Nacimiento Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Paleocene ~ | |
Type | Formation |
Underlies | San Jose Formation |
Overlies | Ojo Alamo Formation |
Thickness | 254 m (833 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Shale |
Other | Siltstone, sandstone |
Location | |
Coordinates | 36°00′46″N106°59′08″W / 36.0126977°N 106.9855481°W |
Region | New Mexico |
Country | United States |
Type section | |
Named for | Nacimiento (now Cuba, New Mexico) |
Named by | J.H. Gardner |
Year defined | 1910 |
The Nacimiento Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in the San Juan Basin of western New Mexico (United States). [1] It has an age of 61 to 65.7 million years, corresponding to the early and middle Paleocene. The formation has yielded an abundance of fossils from shortly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event that provide clues to the recovery and diversification of mammals following the extinction event.
The Nacimiento Formation is a heterogeneous nonmarine formation composed of shale, siltstone, and sandstone, [2] deposited in floodplain, fluvial and lacustrine settings, [3] and made up of sediment shed from the San Juan uplift to the north and the Brazos-Sangre de Cristo uplift to the east. [4] It was deposited mostly between ~65.7 and ~61 million years ago, during the early and middle Paleocene. [5] The climate was humid and warm to hot [6] and stable, but with a distinct dry season. [7] This unit interbeds with the underlying Ojo Alamo Formation but is separated by an unconformity from the overlying San Jose Formation. [3]
The Nacimiento Formation is divided into several subunits known as members. In outcrops in southern areas of the formation, the Puercan fauna is found in the Arroyo Chijuillita Member, the Torrejonian fauna is found in the Ojo Encino Member, and the uppermost Escavada Member lacks age-diagnostic fossils. [1] In northern outcrops, the two lower members are indistinguishable, and are called the "main body". [5] Above them are two more informal members. These preserve a younger, Tiffanian fauna. [8] The Puercan and Torrejonian faunas are further subdivided into several biostratigraphic zones. [5]
Many fossils are known from the Nacimiento Formation, although bone is often altered into phosphatic concretions. [9] Fossils belonging to a number of different organisms have been found here, including: plants (mostly dicotyledonous angiosperms), [6] [10] gastropods, freshwater bivalves, [11] cartilaginous fish and bony fish, salamanders, turtles, champsosaurs, amphisbaenians, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, [12] birds, [13] and a variety of archaic mammals. Mammalian groups represented include multituberculates, [14] plesiadapiforms, [15] didelphid marsupials, insectivorans, carnivorans, taeniodonts, mesonychians, condylarths, and cimolestans. [1] Fossil remains found in the formation support the validity of the genus Thylacodon and the species T. montanensis. [16]
These fossils provide important clues to the impact of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on mammals [16] and to the recovery, evolution, and turnover of mammals shortly after the event. The formation and its fossils provide a particularly clear record of the To2-To3 turnover event, allowing the timing of the event to be constrained to between 62.59 and 62.47 million years ago. The event may have been associated with climate change or with the rapid development of a river system across the San Juan basin, which caused a temporary pause in sediment deposition that separates the Nacimiento Formation from the San Jose Formation. [17]
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Birds of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Carnivorans of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Cimolestans of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Condylarths of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Insectivorans of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Marsupials of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Mesonychians of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Multituberculates of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Pantodonts of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Plesiadapiforms of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Crocodyliformes of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Reptiles of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Squamates of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Turtles of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Amphibians of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Boney Fish of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Cartilaginous Fish of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Bivalves of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Gastopods of the Nacimiento Formation | ||||||
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Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
Edward Drinker Cope described the fossils during the Wheeler Survey. [18]
Workers in the early 1900s divided the rocks of the Nacimiento Formation into two formations, the lower Puerco Formation and the upper Torrejon Formation. [13] This was rejected on the grounds that there were no lithological differences between the two, only differences in fossil faunas, making determination of which formation was present in a given area impossible if fossils could not be found. [9] The Puerco and Torrejon were retained as zones within the Nacimiento Formation, and their faunas became the basis of the Puercan and Torrejonian North American Land Mammal Ages. [19]
Catopsalis is a genus of extinct mammal from the Paleocene of North America. This animal was a relatively large member of the extinct order of Multituberculata. Most multituberculates were much smaller.
Taeniolabis is a genus of extinct multituberculate mammal from the Paleocene of North America.
Neoplagiaulax is a mammal genus from the Paleocene of Europe and North America. In the case of the latter continent, there may possibly be some slightly earlier, Upper Cretaceous material too. It existed in the age immediately following the extinction of the last dinosaurs. This animal was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata, lying within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Neoplagiaulacidae.
Mimetodon is a small mammal from the Paleocene of North America and perhaps Europe. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Neoplagiaulacidae.
Parectypodus is an extinct genus of mammals that lived from Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Eocene time in North America. It is a member of the extinct order of Multituberculata, suborder Cimolodonta, family Neoplagiaulacidae. It was named by G.L. Jepsen in 1930.
Kimbetohia is a genus of mammal belonging to the extinct order Multituberculata. It lived from the Upper Cretaceous to the Paleocene period in the United States.
Eucosmodon is a genus of extinct mammal from the Paleocene of North America. It is a member of the extinct order of Multituberculata within the suborder of Cimolodonta, and the family Eucosmodontidae. This genus has partly also been known as Neoplagiaulax. All known fossils of this small mammal are restricted to teeth.
Stygimys is an extinct mammal genus from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta, family Eucosmodontidae.
The Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness is a 45,000-acre (18,000 ha) wilderness area located in San Juan County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Established in 1984, the Wilderness is a desolate area of steeply eroded badlands managed by the Bureau of Land Management, except three parcels of private Navajo land within its boundaries. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed March 12, 2019, expanded the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness by approximately 2,250 acres.
Akanthosuchus is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian, possibly an alligatorine. Its fossils are found in the Paleocene-age Nacimiento Formation of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA. It is known from a partial skeleton and isolated bony armor. Its armor was distinctive, with spike-shaped and blade-shaped pieces, and it is the only known crocodilian with a combination of both.
The Evanston Formation is a geological formation in Wyoming whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. The fossil formation also has the remains of prehistoric mammals from the Paleocene epoch.
Navajosuchus is an extinct genus of alligatorine crocodylian. Its fossils have been found in the Paleocene-age Nacimiento Formation of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. It was named in 1942 by Charles C. Mook, and the original type species was N. novomexicanus. N. novomexicanus was based on AMNH 5186, a partial skull collected in 1913. Later research showed that Navajosuchus novomexicanus was the same as the earlier-named Allognathosuchus mooki. However, A. mooki does not belong to the genus Allognathosuchus, and so the name of the crocodilian becomes Navajosuchus mooki. Under whichever name is used, this animal would have been a generalized predator of the Nacimiento floodplains. It was the most common Nacimiento Formation crocodilian, found in both the Puercan and Torrejonian faunal assemblages.
The Ojo Alamo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico spanning the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary. Non-avian dinosaur fossils have controversially been identified in beds of this formation dating from after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but these have been explained as either misidentification of the beds in question or as reworked fossils, fossils eroded from older beds and redeposited in the younger beds.
Chacopterygus is an extinct genus of cimolestid mammal which existed in New Mexico, during the early Paleocene. Its fossils have been recovered from the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. It was first named by Thomas E. Williamson, Anne Weil and Barbara Standhardt in 2011 and the type species is Chacopterygus minutus.
Betonnia is an extinct genus of cimolestid mammal which existed in New Mexico, during the early Paleocene. Its fossils have been recovered from the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. It was first named by Thomas E. Williamson, Anne Weil and Barbara Standhardt in 2011 and the type species is Betonnia tsosia.
The Baca Formation is a geologic formation in southern New Mexico and Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Eocene period.
The San Jose Formation is an Early Eocene geologic formation in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado.
Protictis is an extinct paraphyletic genus of placental mammals from extinct subfamily Didymictinae within extinct family Viverravidae, that lived in North America from early Paleocene to middle Eocene.
Torrejonia is a genus of extinct plesiadapiform that belongs to the family Palaechthonidae. There are currently two species known, T. wilsoni and T. sirokyi. This genus is present in the fossil record from around 62–58 Ma. Species belonging to this genus are suggested to be plesiadapiforms based on adaptations observed in the skeletal morphology consistent with arboreal locomotor behavior. Following the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K-Pg), a large diversity of plesiadapiform families were documented beginning at the Torrejonian NALMA. Research has shown that T. wilsoni is one of the largest palaechthonids and is reconstructed as being more frugivorous than other palaechthonids.
Periptychus is an extinct genus of mammal belonging to the family Periptychidae. It lived from the Early to Late Paleocene and its fossil remains have been found in North America.