Wellington Formation

Wellington Formation
Wellington Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Permian(Artinskian); ~290–280 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Upper Wellington Shale excavated in the Smoky Hill River diversion channel at Indian Rock Park, Salina, Kansas ; Halitite (Hutchinson Salt Member, Wellington Formation).
Type	Formation
Unit of	Sumner Group
Sub-units	Lower Wellington Member,; Hutchinson Salt Member,; Carlton Limestone Member,; Upper Wellington Member
Underlies	Central-Western Kansas: (relative to the Sixth principal meridian); East: Kiowa Shale ; Over: Pleistocene terraces ; West: Ninnescah Shale ; Northcentral Oklahoma:; Hennessey Formation ; Garber Sandstone
Overlies	Nolans Limestone
Thickness	500–700 ft (150–210 m)
Lithology
Primary	Shale/mudstone/dolomite ; Salt/anhydrite/gypsum
Location
Coordinates	38°36′N97°12′W / 38.6°N 97.2°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	3°36′N25°48′W / 3.6°N 25.8°W
Region	Kansas ; Oklahoma
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Wellington, Kansas
Named by	F. W. Cragin
	Wellington Formation (the United States) Wellington Formation (Kansas)

Last updated September 17, 2023

The Wellington Formation is an Early Permian geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma.^[2] The formation's Hutchinson Salt Member is more recognized by the community than the formation itself, and the salt is still mined in central Kansas.^[3] The Wellington provides a rich record of Permian insects and its beddings provide evidence for reconstruction of tropical paleoclimates of the Icehouse Permian with the ability in cases to measure the passage of seasons.^[4] Tens of thousands of insect fossil recovered from the Wellington shales are kept in major collections at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History.^[5]

Description

Initially described as marine shales, the 500–700 feet (150–210 m) thick Wellington appears mostly as dark gray, thinly bedded soft rock, much of it terrestrial, with sediments from fresh water ponds and salt lakes. There are several variable beds of anhydrite and gypsum and the central body of most of the formation is a massive salt bed. Localized red beds and green shales indicate conditions of exposed soils with shallow freshwater tables. Marine fossils are limited to the lowest beds while the remainder features freshwater species and land life, particularly insects and reptiles.

Distribution

Compared to the earlier Permian rock formations in the midcontinent, the Wellington is somewhat more restricted in range. The Wellington is identified in western Kansas, northwest Oklahoma, and the northeast corner of the Texas Panhandle, but with no identification in Nebraska^[4] (compare with relative extension of the underlying Chase Group into Nebraska and Eastern Kansas). The surface outcrop lies generally along or between the north–south highways U.S. 81 and U.S. 77.^[5] South of Salina into northern Oklahoma, the westward dipping Wellington lies under a broad, shallow valley; here, the upper Wellington has collapsed as the Hutchinson Salt member has dissolved, forming lowlands including the McPherson Valley Wetlands and the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands. West of this valley, the Wellington shales gradually slope deeper underground beneath the Ninnescah Shale, but the unit extends no further West than the western Kansas border.^[4]

Paleoclimate

At a time of extreme global glaciation, the location of the Wellington deposit was equatorial and glacier-free. The climate was generally arid but with cyclic variation in global temperatures and precipitation recorded by layers of windblown dust deposited in the basin.^[4]

Fauna

The habitable environment, while initially a marine embayment, was primarily non-marine, with great many cyclic variations between dry, fresh water, brackish water, and brine.

Marine (lowest shale)

Lingula, marine Brachiopod^[6]

Brackish-water

Myalina meeki , Bivalvia ^[6]

Fresh-water

Clam shrimp, measurable passage of seasons^[6]
Productae dunbaris , lake clam^[6]

Terrestrial Insects

Meganeuropsis permianum , largest known winged insect^[7]
Asthenohymen minutus , large Permian insect^[8]

Stratigraphy

The Wellington is not particularly rigorously divided into subunits as few easily identifiable features are consistent other than the dark shale; but certain subdivisions are recognized. Broadly, the Wellington shales are divided into an upper Wellington shale member and a lower Wellington shale member. However, these informally named divisions are based only upon the position of the Hutchinson Salt Member in the general middle of the formation, which is usually but not always present.

Some limestone beds,^[9] typically dolomite, are observed within these upper and lower shale divisions, variously ranked as members, and the otherwise unnamed adjoining shales may be classified with the named limestones.^[10] Like the salt, each is not always recognizably present.

Upper shale

The upper Wellington consists primarily of interbedded cycles of gray anhydritic mudrock and red mudrock, but includes limited beds of discontinuous limestone and dolomite.

Milan Limestone^[11]^[12] is the marker bed for the top of the upper Wellington, but it is not always present, its absence visibly obscuring the contact with the overlying Ninnescah Shale. Its appearance is typically a succession of discontinuous, thin carbonate beds.^[9] One outcrop is in the bank of the Chikaskia River south of Milan, Kansas, where it consists of three beds of dolomite separated by shale, all with green flecks of malachite.^[13]

Three-finger dolomite is an approximate 20 foot zone containing three relatively thin dolomite beds, informally named in south-central Kansas. These beds are under study for their role in the destructive and fatal 2001 Yaggy/Hutchinson natural gas storage leak.^[14] However, these beds might correspond with the Milan Limestone.

Hutchinson Salt

Hutchinson Salt^[11] consists of repeating beds of salt, anhydrite, and gray shale, totaling up to 300 feet (91 m). The unit is present in much of central Kansas and north-central Oklahoma. The member is encountered in oil and gas exploration throughout the region. The salt has been mined with both shaft mining and dissolution mining. Mining communities include Hutchinson, Lyons, Kingman, and Kanoplis.^[15] Where the Hutchinson Salt is near the surface, it can be dissolved by the normal circulation of fresh groundwater. The dissolving salt results in collapse of overlying rock and the discharge of salt into surface water, degrading some freshwater sources.^[16]

Lower shale

The lower Wellington consists of interbedded cycles of gray anhydritic mudrock and anhydrite, the anhydrite and gypsum being quarried in some locations. The lower shale includes several discontinuous beds of limestone and dolostone. In some locations, these thin limestone beds are sufficiently resistant that they influence the landscape; some are even geologically mappable on the local scale. The very lowest beds of the lower Wellington are the only representation of marine environment within the Wellington Formation.

Carlton Limestone^[11] is a locally ledge-forming, mappable marker bed for the lower Wellington outcrop.^[17] It is associated with "Carlton Insect Beds", although a number of other insect beds are known within the upper and lower Wellington.

Hollenberg Limestone^[11] is also a ledge-forming, locally mappable marker bed for the lower Wellington surface topography.^[17]

Annelly gypsum is named for Annelly, Kansas, and overlies the Geuda Springs shale member. The alabaster and selenite forms of gypsum are both also present,^[18] and were mined at the mineral springs resort community of Geuda Springs, Kansas. Although not an ideal building material, the Annelly alabaster that was quarried there, locally called "marble", was used in the construction of the so-called "marble block" of the historic Smith commercial building in Wellington, Kansas.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Access

As a shale, the Wellington Formation has limited exposures, but tends towards forming moderate soil-covered slopes below Kiowa Sandstone caprocks. This is aggravated by the fact that when the Wellington is close to the surface, ground water dissolves the salt, causing the upper Wellington shales to sink and become covered by river and lake muds.

Hutchinson salt mining

Hutchinson, Kansas has been a focus of extraction of salt from the Hutchinson Salt Member. Several geological tourism opportunities occur underground within the Hutchinson salt mine in relation to the Strataca Salt Mine Museum, including overnight camping for organized groups, underground foot and bicycle races, and a special annual "Hunt for Red Rock-tober" tour where guided visitors may access and collect from the mine's tailing piles of red salt, generally considered to be a contaminated waste product.

Interstate 70: Kiowa/Wellington bluffs

Following Interstate 70 in Northcentral Kansas, just east of Salina, travelers are guided over a scenic range of hills between the broad Saline and Solomon valleys. Here, the collapsing Hutchinson Salt Member and predominately red Ninnescah Shale are both absent and these bluffs are the result of erosion of resistant sandstones in the Kiowa overlying the relatively tough and stable shales of the upper Wellington. The result is lesser bluffs that are geologically similar to those formed by the Dakota Formation over Ninnescah Shale just west of Salina.^[22]

Coronado Hill: Hutchinson Salt dissolution valley

Coronado Hill is one of the Dakota remnant hills forming the hummocky outliers of the Smoky Hill Buttes range of the Smoky Hills. From the Coronado Heights public park atop Coronado Hill, the landforms are visible, resulting from the interaction of the resistant Dakota and Kiowa sandstones, the less resistant Ninnescah and Wellington shales, and the dissolution of the Hutchinson Salt Member.

South of Coronado Hill lies the original and present course of the Smoky Hill River. Here, flowing out of the Smoky Hills in the west, the river previously continued to the southeast, but its present course is east across the valley then turning north to Salina. This broad north–south valley is largely the result of collapsing formations as the Hutchinson Salt Member was dissolved.^[23] The slopes of Coronado Hill are the Kiowa Shale, the Ninnescah Shale extends from the lower slopes to the valley floor, and the full thickness of the Wellington Formation with intact Hutchinson Salt lies beneath the Ninnescah Shale below this side of the valley floor.^[22]

On the bluffs visible on the far east side of the valley, the Ninnescah Shale is completely missing and the Wellington Formation rises over 100 feet (30 m) above the bottom of the valley.^[22] The Hutchinson Salt Member did not extend as far east as these bluffs, so these present bluffs are stable and beyond the eastern extent of the collapse.^[23]

A head of the forming Kansas River reached south through the collapse to capture the Smoky Hill River, which is why the river today makes a 24 miles (39 km) jog to the north to the upper Kansas Valley.^[23]

Indian Rock Park, Salina: Upper Wellington excavation

In the late 1950s, as part of a Diversion By-pass and Flood Control project for Salina, a diversion channel was excavated through the Indian Hill prominence of the Kiowa/Wellington bluffs at the turn of the Smoky Hill River.^[24] Roughly 80 feet (24 m) of upper Wellington Shale are exposed from the excavation, including a color change higher on the sides and short waterfalls over resistant layers of dolomite. Indian Rock Park includes this hill and the surrounding area with fields, cliffs, and recreational trails. Glennifer Hill Drive leads to the hilltop for parking, a panoramic city view, and trails into the diversion channel as well as to the Wellington shale exposed by the abandoned brick factory quarry now named Indian Rock Lake.^[22]^[25]^[26]

Interstate 70: Russell County sinkholes

Early oil exploration in western Kansas focused largely on the Carboniferous formations, such as the Kansas City-Lansing limestones at a depth of 3,300 feet (1.0 km).^[27] The higher Permian formation is important to this exploration both as marker horizons as well as a relatively impervious protective barrier between the brines of the Permian formations and the fresh water of the surface aquifers used for domestic supplies. Particularly, this means that the thousands of oil wells in western Kansas must penetrate the Hutchinson Salt Member and other beds of soluble salt, anhydrite, and gypsum of the upper Permian rocks.^[28]^[29]^[30]

During World War II, steel outer casings were recovered from completed cable-drilled wells in Russell County, but the wells were not correctly sealed. The lack of cement casing and plugging means that surface fresh water now drains down the well bores and on passing through the salt, anhydrite, and gypsum beds dissolves and carries away those minerals. This dissolution causes water-filled voids 1,300 to 1,600 feet (490 m) below the surface, still enlarging and slowly collapsing today, causing active sinkholes. As no strong formations lie above the Hutchinson Salt (only soft shale, sand, and very thin chalk) the sinking is very steady and gradual.^[28]^[29]^[30]

Interstate 70 was knowingly constructed over three of these sinkholes west of Russell, Kansas. The lanes have been elevated repeatedly since construction and an adjoining overpass was removed to avoid its impending collapse. All three sinkholes hold open fresh water in wet periods. The Crawford Sinkhole is the deepest of the three and holds water continuously, becoming a local wetlands environment.^[28]^[29]^[30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Permian Basin (North America)</span> Large sedimentary basin in the US

The Permian Basin is a large sedimentary basin in the southwestern part of the United States. It is the highest producing oil field in the United States, producing an average of 4.2 million barrels of crude oil per day in 2019. This sedimentary basin is located in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. It reaches from just south of Lubbock, past Midland and Odessa, south nearly to the Rio Grande River in southern West Central Texas, and extending westward into the southeastern part of New Mexico. It is so named because it has one of the world's thickest deposits of rocks from the Permian geologic period. The greater Permian Basin comprises several component basins; of these, the Midland Basin is the largest, Delaware Basin is the second largest, and Marfa Basin is the smallest. The Permian Basin covers more than 86,000 square miles (220,000 km²), and extends across an area approximately 250 miles (400 km) wide and 300 miles (480 km) long.

The Delaware Basin is a geologic depositional and structural basin in West Texas and southern New Mexico, famous for holding large oil fields and for a fossilized reef exposed at the surface. Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Carlsbad Caverns National Park protect part of the basin. It is part of the larger Permian Basin, itself contained within the Mid-Continent oil province.

The Smoky Hills are an upland region of hills in the central Great Plains of North America. They are located in the Midwestern United States, encompassing north-central Kansas and a small portion of south-central Nebraska.

The geology of Kansas encompasses the geologic history and the presently exposed rock and soil. Rock that crops out in the US state of Kansas was formed during the Phanerozoic eon, which consists of three geologic eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods.

The Niobrara Formation, also called the Niobrara Chalk, is a geologic formation in North America that was deposited between 87 and 82 million years ago during the Coniacian, Santonian, and Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous. It is composed of two structural units, the Smoky Hill Chalk Member overlying the Fort Hays Limestone Member. The chalk formed from the accumulation of coccoliths from microorganisms living in what was once the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea that divided the continent of North America during much of the Cretaceous. It underlies much of the Great Plains of the US and Canada. Evidence of vertebrate life is common throughout the formation and includes specimens of plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, and pterosaurs as well as several primitive aquatic birds. The type locality for the Niobrara Chalk is the Niobrara River in Knox County in northeastern Nebraska. The formation gives its name to the Niobrara cycle of the Western Interior Seaway.

The Kiowa Formation or Kiowa Shale is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Kansas, diminishing to member status in Colorado and Oklahoma. In Colorado, the Kiowa Shale was classified as a member of the now abandoned Purgatoire Formation. In the vicinity of Longford, Kansas, the local Longford member comprises thinly bedded siltstone, clay, polished gravel, lignite, and sandstone suggests a river and estuary environment.

In geology, the Paradox Formation Is a Pennsylvanian age formation which consists of abundant evaporites with lesser interbedded shale, sandstone, and limestone. The evaporites are largely composed of gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The formation is found mostly in the subsurface, but there are scattered exposures in anticlines in eastern Utah and western Colorado. These surface exposures occur in the Black Mesa, San Juan and Paradox Basins and the formation is found in the subsurface in southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona and northeastern New Mexico.

The Spearfish Formation is a geologic formation, originally described from the Black Hills region of South Dakota, United States, but also recognised in North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana and Nebraska. It is a heterogeneous red bed formation, commonly with siltstone and gypsum low in the formation and sandstone and shale higher up. Other rock types include claystone, conglomerate, dolomite, and oil shale. It is typically regarded as Permian–Triassic in age, although its original description included Jurassic rocks.

The Syracuse Formation is a geologic formation in the Appalachian Basin. It is the main salt bearing formation of the Salina Group. This formation depending on location contains up to six salt beds. Aside from salt the formation is made up of dolomite, shale, gypsum and anhydrite. Salt is commercially extracted in Michigan, New York and Ohio. Gypsum mining operations in Michigan and New York are also noted.

The Vernon Formation is a geologic formation in the Appalachian Basin. It is the lowest unit of the Salina Group. It is made up of red and green shales, siltstone, dolomite, anhydrite and halite. It is made up of three distinct units starting at the bottom (oldest) A, B and C units. These units correspond to units of the same name in its parent group the Salina.

The Graneros Shale is a geologic formation in the United States identified in the Great Plains as well as New Mexico that dates to the Cenomanian Age of the Cretaceous Period. It is defined as the finely sandy argillaceous or clayey near-shore/marginal-marine shale that lies above the older, non-marine Dakota sand and mud, but below the younger, chalky open-marine shale of the Greenhorn. This definition was made in Colorado by G. K. Gilbert and has been adopted in other states that use Gilbert's division of the Benton's shales into Carlile, Greenhorn, and Graneros. These states include Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and New Mexico as well as corners of Minnesota and Iowa. North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana have somewhat different usages — in particular, north and west of the Black Hills, the same rock and fossil layer is named Belle Fourche Shale.

The Greenhorn Limestone or Greenhorn Formation is a geologic formation in the Great Plains Region of the United States, dating to the Cenomanian and Turonian ages of the Late Cretaceous period. The formation gives its name to the Greenhorn cycle of the Western Interior Seaway.

The Americus Limestone is a member of the Foraker Limestone Formation in eastern Kansas, where it is quarried as a distinctive ornamental stone. In outcrop, it is typically recognized as two relatively thin but persistent beds of hard limestone separated by shale that forms the lowest prominent bench of the many benches of the Flint Hills. The recognizable facie of the member in excavated or eroded exposures is two thin limestone beds separated a bed of shale and adjacent shales above and below having a particular gray or bluish color darker than higher limestones. A third, lower, highly variable algal limestone is often present and included as the base of the member. The unit is not particularly massive, the limestone pair totaling 3 to 4 feet in places, more in other locations but less to the North, and up to nearly to 9 feet at the type location of Americus, Kansas. The addition of the lower algal limestone as a base for the unit increases the thickness to over 18 feet. Initially thought to be the lowest of the Permian rock of Kansas and as such classified as the lowest unit of the Council Grove Group, the unit is now dated within the uppermost Late Carboniferous.

The Red Eagle Formation is a geologic formation ranging from Oklahoma, through Kansas, into southeast Nebraska of the United States. Its members define the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas.

The Arroyo Formation, sometimes termed the Lower Clear Fork Formation, is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Kungurian stage of the Permian period. It is the lower-most portion of the Clear Fork Group, part of a series of fossiliferous Permian strata in the south-central United States known as the red beds.

The Seven Rivers Formation is a geologic formation in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Guadalupian Epoch of the Permian period.

Cottonwood Limestone, or simply the Cottonwood, is a stratigraphic unit and a historic stone resource in east-central Kansas, northeast-central Oklahoma, and southeastern Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. It is the lowest member of the Beattie Limestone formation and commonly outcrops within the deep valleys and on top of the scenic residual ridges of the Flint Hills.

The geology of Ohio formed beginning more than one billion years ago in the Proterozoic eon of the Precambrian. The igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock is poorly understood except through deep boreholes and does not outcrop at the surface. The basement rock is divided between the Grenville Province and Superior Province. When the Grenville Province crust collided with Proto-North America, it launched the Grenville orogeny, a major mountain building event. The Grenville mountains eroded, filling in rift basins and Ohio was flooded and periodically exposed as dry land throughout the Paleozoic. In addition to marine carbonates such as limestone and dolomite, large deposits of shale and sandstone formed as subsequent mountain building events such as the Taconic orogeny and Acadian orogeny led to additional sediment deposition. Ohio transitioned to dryland conditions in the Pennsylvanian, forming large coal swamps and the region has been dryland ever since. Until the Pleistocene glaciations erased these features, the landscape was cut with deep stream valleys, which scoured away hundreds of meters of rock leaving little trace of geologic history in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

The geology of Bahrain is poorly studied before the Cenozoic. Extensive sedimentary formations from the Eocene through recent times cover much of the island.

The Salina Group or Salina Formation is a Late Silurian-age, Stratigraphic unit of sedimentary rock that is found in Northeastern and Midwestern North America. Named for its Halite beds, the phrase "Salina Group" was first used as a descriptive term by James D. Dana in 1863.

References

↑ "County Geologic Maps". Kansas Geological Survey . Retrieved 2021-11-13.
1 2 "Geologic Unit: Wellington". National Geologic Database. Geolex — Significant Publications. United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2021-10-27.
↑ "Geologic Unit: Hutchinson". National Geologic Database. Geolex — Significant Publications. United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2021-10-27.
1 2 3 4 Giles, Jessica M.; Soreghan, Michael J.; Benison, Kathleen; Soreghan, Gerilyn S. (September 2013). "Lakes, Loess, and Paleosols In the Permian Wellington Formation of Oklahoma, U.S.A.: Implications For Paleoclimate and Paleogeography of the Midcontinent". Journal of Sedimentary Research. Society for Sedimentary Geology . Retrieved 2021-11-13.
1 2 Beckemeyer, Roy; Hall, Joseph D (April 2007). "The entomofauna of the Lower Permian fossil insect beds of Kansas and Oklahoma, USA". African Invertebrates. 48 (1): 23–39. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
1 2 3 4 Paul Tasch (1964). D.F. Merriam (ed.). "Symposium on cyclic sedimentation: Periodicity in the Wellington Formation of Kansas and Oklahoma". Bulletin. Kansas Geological Survey (169): 481–495.
↑ David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel (May 16, 2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107268777 . Retrieved 2021-11-13.
↑ J. R. Zimmerman. 1962. Taxonomic names, in The Asthenohymen-Delopterum Bed: A New Leonardian Insect Horizon in the Wellington of Kansas and Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology 36:1319-1333
1 2 West, R. R.; Miller, K. B.; Watney, W. L. (2010). "The Permian System in Kansas". Bulletin. Kansas Geological Survey (257): Major Subdivisions, continued. The Milan Limestone Member is typically a succession of discontinuous, thin carbonate beds.
↑ Giles, et al, 2015, is an example of such practice.
1 2 3 4 Moore, Raymond C.; Frye, John C.; Jewett, John Mark; Lee, Wallace; O'Connor, Howard G. (1951). "The Kansas Rock Column". Bulletin. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas (89). Milan limestone ... Hutchinson salt member ... fossil insect-bearing Carlton limestone ... not definitely known to be of widespread occurrence, has been named the Hollenberg limestone.
↑ "Geologic Unit: Wellington". National Geologic Database. Geolex — Significant Publications. United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2022-04-10. Milan Limestone Member of Wellington Formation of Sumner Group (KS)
↑ Walter, Kenneth L. (1961). "Geology and Ground-water Resources of Sumner County, Kansas". Bulletin. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas (151): Geologic Formations in Relation to Ground Water. The Milan Dolostone member, which crops out in the bank of Chikaskia River south of Milan, forms the top of the Wellington Formation. The Milan consists of three beds of dolomitic limestone containing flakes of bright-green copper carbonate, interbedded with a few feet of grayish-green shale. In many places in Sumner County the Milan cannot be recognized; hence the contact between the Wellington Formation and the overlying Ninnescah Shale is indefinite.
↑ Seismic Detection of Shallow Natural Gas Beneath Hutchinson, Kansas, 2002.
↑ Robert S. Sawin and Rex C. Buchanan. "Salt in Kansas". Public Information Circular. Kansas Geological Survey (21).
↑ Tony Gogel (1981). "Discharge of Saltwater from Permian Rocks to Major Stream-aquifer Systems in Central Kansas". Chemical Quality Series. Kansas Geological Survey (9). Retrieved 2021-11-07. Saline-water inflow from Permian rocks has resulted in the degradation of freshwater systems in several areas of central Kansas.
1 2 "Dickinson County". kgs.ku.edu. Kansas Geological Survey. 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-08.Identifiable surfaces of the Carlton and Hollenberg beds are indicated on the Dickinson County maps as marker beds.
↑ Ver Wiebe, W.A., 1937, The Wellington formation of central Kansas: Wichita Municipal University Bulletin, v. 12, no. 5, p. 3-18. (Geolex Geologic Unit: Annelly) "Annelly gypsum member of Wellington formation. ... both selenite and alabaster varieties of gypsum are present. ... Underlies Chisolm Creek shale member (new); overlies Geuda Springs shale member ... Type locality: high cliff on west branch of Whitewater River 0.25 mi south of Annelly, in ... , Harvey Co., southeastern KS."
↑ Kenneth L. Walters, U.S. Geological Survey (1961). "Geology and Ground-water Resources of Sumner County, Kansas". Bulletin (151): Geography. This gypstone is in the Wellington Formation. A quantity of gypsum is reported to have been quarried from this locality to build the "Marble block" building in Wellington.
↑ Kulstad, Robert O.; Fairchild, Paul; McGregor, Duncan (1956). "Gypsum in Kansas". Bulletin. Kansas Geological Survey (113): Gypsum in the Wellington Formation. Geuda Springs deposit Rock gypsum cropped out along the banks of a small stream ... where some was obtained for the erection of a large business block in Wellington, generally known as the "marble block".
↑ Walter, Kenneth L. (1961). "Geology and Ground-water Resources of Sumner County, Kansas". Bulletin. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas (151): Geography. A bed of gypsum of good quality but of undetermined thickness crops out in the SW SE sec. 27, T. 33 S., R. 2 E. ... A quantity of gypsum is reported to have been quarried from this locality to build the "Marble block" building in Wellington.
1 2 3 4 McCauley, James R. (2011). "Surfical Geology of Saline county, Kansas". kgs.ku.edu. Kansas Geological Survey . Retrieved 2021-11-07.See A-A' section.
1 2 3 Tony Gogel (1981). "Discharge of Saltwater from Permian Rocks to Major Stream-aquifer Systems in Central Kansas". Chemical Quality Series. Kansas Geological Survey (9): Hydrologic Setting. Retrieved 2021-11-07. Figure 4. Conceptual block diagrams near Lindsborg showing geologic development, mechanism of dissolution of the Hutchinson Salt Member, and development of Wellington aquifer between Cretaceous time (A) and present (B).
↑ Wright Water Engineers, Inc. "Smoky Hill River Renewal Master Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-11-07.
↑ Paulette, Robert Justice and Scott, Guy Robert, "Flood control measures for Salina, Kansas" (1932).Professional Degree Theses. 287. Brick plant located by Indian Hill on page 132.
↑ Lichti, Carol (February 25, 1996). "On Hallowed Ground : Story of Indian Rock and Lakewood" . The Salina Journal. Salina, Kansas. p. 47. Retrieved December 1, 2021– via Newspapers.com. In 1899, Salina Brick and Tile Co. and later the Salina Vitrified Brick Co. occupied the hill. The company closed in 1954. ... two acre pond ...
↑ John C. Frye and James J. Brazil (1949). "Ground Water in the Oil-field Areas of Ellis and Russell Counties, Kansas". Bulletin. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas (50). The discovery well had an initial production of 818 barrels from the Kansas City-Lansing limestones at a depth of about 3,334 feet.
1 2 3 Rex C. Buchanan; James R. McCauley (1987). Roadside Kansas. University Press of Kansas (Kansas Geological Survey). pp. 96–102. ISBN 978-0-7006-0322-0.
1 2 3 Hansen, Terry Jay (1977). Dissolution in the Hutchinson salt member of the Wellington formation near Russell, Kansas (Thesis). Kansas State University . Retrieved 2021-11-15.
1 2 3 Robert F. Walters (1991). "Gorham Oil Field, Russell County, Kansas". Bulletin. Kansas Geological Survey (228). Retrieved 2021-11-15.