orient themselves during digging and establishing a territory. ^[12] The two techniques they use for digging are scratch-digging and skull-tooth digging. A combination of the two methods are often used. Their claws and forelimbs are used primarily for scratch-digging, and their skull and incisor teeth are used secondarily for skull-tooth digging. ^[11]

Behavior

Tuco-tucos are diurnal and alternate periods of activity and periods of rest throughout the day. ^[3]

Food

They primarily search for food by digging passageways. Due to the high energy cost of foraging for food, their diet is rather broad. ^[13]

Courtship

Very little is known about the courtship of the tuco-tucos, as it takes place underground inside their burrows. It is known that the male takes an aggressive posture and exchanges chemical or acoustic signals with the female. ^[3]

Diversity

Among their most notable features is that various members of the genus exhibit differing levels of genetic variability and sociality. ^[14] Most of these species are solitary animals; however, some are semisocial or social, ^[4] with a tendency for the most social species (e.g. C. sociabilis) to have the least genetic variation. ^{[15] [16]}

While the processes behind its diversification are unknown, it has been suggested that they are among the most diversely speciated genus of mammals, largely due to chromosomal rearrangements and rapid speciation since their appearance in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene era. Their chromosomal diversity is so impressive because their diploid numbers range from 10 to 70. ^[4]

Human impact

The species in this genus are at risk of predation by humans because they are viewed as agricultural pests. ^[17]

Indigenous people

Prior to the European settlement the tuco-tuco was an important food resource in Tierra del Fuego for the Fuegians in particular. ^[18]

Species

Anderson's cujuchi (C. andersoni) ^[19]

Argentine tuco-tuco (C. argentinus)

Southern tuco-tuco (C. australis)

Berg's tuco-tuco (C. bergi)

Bidau's tuco-tuco (C. bidaui)

Bolivian tuco-tuco (C. boliviensis)

Bonetto's tuco-tuco (C. bonettoi)

Brazilian tuco-tuco (C. brasiliensis)

Budin's tuco-tuco (C. budini)

Colburn's tuco-tuco (C. colburni)

Puntilla tuco-tuco (C. coludo)

Conover's tuco-tuco (C. conoveri)

Contreras' tuco-tuco (C. contrerasi)

Coyhaique tuco-tuco (C. coyhaiquensis)

D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco (C. dorbignyi)

Chacoan tuco-tuco (C. dorsalis)

Emily's tuco-tuco (C. emilianus)

Erika’s tuco-tuco (C. erikacuellarae) ^[19]

Famatina tuco-tuco (C. famosus)

Flamarion's tuco-tuco (C. flamarioni)

Foch's tuco-tuco (C. fochi)

Lago Blanco tuco-tuco (C. fodax)

Reddish tuco-tuco (C. frater)

Tawny tuco-tuco (C. fulvus)

Goodfellow's tuco-tuco (C. goodfellowi)

Haig's tuco-tuco (C. haigi)

Ibicui tuco-tuco (C. ibicuiensis)

San Juan tuco-tuco (C. johannis)

Jujuy tuco-tuco (C. juris)

Catamarca tuco-tuco (C. knighti)

Lami tuco-tuco (C. lami)

Mottled tuco-tuco (C. latro)

Lessa's tuco-tuco (C. lessai) ^[19]

White-toothed tuco-tuco (C. leucodon)

Lewis's tuco-tuco (C. lewisi)

Magellanic tuco-tuco (C. magellanicus)

Maule tuco-tuco (C. maulinus)

Mendoza tuco-tuco (C. mendocinus)

Tiny tuco-tuco (C. minutus)

Natterer's tuco-tuco (C. nattereri)

Furtive tuco-tuco (C. occultus)

Highland tuco-tuco (C. opimus)

Reig's tuco-tuco (C. osvaldoreigi)

Pearson's tuco-tuco (C. pearsoni)

Goya tuco-tuco (C. perrensi)

Peruvian tuco-tuco (C. peruanus)

Pilar tuco-tuco (C. pilarensis)

San Luis tuco-tuco (C. pontifex)

Pundt's tuco-tuco (C. pundti)

Rio Negro tuco-tuco (C. rionegrensis)

Roig's tuco-tuco (C. roigi)

Salta tuco-tuco (C. saltarius)

Scaglia's tuco-tuco (C. scagliai)

Silky tuco-tuco (C. sericeus)

Social tuco-tuco (C. sociabilis)

Steinbach's tuco-tuco (C. steinbachi)

Forest tuco-tuco (C. sylvanus)

Talas tuco-tuco (C. talarum)

Thales's tuco-tuco (C. thalesi)

Collared tuco-tuco (C. torquatus)

Robust tuco-tuco (C. tuconax)

Tucuman tuco-tuco (C. tucumanus)

Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco (C. tulduco)

Strong tuco-tuco (C. validus)

Vipos tuco-tuco (C. viperinus)

Yates' tuco-tuco (C. yatesi) ^[19]

Yolanda's tuco-tuco (C. yolandae)

A fossil species Ctenomys viarapaensis is known from Holocene remains found in central Argentina. ^[20]

References

1. Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Ctenomys". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1560–1570. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
2. Parada, Andrés; d'Elía, Guillermo; Bidau, Claudio J.; Lessa, Enrique P. (2011). "Species Groups and the Evolutionary Diversification of Tuco-Tucos, genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (3): 671–682. doi: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-121.1 . S2CID   85914060.
3. "Southern Tuco-tuco (Ctenomys australis)". ARKive. 4 October 2013. Archived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
4. Lessa, Enrique P.; Cook, Joseph A. (1998). "The Molecular Phylogenetics of Tuco-Tucos (genus Ctenomys, Rodentia: Octodontidae) Suggests an Early Burst of Speciation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (1): 88–99. doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0445. PMID   9479698.
5. Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2015). "The bizarre 'metatherians' Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945. hdl: 11336/85076 . S2CID   216591096.
6. Bishop, Ian (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals . New York: Facts on File. pp. 702–703. ISBN   0-87196-871-1.
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8. Cutrera, A. P.; Mora, M. S.; Antenucci, C. D.; Vassallo, A. I. (2010). "Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Home-range Size in Sympatric Tuco-Tucos, Ctenomys australis and C. talarum". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (6): 1425–1434. doi: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-057.1 . JSTOR   40961871. S2CID   85964128.
9. Castillo, Aníbal H.; Cortinas, María Noel; Lessa, Enrique P. (2005). "Rapid Diversification of South American Tuco-Tucos (Ctenomys: Rodentia: Ctenomyidae): Contrasting Mitochondrial and Nuclear Intron Sequences". Journal of Mammalogy. 86: 170. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086<0170:RDOSAT>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   1545-1542. S2CID   85874909.
10. Medina, Alonso I.; Martí, Dardo A.; Bidau, Claudio J. (2007). "Subterranean Rodents of the Genus Ctenomys (Caviomorpha: Ctenomyidae) Follow the Converse to Bergmann's Rule". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (8): 1439–1454. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01708.x. hdl: 11336/60130 . S2CID   85881590.
11. Steiner-Souza, Francisco; De Freitas, Thales R. O.; Cordeiro-Estrela, Pedro (2010). "Inferring Adaptation within Shape Diversity of the Humerus of Subterranean Rodent Ctenomys". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (2): 353–367. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01400.x .
12. Vassallo, Aldo Iván; Echeverría, Alejandra Isabel (2009). "Evolution of Brain Size in a Highly Diversifying Lineage of Subterranean Rodent Genus Ctenomys (Caviomorpha: Ctenomyidae)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 73 (2): 138–149. doi:10.1159/000218738. PMID   19451709. S2CID   44592315.
13. Comparatore, V.M.; Cid, M.S.; Busch, C. (1995). "Dietary Preferences of Two Sympatric Subterranean Rodent Populations in Argentina" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 68: 197–206.
14. Lacey, Eileen A.; Wieczorek, John R. (2003). "Ecology of Sociality in Rodents: A Ctenomyid Perspective". Journal of Mammalogy. 84 (4): 1198–1211. doi: 10.1644/BLe-014 . S2CID   85953683.
15. Lacey, Eileen A. (2001). "Microsatellite variation in solitary and social tuco-tucos: Molecular properties and population dynamics". Heredity. 86 (5): 628–637. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00881.x . PMID   11554979. S2CID   25252918.
16. "Ancient Patagonian rodent DNA provides clues to the evolution of social behavior" (PDF). Physorg.com. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
17. Fernandes, FA.; Fernández-Stolz, GP.; Lopes, CM.; Freitas, TRO. (2007). "The Conservation Status of the Tuco-Tucos, Genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae), in Southern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 67 (4 suppl): 839–847. doi: 10.1590/s1519-69842007000500006 . hdl: 10183/20594 . PMID   18278350.
18. Cordell, Stephen Beckerman, Linda S; Beckerman, Stephen (2014). The Versatility of Kinship: Essays Presented to Harry W. Basehart. Academic Press. ISBN   9781483267203.
19. Gardner, S.L., J. Salazar-Bravo, and J.A. Cook. (2014) New Species of Ctenomys Blainville 1826 (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) from the Lowlands and Central Valleys of Bolivia. Special Publications / Museum of Texas Tech University (June 17, 2014), number 62.
20. De Santi, Nahuel A.; Verzi, Diego H.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Piñero, Pedro; Morgan, Cecilia C.; Medina, Matías E.; Rivero, Diego E.; Tonni, Eduardo P. (2020). "A new peculiar species of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae) from the Holocene of central Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 100: Article 102499. Bibcode:2020JSAES.10002499D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102499. S2CID   213216992.