Fruitland Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Campanian [1] ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Sub-units | Fossil Forest Member Ne-nah-ne-zad Member |
Underlies | Kirtland Formation |
Overlies | Pictured Cliffs Sandstone |
Lithology | |
Primary | Sandstone |
Other | Shale, coal |
Location | |
Coordinates | 36°45′07″N108°26′31″W / 36.752°N 108.442°W |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 43°30′N79°36′W / 43.5°N 79.6°W |
Region | New Mexico Colorado |
Country | USA |
The Fruitland Formation is a geologic formation found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America. It contains fossils dating it to the Campanian age of the late Cretaceous. [2]
The Fruitland Formation shares its name with Fruitland, New Mexico. That city is on what was the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway. [3]
The Fruitland Formation is a sedimentary geological formation containing layers of sandstone, shale, and coal. It was laid down in marshy delta conditions, with poor drainage and frequent flooding, under a warm, humid and seasonal climate.
The Fruitland is underlain by the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and overlain by the more recent Kirtland Formation. The sequence of rocks represents the final filling of the Cretaceous seaway. The underlying Pictured Cliffs is a marginal marine sandstone, deposited in an environment similar to offshore barrier islands of the southeast United States. As the seaway retreated, the Pictured Cliffs was covered by the Fruitland Formation, which was deposited in near-shore swampy lowlands. The formation is dated to the late Campanian (part of the Cretaceous period), and was deposited over a period of about a million years. Radiometric dating from 23 meters above the base of the formation has yielded an age of 76.03 ± 0.41 Ma ago. An ash bed lying above the upper boundary with the Kirtland Formation has been dated to 75.02 ± 0.13 Ma ago. The underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone would be dated 76.94 - 76.27 Ma, based on the presence of the ammonite Baculites scotti, therefore placing the base of the Fruitland Formation at ~76.3 Ma. [4]
The formation is subdivided into the upper Fossil Forrest Member (deposited between about 75.5-75 million years ago) and the lower Ne-nah-ne-zad Member (deposited from 76.3-75.5 million years ago). The Fossil Forrest member is considered to be part of the Hunter Wash, fauna shared with the overlying lower Kirtland Formation. [1]
Ornithischians of the Fruitland Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
Hadrosauridae indet. [5] | Intermediate [5] | Fossil Forest [5] | One print [5] | Giant hadrosaur track, indicating an individual larger than Shantungosaurus , the largest known hadrosaur. [5] | ||
Parasaurolophus [6] | P. cyrtocristatus [6] | Fossil Forest [6] | A partial skull associated with a mostly complete postcranial skeleton, and a partial skull and fragmentary ribs of a juvenile individual. [6] | A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid also known from the Kaiparowits Formation. [6] | ||
Pentaceratops [7] | P. sternbergii [7] | Fossil Forest [7] | [Two] nearly complete skulls and a nearly complete frill. [7] | A chasmosaurine ceratopsid also known from the Kirtland Formation. [7] | ||
Stegoceras [8] | S. novomexicanum [8] | Fossil Forest [8] | Partial remains of [three] frontals and nearly complete frontoparietal. [8] | A basal pachycephalosaurid also known from the lower Kirtland Formation. [8] | ||
Titanoceratops [9] | T. ouranos [9] | A partial skull, syncervical vertebrae, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, ribs, humeri, radius, femora, tibiae, fibula, ilia, ischia, and ossified tendons. [9] | Possibly represents a junior synonym of Pentaceratops, holotype may possibly have come from the Kirtland Formation. [9] |
Some remains (OMNH 10131) of Bistahieversor may actually have originated in the upper Fruitland Formation. [10]
Saurischians of the Fruitland Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images | |
Bistahieversor [11] | B. sealeyi [11] | Fossil Forest [11] | A rostral ramus of a lacrimal, and a partial skull and postcranial skeleton of an adult individual. [11] | A eutyrannosaur tyrannosauroid also known from the Kirtland Formation. [11] | ||
Dromaeosauridae [12] | Indeterminate [12] | Fossil Forest [12] | Numerous isolated teeth. [12] | Indeterminate dromaeosaurid remains. [12] | ||
Ornithomimidae [12] | Indeterminate [12] | Fossil Forest [12] | Distal end of metatarsals, distal end of a phalanx, and foot-bone fragments. [12] | Indeterminate ornithomimid ornithomimosaur remains. [12] | ||
cf. Ornithomimus [12] | cf. O edmontonicus [12] | Fossil Forest [12] | A manual ungual. [12] | Material possibly referable to Ornithomimus. [12] | ||
?Troodontidae [13] | Indeterminate [13] | Fossil Forest [13] | Isolated teeth. [14] | Formerly identified as Paronychodon sp., referral to Troodontidae doubtful. [15] | ||
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
The Fruitland Formation contains beds of bituminous coal that are mined in places along the outcrop. Original reserves of coal in the formation have been estimated at 200 billion tons. [16]
Since the 1980s, the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation have yielded large quantities of coalbed methane. The productive area for coalbed methane straddles the Colorado-New Mexico state line, and is one of the most productive areas for coalbed methane in the United States. The methane released from the Fruitland Formation, through oil and gas production and a bit of natural seepage, contributes to the Four Corners Methane Hot Spot. [17] [18]
Parasaurolophus is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 76.5–73 million years ago. It was a large herbivore that could reach over 9 metres (30 ft) long and weigh over 5 metric tons, and were able to move as a biped and a quadruped. Three species are universally recognized: P. walkeri, P. tubicen, and the short-crested P. cyrtocristatus. Additionally, a fourth species, P. jiayinensis, has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus Charonosaurus. Remains are known from Alberta, New Mexico, and Utah, as well as possibly Heilongjiang if Charonosaurus is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta.
The Oldman Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous age that underlies much of southern Alberta, Canada. It consists primarily of sandstones that were deposited in fluvial channel and floodplain environments. It was named for exposures along the Oldman River between its confluence with the St. Mary River and the city of Lethbridge, and it is known primarily for its dinosaur remains and other fossils.
The Kirtland Formation is a sedimentary geological formation.
The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a stratigraphic unit of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta. It takes its name from Horseshoe Canyon, an area of badlands near Drumheller.
The San Juan Basin is a geologic structural basin located near the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States. The basin covers 7,500 square miles and resides in northwestern New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, and parts of Utah and Arizona. Specifically, the basin occupies space in the San Juan, Rio Arriba, Sandoval, and McKinley counties in New Mexico, and La Plata and Archuleta counties in Colorado. The basin extends roughly 100 miles (160 km) N-S and 90 miles (140 km) E-W.
The Laramie Formation is a geologic formation of the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age, named by Clarence King in 1876 for exposures in northeastern Colorado, in the United States. It was deposited on a coastal plain and in coastal swamps that flanked the Western Interior Seaway. It contains coal, clay and uranium deposits, as well as plant and animal fossils, including dinosaur remains.
The Dakota is a sedimentary geologic unit name of formation and group rank in Midwestern North America. The Dakota units are generally composed of sandstones, mudstones, clays, and shales deposited in the Mid-Cretaceous opening of the Western Interior Seaway. The usage of the name Dakota for this particular Albian-Cenomanian strata is exceptionally widespread; from British Columbia and Alberta to Montana and Wisconsin to Colorado and Kansas to Utah and Arizona. It is famous for producing massive colorful rock formations in the Rocky Mountains and the Great Plains of the United States, and for preserving both dinosaur footprints and early deciduous tree leaves.
The Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness is a 45,000-acre (18,000 ha) wilderness area located in San Juan County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Established in 1984, the Wilderness is a desolate area of steeply eroded badlands managed by the Bureau of Land Management, except three parcels of private Navajo land within its boundaries. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed March 12, 2019, expanded the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness by approximately 2,250 acres.
The Raton Formation is a geological formation of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene age which outcrops in the Raton Basin of northeast New Mexico and southeast Colorado.
The Foremost Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) age that underlies much of southern Alberta, Canada. It was named for outcrops in Chin Coulee near the town of Foremost and is known primarily for its dinosaur remains and other fossils.
The Almond Formation is a geological formation of Late Cretaceous age in Wyoming. It was deposited in marsh, deltaic, lagoonal, estuarine, and shallow marine environments along the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway. It consists primarily of fine- to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal. Fossils from the Almond Formation include remains of dinosaurs and plants.
The Pictured Cliffs Formation is a Campanian geologic formation in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.
The Point Lookout Sandstone is a Cretaceous bedrock formation occurring in New Mexico and Colorado.
The Menefee Formation is a lower Campanian geologic formation found in Colorado and New Mexico, United States.
The Straight Cliffs Formation is a stratigraphic unit in the Kaiparowits Plateau of south central Utah. It is Late Cretaceous in age and contains fluvial, paralic, and marginal marine (shoreline) siliciclastic strata. It is well exposed around the margin of the Kaiparowits Plateau in the Grand Staircase – Escalante National Monument in south central Utah. The formation is named after the Straight Cliffs, a long band of cliffs creating the topographic feature Fiftymile Mountain.
Titanoceratops is a controversial genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It was a giant chasmosaurine ceratopsian that lived in the Late Cretaceous period in what is now New Mexico. Titanoceratops was named for its large size, being one of the largest known horned dinosaurs and the type species was named T. ouranos, after Uranus (Ouranos), the father of the Greek titans. It was named in 2011 by Nicholas R. Longrich for a specimen previously referred to Pentaceratops. Longrich believed that unique features found in the skull reveal it to have been a close relative of Triceratops, classified within the subgroup Triceratopsini. However, other researchers have expressed skepticism, and believe "Titanoceratops" to simply be an unusually large, old specimen of Pentaceratops.
Ahshislepelta is a monospecific genus of ankylosaur dinosaur from New Mexico that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the Hunter Wash Member of the Kirtland Formation. The type and only species, Ahshislepelta minor, is known only from an incomplete postcranial skeleton of a small subadult or adult individual. It was named in 2011 by Michael Burns and Robert M. Sullivan. Based on the size of the humerus, Ahshislepelta is larger than Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus but smaller than Talarurus and Pinacosaurus grangeri.
The Cliff House Sandstone is a late Campanian stratigraphic unit comprising sandstones in the western United States.
The Poison Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico. The formation was deposited from the late Cretaceous through the Paleocene.