Paleontology in Maryland

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The location of the state of Maryland Map of USA MD.svg
The location of the state of Maryland

Paleontology in Maryland refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Maryland. The invertebrate fossils of Maryland are similar to those of neighboring Delaware. [1] For most of the early Paleozoic era, Maryland was covered by a shallow sea, although it was above sea level for portions of the Ordovician and Devonian. The ancient marine life of Maryland included brachiopods and bryozoans while horsetails and scale trees grew on land. By the end of the era, the sea had left the state completely. In the early Mesozoic, Pangaea was splitting up. The same geologic forces that divided the supercontinent formed massive lakes. Dinosaur footprints were preserved along their shores. During the Cretaceous, the state was home to dinosaurs. During the early part of the Cenozoic era, the state was alternatingly submerged by sea water or exposed. During the Ice Age, mastodons lived in the state.

Contents

Local Delaware people told myths about a creature called the "Grandfather of the Monsters" and Little People that may have been inspired by local dinosaur footprints. By the 1850s, formal scientific investigation of the local fossils had commenced. Early discoveries included Astrodon , the first scientifically described sauropod from North America. Maryland was home to one of the most significant Pleistocene mammal discoveries in American history: the early 20th century discovery of Pleistocene fossils in an Allegany County cave. The Miocene murex snail Ecphora gardnerae gardnerae is the Maryland state fossil. Astrodon johnstoni is the state dinosaur of Maryland.

Prehistory

Astrodon. Astrodon johnstoni.jpg
Astrodon .

No Precambrian fossils are known from Maryland. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. Maryland was covered by a warm shallow sea during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. Geologic forces elevated the state above sea level late in the latter period, although the seas later returned. During the Devonian another period of uplift raised the state out of the sea, before erosion and subsidence brought it back under. One final episode of uplift during the Paleozoic occurred at the boundary between the Carboniferous and Permian. Maryland was home to creatures like brachiopods and bryozoans during periods where the state was under seawater. [2] While the sea was absent, horsetails and scale trees grew across the state. Maryland was hot and humid during the late Paleozoic. By the end of the era the state was almost entirely a terrestrial environment. [3]

During the Mesozoic powerful geologic forces were splitting the supercontinent of Pangaea. These same forces formed rifts in Maryland. Lakes and river formed in these rifts. Elements of the local flora would end up fossilized in sediments deposited by these same bodies of water. [3] The first of two dinosaur footprint bearing formations in Maryland were laid down during the Late Triassic on sediments that later became the Gettysburg Formation north of Emmitsburg in Frederick County. [4] For a 30 million year interval spanning the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic boundary, the Culpeper Basin was an extensive lake. [5]

Sea levels fluctuated during the ensuing Cretaceous period. Sometimes Maryland was subemerged under the sea and sometimes it was exposed as dry land. Contemporary marine life included brachiopods and molluscs. [3] Maryland and Washington, D.C. are the only places where Early Cretaceous dinosaur remains are known to have been preserved east of the Mississippi River. [6] The only known Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils discovered in Maryland were found in the Severn Formation of Prince George's County east of Washington, D.C. [7] Many Late Cretaceous sharks such as Squalicorax are found in the Severn formation, as well as the occasional Mosasaur fossil.

During the ensuing Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era, sea levels also varied substantially. [3] During the Paleocene Maryland was home to at least 10 different kinds of ostracods. [1] During the Miocene, Maryland was home to the sea turtle Bothremys , which may have fed by crushing snails. [8] The famed Chesapeake group exposes along the coast of Calvert County is known for its diverse Marine Mammal fauna. Many species of shark swam over Calvert County, including Otodus megalodon which was the largest shark ever to exist. The large amount of juveniles may mean it was a breeding or nursing ground for them. The Chesapeake group is also home to Maryland's state fossil, Ecphora gardenerae was one of the first described fossils in North America. It is known for its fragility and distinctive color, and recently was discovered to hold remnants of the original proteins from the living animal.

Glaciers never reached Maryland during the later Ice Age. However, they still affected the local environment as when water was trapped frozen in glaciers it caused the local sea levels to drop. The local climate was cold and the area often received snow. Because of this, the local flora were correspondingly different. The local wildlife was also different and included such animals as mastodons, mammoths, and smilodon. During warmer periods the glaciers would melt and sea levels rise. Clams, oysters, mussels, and snails lived in these higher waters and were preserved in the eastern part of the state. [3] On land, Pleistocene Maryland was home to a great diversity of mammals. [9] During the middle of that epoch, Maryland was covered in a moist woodland habitat. [1] Around this time a cavity in the limestone composing an Allegany County hill served as a death trap for many unwary animals over an extended period. Among the preserved remains were animals from very warm, intermediate and very cold climates, documenting the changes in the make up of the local wildlife in response to the planet's changing climate. [9] The mammals typifying the warm southern fauna included some of the bats, peccaries, and a tapir. A crocodile discovered in the cave showed evidence of reptilian megafauna existing in the state in prehistory. The intermediate latitude-type fauna was characterized by a badger, a variety of bears, deer, a mastodon, otter, and a puma-like animal. The mammals more typical of northern habitats included elk, a fisher, hare, lemming, mink, jumping mouse, muskrat, pika, porcupine, long-tailed shrew, red squirrel, and wolverine. [1] Large animals are conspicuously absent from the deposit and few of the fossils suggest anything larger than a modern black bear. Also conspicuous is the absence of many kinds of animal that are common in the Pleistocene deposits in the United States like bison, camels, giant ground sloths, grizzly bears, and musk oxen. [1]

History

Indigenous interpretations

The Lenape or Delaware people have lived in Maryland and told myths likely influenced by the theropod dinosaur tracks common in the area. They believed that in the early days of earth's history the land and sea were full of Monsters. The grandfather of these Monsters was the most terrifying Monster of all and menaced all living creatures. He was so huge that when he crossed the mountains he left footprints in solid rock. The creature was eventually killed by lightning after being trapped in a mountain pass. [10] Folklorist Adrienne Mayor has mused that the depiction of the grandfather of the Monsters in the Delaware myth resembles modern portrayals of Tyrannosaurus rex as a fearless, superlative predator. [11] The Delaware also had a fossil related custom where the women of the tribe collected "uki rocks" which were imprinted with the tracks of small dinosaurs. The Lenape attributed these footprints to mythical Little People. They believed that placing the trace fossil-bearing uki rocks along the edges of their fields would benefit their crops. [12]

Scientific research

In 1859, state agricultural chemist Philip T. Tyson discovered the first dinosaur fossils of the Arundel Formation in an iron pit at Bladensburg, Prince George's County. [13] The discovery consisted of two Early Cretaceous fossil teeth. Around the same time Tyson also discovered the Arundel Formation's first known fossil cycad trunks.[84] Tyson took the dinosaur teeth to a local doctor named Christopher Johnston. Johnston cut thin sections of one tooth to examine it under a microscope. He published a paper titled "Note Upon Odontography" in the American Journal of Dental Science. Johnson named the teeth Astrodon . [14] In 1865 Joseph Leidy formally named the species Astrodon johnstoni after Christopher Johnston. This represents the first formal naming of a sauropod species in North America. [14]

In late 1887 Othniel Charles Marsh sent John Bell Hatcher to look for dinosaur remains in the Arundel Clay. [15] While on this expedition, Hatcher discovered an iron mine on a farm near Muirkirk owned by a man named William Coffin. [16] This mine was nicknamed Swampoodle by the locals and became the best source of Early Cretaceous dinosaur fossils on the east coast of the US. Hatcher did most of his Maryland excavations during the winter, which was particularly harsh that year. [17] Early in 1888, Hatcher continued his grueling winter excavations of Arundel Clay dinosaur fossils. His efforts helped the region between Maryland and Washington D.C. become known as Dinosaur Alley. [17] Hatcher recovered hundreds of bones and teeth, although the remains were poorly preserved, disarticulated and often from animals who weren't fully grown. [18] Later in 1888, Marsh named five new species of dinosaurs based on the remains uncovered by Hatcher's 1887-1887 expedition to the Arundel Clay deposits of Dinosaur Alley. They were the ankylosaur Priconodon crassus , the sauropods Pleurocoelus altus and Pleurocoelus nanus , and the theropods Allosaurus medius and Coelurus gracilis . Although these remains are now regarded as Early Cretaceous, at the time Marsh thought them to be Late Jurassic. [19]

In 1894, Arthur Bibbins was hired by the Woman's College of Baltimore (now known as Goucher College) to teach biology, geology, and curate their museum. Bibbins began collecting fossils from the Arundel Clay that year and demonstrated significant skill in finding the trunks of fossil cycads. [19] During the summer of 1894, Bibbins learned that more dinosaur bones had been discovered locally both in the same iron mine Marsh had prospected and new localities. [20] Bibbins began prospecting these sites and quickly amassed a sizable collection of dinosaur bones, although he described the excavation work as "attended by much difficulty". [21] The only known dinosaur footprints in Maryland were discovered the next year in 1895 by James A. Mitchell in a Frederick County quarry north of Emmitsburg. [22] The prints were preserved in the rock of the Late Triassic Gettysburg Formation. [4] In addition to discovering them he also illustrated them. [22]

Early in the twentieth century, Maryland was home to one of the most significant Pleistocene mammal discoveries in American history. In 1912, workers digging in a cave for a railroad construction project about four miles west of Cumberland in Allegany County uncovered and incidentally destroyed many fossils in the course of their labor. However, eventually the scientific significance of the fossils was realized and paleontologist J. W. Gidley conducted fieldwork at the cave between 1912 and 1915. [23]

In 1965 the collection of fossils belonging to Goucher College, for whom Arthur Bibbins had collected cycad and dinosaur fossils, were permanently loaned to the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian. [21]

After J. W. Gidley's 1931 death, his son continued his father's work researching the fossils found in the Allegany County Cave. In 1938 the younger Gidley published a significant report on the subject in the scientific literature. The fossils obtained there are now curated by the Smithsonian Institution. [23] By the time of the 1938 report more than 50 different kinds of animals had been identified among the fossils. This variety included many animal groups that would have seemed much more typical of significantly higher or lower latitudes. Most of the animals were relatively small and some Pleistocene life forms common in other parts of the country were strangely absent. [1]

In 1952, the first known Paleocene deposits of Maryland were documented in Prince George's County. By early 1954 ten different species of ostracods had been described from those deposits. [1] Later, in 1966 researchers from the Carnegie Museum performed fieldwork at Scientists' Point on the Chesapeake Bay looking for invertebrate fossils. [24] More recently, in 1998, Astrodon johnstoni was designated the state dinosaur of Maryland.

People

Natural history museums

Notable clubs and associations

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Murray (1974); "Maryland", page 155.
  2. ↑ Glaser, John (1979). "Collecting Fossils in Maryland". Department of Natural Resources. p. 19.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Springer and Scotchmoor (2005); "Paleontology and geology".
  4. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "Pennsylvania/Maryland (Gettysburg Formation)", page 90.
  5. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Culpeper Basin", page 41.
  6. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Introduction", page 2.
  7. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Late Cretaceous Paradise", page 48.
  8. ↑ Everhart (2005); "Turtles: Leatherback Giants", page 112.
  9. 1 2 Murray (1974); "Maryland", pages 154-155.
  10. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", page 49.
  11. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", pages 49-50.
  12. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Fossil Footprints", page 50.
  13. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Arundel Iron Swamps", page 47.
  14. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "The East Coast Awakes", page 73.
  15. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 82.
  16. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", pages 82-83.
  17. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 83.
  18. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", pages 83-84.
  19. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 84.
  20. ↑ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", pages 84-85.
  21. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "Hatcher and Bibbins", page 85.
  22. 1 2 Weishampel and Young (1996); "More Early Footprints", pages 62-63.
  23. 1 2 Murray (1974); "Maryland", page 154.
  24. ↑ Murray (1974); "Maryland", page 156.
  25. 1 2 Garcia and Miller (1998); "Appendix C: Major Fossil Clubs", page 197.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Virginia</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Pennsylvania</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Delaware</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Connecticut</span>

Paleontology in Connecticut refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Connecticut. Apart from its famous dinosaur tracks, the fossil record in Connecticut is relatively sparse. The oldest known fossils in Connecticut date back to the Triassic period. At the time, Pangaea was beginning to divide and local rift valleys became massive lakes. A wide variety of vegetation, invertebrates and reptiles are known from Triassic Connecticut. During the Early Jurassic local dinosaurs left behind an abundance of footprints that would later fossilize.

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Paleontology in Rhode Island refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rhode Island has a relatively sparse fossil record. Among its more common fossils are plant remains that are frequently associated with the state's coal beds. During the early Paleozoic, Rhode Island was at least partially submerged under a sea inhabited by trilobites. During the Carboniferous period the state became a swampy environment where lush vegetation included trees more than 50 feet high. Local animal life included arachnids and insects like cockroaches. Rift basins formed locally during the Permian. The ensuing Triassic and Jurassic periods are absent from the state's rock record. Little is known about the state's Cretaceous history. The Paleogene and Neogene periods are also missing from Rhode Island's rock record. During the Pleistocene the state was subjected to glacial activity. Notable local fossil finds have included previously unknown kinds of insect and abundant ancient amphibian trackways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Massachusetts</span>

Paleontology in Massachusetts refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The fossil record of Massachusetts is very similar to that of neighboring Connecticut. During the early part of the Paleozoic era, Massachusetts was covered by a warm shallow sea, where brachiopods and trilobites would come to live. No Carboniferous or Permian fossils are known from the state. During the Cretaceous period the area now occupied by the Elizabeth Islands and Martha's Vineyard were a coastal plain vegetated by flowers and pine trees at the edge of a shallow sea. No rocks are known of Paleogene or early Neogene age in the state, but during the Pleistocene evidence indicates that the state was subject to glacial activity and home to mastodons. The local fossil theropod footprints of Massachusetts may have been at least a partial inspiration for the Tuscarora legend of the Mosquito Monster or Great Mosquito in New York. Local fossils had already caught the attention of scientists by 1802 when dinosaur footprints were discovered in the state. Other notable discoveries include some of the first known fossil of primitive sauropodomorphs and Podokesaurus. Dinosaur tracks are the Massachusetts state fossil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Vermont</span>

Paleontology in Vermont comprises paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Vermont. Fossils are generally uncommon in Vermont. Nevertheless, however, significant finds have been made in the state. Very few fossils are known in Vermont east of the Green Mountains due to the type of rock underlying that area. During the early part of the Paleozoic era, Vermont was covered by a warm, shallow sea that would end up being home to creatures like brachiopods, corals, crinoids, ostracoderms, and trilobites. There are no rocks in the state from the Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, or Jurassic periods. The few Cretaceous rocks present contain no fossils. The Paleogene and Neogene periods are also absent from the local rock record. During the Ice Age, glaciers scoured the state. At times the state was inundated by seawater, allowing marine mammals to venture in. After the seawater drained away the state was home to mastodons. Local fossils had already attracted scientific attention by the mid-19th century when mastodon remains were found in Rutland County. In 1950 a major Paleozoic invertebrate find occurred. The Pleistocene Beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas is the Vermont state fossil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in the United States</span>

Paleontology in the United States refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the United States. Paleontologists have found that at the start of the Paleozoic era, what is now "North" America was actually in the southern hemisphere. Marine life flourished in the country's many seas. Later the seas were largely replaced by swamps, home to amphibians and early reptiles. When the continents had assembled into Pangaea drier conditions prevailed. The evolutionary precursors to mammals dominated the country until a mass extinction event ended their reign.

The geological history of North America comprises the history of geological occurrences and emergence of life in North America during the interval of time spanning from the formation of the Earth through to the emergence of humanity and the start of prehistory. At the start of the Paleozoic Era, what is now "North" America was actually in the Southern Hemisphere. Marine life flourished in the country's many seas, although terrestrial life had not yet evolved. During the latter part of the Paleozoic, seas were largely replaced by swamps home to amphibians and early reptiles. When the continents had assembled into Pangaea, drier conditions prevailed. The evolutionary precursors to mammals dominated the country until a mass extinction event ended their reign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of paleontology in the United States</span>

The history of paleontology in the United States refers to the developments and discoveries regarding fossils found within or by people from the United States of America. Local paleontology began informally with Native Americans, who have been familiar with fossils for thousands of years. They both told myths about them and applied them to practical purposes. African slaves also contributed their knowledge; the first reasonably accurate recorded identification of vertebrate fossils in the new world was made by slaves on a South Carolina plantation who recognized the elephant affinities of mammoth molars uncovered there in 1725. The first major fossil discovery to attract the attention of formally trained scientists were the Ice Age fossils of Kentucky's Big Bone Lick. These fossils were studied by eminent intellectuals like France's George Cuvier and local statesmen and frontiersman like Daniel Boone, Benjamin Franklin, William Henry Harrison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington. By the end of the 18th century possible dinosaur fossils had already been found.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">20th century in ichnology</span>

The 20th century in ichnology refers to advances made between the years 1900 and 1999 in the scientific study of trace fossils, the preserved record of the behavior and physiological processes of ancient life forms, especially fossil footprints. Significant fossil trackway discoveries began almost immediately after the start of the 20th century with the 1900 discovery at Ipolytarnoc, Hungary of a wide variety of bird and mammal footprints left behind during the early Miocene. Not long after, fossil Iguanodon footprints were discovered in Sussex, England, a discovery that probably served as the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">19th century in ichnology</span>

The 19th century in ichnology refers to advances made between the years 1800 and 1899 in the scientific study of trace fossils, the preserved record of the behavior and physiological processes of ancient life forms, especially fossil footprints. The 19th century was notably the first century in which fossil footprints received scholarly attention. British paleontologist William Buckland performed the first true scientific research on the subject during the early 1830s.

References

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