Paleontology in Oklahoma

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The location of the state of Oklahoma Map of USA OK.svg
The location of the state of Oklahoma

Paleontology in Oklahoma refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma has a rich fossil record spanning all three eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. [1] Oklahoma is the best source of Pennsylvanian fossils in the United States due to having an exceptionally complete geologic record of the epoch. [2] From the Cambrian to the Devonian, all of Oklahoma was covered by a sea that would come to be home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, graptolites and trilobites. During the Carboniferous, an expanse of coastal deltaic swamps formed in areas of the state where early tetrapods would leave behind footprints that would later fossilize. The sea withdrew altogether during the Permian period. Oklahoma was home a variety of insects as well as early amphibians and reptiles. Oklahoma stayed dry for most of the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, carnivorous dinosaurs left behind footprints that would later fossilize. During the Cretaceous, however, the state was mostly covered by the Western Interior Seaway, which was home to huge ammonites and other marine invertebrates. During the Cenozoic, Oklahoma became home to creatures like bison, camels, creodonts, and horses. During the Ice Age, the state was home to mammoths and mastodons. Local Native Americans are known to have used fossils for medicinal purposes. The Jurassic dinosaur Saurophaganax maximus is the Oklahoma state fossil.

Contents

Prehistory

Calymene. CalymeneBlumenbachii-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg
Calymene .

Paleozoic

No Precambrian fossils are known from Oklahoma, and the state's fossil record begins in the Paleozoic. [3] From the Cambrian to the Devonian, Oklahoma was covered by a sea. [3] Cambrian life of Oklahoma included brachiopods, graptolites, sponges, and trilobites. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Oklahoma's Ordovician life included several species of brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, conodonts, and ostracods. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Abundant remains are fossilized at Rock Crossing in the Criner Hills of southern Oklahoma. One common Oklahoman graptolite was Climacograptus . [16] High quality specimens of the trilobite Isotelus were preserved southwest of Ardmore. [17] During the Silurian, Oklahoma was home to brachiopods, bryozoans, the trilobite Calymene , echinoderms, and sponges, all of which are preserved south of Lawrence Creek. [18] [19] [20] Oklahoma was home to an extremely diverse Devonian fauna in the Lawrence and White Mound areas. [21] [22]

During the Mississippian, Oklahoma's local fauna included Archimedes , brachiopods, conodonts, echinoderms, the blastoid Pentremites , and trilobites. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Contemporary brachiopod families included the productids and rhynchonellida. The best source of Mississippian fossils in Oklahoma is the state's northeastern region. [2] During the Carboniferous, Oklahoma was a terrestrial environment characterized by vast river systems and accompanying deltas. These deltas were home to vast swamps responsible for leaving behind many coal deposits. [3] During the Carboniferous, early tetrapods left behind footprints that would later fossilize. [31] Oklahoma's diverse Pennsylvanian life included blastoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, fusulinids, and pelecypods. [2] Vertebrates included various fishes, [32] [33] [34] and the early tetrapods [35] [36] likely responsible for the trackways. Occasionally during this period, sea levels would rise and cover the state again. [3]

This sea gradually retreated from the state before the end of the Paleozoic era. Oklahoma preserves one of the richest fossil records of non-marine vertebrates from the Permian of North America [37] [38] [39] with respect to both abundance of material and taxonomic diversity, with particularly notable records from early Permian sites such as Richards Spur in Comanche County and South Grandfield in Tillman County. [40] [41] Most of these deposits are distributed across the western half of the state, including in Logan, Noble, Grant, Garfield, Kay, Pawnee, and Payne Counties. In particular, there is extensive body fossil documentation of many groups of extinct vertebrates, including lungfish, [42] [43] various 'lepospondyls' like aïstopods, nectrideans, and 'microsaurs,' [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] temnospondyl amphibians, [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] parareptiles, [57] [58] [59] eureptiles, [60] [61] [62] [63] reptiliomorphs (stem amniotes), [64] [65] synapsids, [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] and diapsids. [72] The giant Permian foraminiferan Pseudoschwagerina was preserved in the Pawnee area. [73] Many of these tetrapods likely produced a variety of trackways also known from the early Permian of Oklahoma. [74] [75] There is also an extensive record of invertebrates, such as beetles and millipedes, as well as brachiopods and foraminifers. [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86]

It remains controversial whether there are any middle Permian tetrapods known from Oklahoma, which would represent perhaps the only such record from this time period in all of North America and perhaps the entire globe; if tetrapod records from the Chickasha Formation and the Flowerpot Formation in Blaine, Canadian, Grady, and Kingfisher Counties [87] [88] and their equivalents in Texas (the San Angelo Formation) are not considered to be middle Permian in age, there would be a hiatus in the fossil record, which is termed 'Olson's Gap,', [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] although records from other geographic regions may fill this gap regardless of whether it existed in North America. [96] [97]

Mesozoic

Oklahoma was a terrestrial environment for most of the ensuing Mesozoic era. [3] The Late Triassic Dockum Group of western Oklahoma preserved remains of archosaurs and temnospondyls, although its fossil record is restricted to a narrow region of the panhandle and is far sparser than the equivalent records in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. [98] During the Late Triassic, small carnivorous dinosaurs left behind tracks near Kenton now classified in the ichnogenus Grallator . The sediments preserving these tracks later became the Sheep Pen Sandstone. [99] Other local tracks have been referred to Chirotherium , but Martin G. Lockley and Adrian Hunt have speculated that these might actually be Pseudotetrasauropus . [100] The Late Jurassic fossiliferous Morrison Formation is exposed in the western part of the state and has produced extensive remains of sauropod dinosaurs. [101] [102] Most of Oklahoma was submerged under the Western Interior Seaway during the Cretaceous. [103] Early Cretaceous life included "immense" ammonites, echinoids, and pelecypods. These fossils were preserved in Love and Marshall counties. The Late Cretaceous rocks of Bryan, Choctaw, and McCurtain counties bear abundant oysters like Exogyra and Ostraea . [73] However, there are also records of many terrestrial vertebrates, particularly from the Antlers and Cloverly Formations, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and mammals. [104] [105] [106] [101] [107] [108] [109] [110]

1909 restoration of a herd of Columbian mammoths by Charles R. Knight. Columbian mammoth.jpg
1909 restoration of a herd of Columbian mammoths by Charles R. Knight.

Cenozoic

As the Rocky Mountains rose during the early Cenozoic, rivers drained off them and into Oklahoma. Sediments deposited by these rivers would preserve petrified wood and mammal fossils. [3] Sediments were generally being eroded away from Oklahoma during the later portion of the Cenozoic. [3] The High Plains of the western part of Oklahoma preserve evidence for the presence of camels, creodonts, and horses during the Pliocene. [73] During the ensuing Pleistocene epoch, resident animals included mammoths and mastodon. [111] Their fossils were preserved in several different regions of Oklahoma. Typical Oklahoman proboscidean fossils are teeth and tusks, often preserved in gravel pits, but complete skeletons are also known. [73] Other mammals found in Pleistocene Oklahoma included Glyptotherium , a large, heavily armored mammal related to the armadillo. [112]

History

Indigenous interpretations

The Comanche people gathered fossils in Comanche County, near Indiahoma to be used as medicine for sprains and bone fractures. The Comanche ground up the bone into a powder known as tsoapitsitsuhni, which translates to "ghost creature bone", and mixed it with water. This mixture could be made into a sort of plaster cast if the fossils used to make the powder contained sufficient gypsum or calcium sulphate content. The local geology consist largely of Permian-aged red beds, and Comanche County's eastern side contains Richards Spur, the best source of Permian fossils in the entire state. [113] Reptile and amphibian fossils like Captorhinus are found nearby in other counties. [114] Such Permian remains are viable candidates for the fossils used medicinally by the Comanche, but local Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaur remains like those of Apatosaurus , Saurophaganax , Sauroposeidon and Tenontosaurus are also candidates. More recent mammal fossils were also used by the Comanche for medicine like those of bears, giant bison, camels, glyptodonts, Columbian mammoths, and mastodons. Comanches used bits of mammoth leg bone to draw out boils, infections, poisons and pain from wounds. This usage is fairly plausible as the porous nature of fossil bone causes a capillary effect that could be used to dry infected wounds and sores. Mammoth bone used for this purpose was known as medicinebone or madstone. [115]

Scientific research

In 1931, University of Oklahoma geologist J. Willis Stovall received word that a road crew grading for the construction of U.S. Route 64 uncovered a rich deposit of fossils east of Kenton. [116] Stovall examined the site and was impressed by the fossils uncovered by the workers. [117] He organized an expedition to the region. By 1935, Stovall assembled a team consisting of students and a handful of Works Progress Administration workers. He placed a local named Crompton Tate in charge of the team. Stovall's team excavated the site for nearly three years, in the process digging through almost 100 metric tons of rock and sediment to extract the remains preserved there. The site was called Quarry 1, the first of seventeen quarries that the expedition would start in the region. The excavation uncovered the bones from many kinds of dinosaurs. [118] Finds of previously documented species included both sizable and hatchling Apatosaurus , hatchling Camarasaurus , several Camptosaurus of different age groups, and Stegosaurus fossils. [119] The new theropoda species that would come to be known as Saurophaganax was also discovered there. [118]

By December 1939, excavation had commenced on the Stovall team's fifth quarry. The most significant remains uncovered there are referable to the large sauropod Diplodocus . Prior to the cessation of digging at Quarry 5 in the middle of 1941, this quarry had attained impressive dimensions. Its walls were nine meters (30 feet) high and the breadth of the excavation 73 meters (240 feet) wide. Other notable quarries excavated by the Stovall team include the eighth, which produced fossils of ornithopod and theropod dinosaurs as well as other reptiles like a new species of crocodilian, Cteniogenys , and turtles. Lungfish were also preserved there. [120] Funding for Stovall's field work ended with the advent of World War II in 1942, interrupting excavations at Quarries 9 and 10. [120] In 1964, Charles Mook named the new crocodilian species uncovered by the Stovall team Goniopholis stovalli in his honor. [120] The new theropod from Quarry 1 was named Saurophagus . In 1995, Dan Chure published a new name for Saurophagus since that name had already been used for another kind of animal; he renamed it Saurophaganax maximus . [121] More recently, in 2004, Matt Bonnan and Matt Wedel noticed the presence of at least one Brachiosaurus bone among the fossils excavated by the Stovall Crew at Quarry 1. [118]

Natural history museums

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Murray (1974); "Oklahoma", page 234.
  2. 1 2 3 Murray (1974); "Oklahoma", page 235.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Springer and Scotchmoor (2010); "Paleontology and geology".
  4. ↑ Frederickson, E. A. (1948). "Upper Cambrian Trilobites from Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 22 (6): 798–803. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1299621.
  5. ↑ Chamberlain, C. Kent (1971). "Morphology and Ethology of Trace Fossils from the Ouachita Mountains, Southeast Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 45 (2): 212–246. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1302637.
  6. ↑ Rigby, J. Keith; Gutschick, Raymond C. (1976). "Two New Lower Paleozoic Hexactinellid Sponges from Utah and Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (1): 79–85. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1303640.
  7. ↑ H., Stitt, James (1977). Late Cambrian and earliest Ordovician trilobites : Wichita Mountains area, Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma. OCLC   888618796.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Freeman, Rebecca J.; Stitt, James H. (May 1996). "Upper Cambrian and lowest Ordovician articulate brachiopods from the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (3): 355–372. doi:10.1017/s0022336000038300. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   132932231.
  9. ↑ Pojeta, John; Derby, James R. "Dycheia Shergoldi, a New Genus and Species of Late Cambrian Multivalved Mollusc from Oklahoma, U.S.A." Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists (34): 489–497.
  10. ↑ Bauer, Jeffrey A. (March 1994). "Conodonts from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician), south-central Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 68 (2): 358–376. doi:10.1017/s0022336000022940. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   128493247.
  11. ↑ Sinclair, G. Winston (November 1945). "Some Ordovician Echinoderms from Oklahoma". American Midland Naturalist. 34 (3): 707–716. doi:10.2307/2421094. ISSN   0003-0031. JSTOR   2421094.
  12. ↑ DeKoster, Rebecca (2021). Revision of the trilobites of the Silurian Henryhouse Formation of Oklahoma (Thesis). The University of Iowa. doi:10.17077/etd.005912.
  13. ↑ A., Bauer, Jeffrey (1987). Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of the McLish and Tulip Creek formations (middle Ordovician) of south-central Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma. OCLC   15687585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ KARIM, T.; WESTROP, S. R. (2002-08-01). <0394:tapoot>2.0.co;2 "Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Ordovician Trilobite Clusters, Bromide Formation, South-central Oklahoma". PALAIOS. 17 (4): 394–402. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0394:tapoot>2.0.co;2. ISSN   0883-1351. S2CID   128957142.
  15. ↑ Amati, Lisa; Westrop, Stephen R. (January 2004). "A systematic revision ofThaleops(Trilobita: Illaenidae) with new species from the middle and late Ordovician of Oklahoma and New York". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (3): 207–256. doi:10.1017/s1477201904001439. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   86798549.
  16. ↑ Charles E. Decker (2) (1945). "Graptolites on Well Cuttings, Carter County, Oklahoma: GEOLOGICAL NOTES". AAPG Bulletin. 29. doi:10.1306/3d933774-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d. ISSN   0149-1423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Laudon, L. R. (1939). "Unusual Occurrence of Isotelus Gigas Dekay in the Bromide Formation (Ordovician) of Southern Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 13 (2): 211–213. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1298770.
  18. ↑ Thomas W. Amsden (2) (1962). "Silurian and Early Devonian Carbonate Rocks of Oklahoma". AAPG Bulletin. 46. doi:10.1306/bc7438c7-16be-11d7-8645000102c1865d. ISSN   0149-1423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Amsden, Thomas W. (May 1968). "Articulate Brachiopods of the St. Clair Limestone (Silurian), Arkansas, and the Clarita Formation (Silurian), Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 42 (S1): 1–113. doi:10.1017/s0022336000062405. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   189993633.
  20. ↑ Adrain, Jonathan M. (July 1996). "A new otarionine trilobite from the Henryhouse Formation (Silurian, Ludlow) of Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (4): 611–614. doi:10.1017/s0022336000023581. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   73622183.
  21. ↑ Parsley, Ronald L.; Sumrall, Colin D. (November 2007). "New recumbent echinoderm genera from the Bois d'Arc Formation: Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Coal County, Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (6): 1486–1493. doi:10.1666/04-072.1. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   131507840.
  22. ↑ Becker, R. Thomas; Mapes, Royal H. (2010-06-10). "Uppermost Devonian ammonoids from Oklahoma and their palaeobiogeographic significance". Acta Geologica Polonica. 60: 139–163.
  23. ↑ Harlton, Bruce H. (1933). "Micropaleontology of the Pennsylvanian Johns Valley Shale of the Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma, and Its Relationship to the Mississippian Caney Shale". Journal of Paleontology. 7 (1): 3–29. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1298118.
  24. ↑ Elias, Maxim K. (1957). "Late Mississippian Fauna from the Redoak Hollow Formation of Southern Oklahoma, Part II. Brachiopoda". Journal of Paleontology. 31 (3): 487–527. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1300529.
  25. ↑ Elias, Maxim K. (1959). "Some Mississippian Conodonts from the Ouachita Mountains": 141–165.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ↑ Katz, Steven G. (1978). "Revision of the Morrowan (Lower Pennsylvanian) Pentremites from Oklahoma and Arkansas". Journal of Paleontology. 52 (3): 675–682. ISSN   0022-3360. JSTOR   1303971.
  27. ↑ Lane, H. Richard; Straka, Joseph J. (1974), Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian Conodonts Arkansas and Oklahoma, Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 152, Geological Society of America, pp. 1–138, doi:10.1130/spe152-p1, ISBN   0-8137-2152-0 , retrieved 2022-03-10
  28. ↑ Brezinski, David K. (1990). "The trilobite genus Australosutura from the Osagean of Oklahoma". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 59: 61–70. doi: 10.5962/p.240765 . S2CID   251526039.
  29. ↑ Gordon, Mackenzie; Henry, Thomas W.; Treworgy, Janis D. (1993). "Late Mississippian Productoid Brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark Region of Oklahoma and Arkansas". Memoir (The Paleontological Society). 30: 1–29. ISSN   0078-8597. JSTOR   1315617.
  30. ↑ Brezinski, David K. (2017). "Some New Late Mississippian Trilobites from Oklahoma and Arkansas". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 84 (2): 173–178. doi:10.2992/007.084.0203. S2CID   90872931.
  31. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Lerner, Allan J.; Bruner, Montgomery; Shipman, Paul (January 2004). "Middle Pennsylvanian Ichnofauna from Eastern Oklahoma, USA". Ichnos. 11 (1–2): 45–55. doi:10.1080/10420940490442322. ISSN   1042-0940. S2CID   129033608.
  32. ↑ Schultze, Hans-Peter; Chorn, John (May 1986). "Palaeoniscoid (Actinopterygii, Pisces) vertebrae from the Late Paleozoic of central North America". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (3): 744–757. doi:10.1017/s0022336000022265. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   132233185.
  33. ↑ Pradel, Alan (December 2010). "Skull and brain anatomy of Late Carboniferous Sibyrhynchidae (Chondrichthyes, Iniopterygia) from Kansas and Oklahoma (USA)". Geodiversitas. 32 (4): 595–661. doi:10.5252/g2010n4a2. ISSN   1280-9659. S2CID   56249288.
  34. ↑ Ivanov, Alexander O.; Seuss, Barbara; Nützel, Alexander (2017-07-07). "The fish assemblage from the Pennsylvanian Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry Lagerstätte (Oklahoma, USA)". PalZ. 91 (4): 565–576. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0361-9. ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   134848451.
  35. ↑ Kissel, Richard A.; Lehman, Thomas M. (May 2002). "Upper Pennsylvanian tetrapods from the Ada Formation of Seminole County, Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (3): 529–545. doi:10.1017/s0022336000037355. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   232344420.
  36. ↑ May, William; Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Pardo, Jason D.; Benca, Jeff; Small, Bryan J. (July 2011). "New Upper Pennsylvanian armored dissorophid records (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the U.S. midcontinent and the stratigraphic distributions of dissorophids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 907–912. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.582532. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   129859785.
  37. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1962). "Vertebrates from the Flowerpot Formation, Permian of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular. 59: 5–48.
  38. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1970-04-17). "New and little known genera and species of vertebrates from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Fieldiana: Geology. 18: 359–434.
  39. ↑ Simpson, Larry C. (1976). Paleontology of the Garber formation (lower Permian) Tillman County, Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Graduate College. OCLC   3505550.
  40. ↑ Daly, Eleanor (1973). "A Lower Permian vertebrate fauna from Southern Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 47 (3): 562–589. JSTOR   1303204 – via JSTOR.
  41. ↑ MacDougall, Mark J.; Tabor, Neil J.; Woodhead, Jon; Daoust, Andrew R.; Reisz, Robert R. (2017-06-01). "The unique preservational environment of the Early Permian (Cisuralian) fossiliferous cave deposits of the Richards Spur locality, Oklahoma". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 475: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.019. ISSN   0031-0182.
  42. ↑ Carlson, Keith J. (November 1968). "The Skull Morphology and Estivation Burrows of the Permian Lungfish, Gnathorhiza Serrata". The Journal of Geology. 76 (6): 641–663. doi:10.1086/627389. ISSN   0022-1376. S2CID   129493320.
  43. ↑ Schultze, H.-P.; Chorn, J. (1997). "The Permo-Carboniferous genus Sagenodus and the beginning of modern lungfish". Contributions to Zoology. 67 (1): 9–70. doi: 10.1163/18759866-06701002 . ISSN   1383-4517.
  44. ↑ Williston, S. W. (1908-12-31). "The Skull and Extremities of Diplocaulus". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 22: 122–131. doi:10.2307/3624731. ISSN   0022-8443. JSTOR   3624731.
  45. ↑ Carroll, Robert L. (1978). The order Microsauria. Pamela Gaskill, American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN   0-87169-126-4. OCLC   4314948.
  46. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1971-05-01). "A skeleton of Lysorophus tricarinatus (Amphibia: Lepospondyli) from the Hennessey Formation (Permian) of Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 45 (3): 443–449. JSTOR   1302690 – via JSTOR.
  47. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1972). "Diplocaulus parvus n. sp.(Amphibia: Nectridea) from the Chickasha formation (Permian: Guadalupian) of Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 46 (5): 656–659. JSTOR   1303021 – via JSTOR.
  48. ↑ Haglund, Thomas R. (1977). "New occurrences and paleoecology of Peronedon primus Olson (Nectridea)". Journal of Paleontology. 51 (5): 982–985. JSTOR   1303770 – via JSTOR.
  49. ↑ Carlson, Keith J. (1999-12-13). "Crossotelos, an Early Permian nectridian amphibian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 623–631. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011176. ISSN   0272-4634.
  50. ↑ Anderson, Jason S. (November 2002). "Revision of the aïstopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli)". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (6): 1029–1046. doi:10.1017/s0022336000057851. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   232349658.
  51. ↑ Anderson, Jason S.; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert R. (2009-06-12). "Nannaroter mckinziei, a new ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1671/039.029.0222. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   130420068.
  52. ↑ Carlson, Keith J. (1987). "Perryella, a new temnospondylous amphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (1): 135–147. doi:10.1017/s0022336000028286. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   132718956.
  53. ↑ Williston, S. W. (April 1915). "Trimerorhachis, a Permian Temnospondyl Amphibian". The Journal of Geology. 23 (3): 246–255. doi: 10.1086/622229 . ISSN   0022-1376. S2CID   128461432.
  54. ↑ Bolt, John R. (1969-11-14). "Lissamphibian Origins: Possible Protolissamphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Science. 166 (3907): 888–891. doi:10.1126/science.166.3907.888. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17815754. S2CID   10813454.
  55. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Schoch, Rainer R.; Anderson, Jason S. (2009-04-04). "The armoured dissorophid Cacops from the Early Permian of Oklahoma and the exploitation of the terrestrial realm by amphibians". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (7): 789–796. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0533-x. ISSN   0028-1042. PMID   19347261. S2CID   11397128.
  56. ↑ Gee, Bryan M.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2019). "Dissorophid diversity at the early Permian cave system near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (2). doi: 10.26879/976 . ISSN   1094-8074. S2CID   201291334.
  57. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Barkas, Vaia; Scott, Diane (2002-03-14). "A new early Permian bolosaurid reptile from the Richards Spur Dolese Brothers Quarry, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0023:anepbr]2.0.co;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   129050218.
  58. ↑ Modesto, Sean P.; Reisz, Robert R. (2008-09-12). "New material ofColobomycter pholeter, a small parareptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 677–684. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[677:nmocpa]2.0.co;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   85991061.
  59. ↑ MacDougall, Mark J.; Reisz, Robert (2012-08-28). "A new parareptile (Parareptilia, Lanthanosuchoidea) from the Early Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1018–1026. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.679757. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   86218618.
  60. ↑ Vaughn, Peter Paul (May 1958). "A Specimen of the Captorhinid Reptile Captorhinikos Chozaensis Olson, 1954, from the Hennessey Formation, Lower Permian of Oklahoma". The Journal of Geology. 66 (3): 327–332. doi:10.1086/626510. ISSN   0022-1376. S2CID   129701748.
  61. ↑ J., Heaton, Malcolm (1979). Cranial anatomy of primitive captorhinid reptiles from the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian, Oklahoma and Texas. University of Oklahoma. OCLC   5462413.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  86. ↑ Hannibal, Joseph T.; May, William J. (2020-12-10). "Permian millipedes from the Fort Sill fissures of southwestern Oklahoma, with comments on allied taxa and millipedes preserved in karstic environments". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (3): 586–600. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.100 . ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   230600948.
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  112. ↑ "Glyptotherium Osborn 1903 (placental)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
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  115. ↑ Mayor (2005); "Comanche Fossil Medicine in Oklahoma", page 196.
  116. ↑ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 95.
  117. ↑ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", pages 95-96.
  118. 1 2 3 Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 96.
  119. ↑ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", pages 96-97.
  120. 1 2 3 Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 97.
  121. ↑ Foster (2007); "Saurophaganax maximus", page 176.

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References

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