Senna occidentalis

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Senna occidentalis
(MHNT) Senna occidentalis - Habit - Les Martels, Giroussens Tarn.jpg
Habit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Genus: Senna
Species:
S. occidentalis
Binomial name
Senna occidentalis
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Cassia occidentalisL.
    • Ditremexa occidentalis(L.) Britton & Rose
    • Cassia caroliniana Walter
    • Cassia ciliataRaf.
    • Cassia falcataL.)
    • Cassia foetida Willemet nom. illeg.
    • Cassia glaucescens Hoffmanns.
    • Cassia macradenia Collad.
    • Cassia obliquifolia Schrank
    • Cassia occidentalis var. aristataCollad.
    • Cassia occidentalis var. glabra Vogel nom. illeg.
    • Cassia papulosaHoffmanns.
    • Cassia planisiliquaL.
    • Cassia plumieriDC.
    • Diallobus falcatus(L.) Raf.
    • Ditremexa caroliniana(Walter) Raf.
    • Ditremexa fetidaRaf.
    • Psilorhegma planisiliqua(L.) Britton & Rose
    • Senna andhrica P.V.Ramana, J.Swamy & M.Ahmed.
    • Senna occidentalis var. andhrica(P.V.Ramana, J.Swamy & M.Ahmed.) K.W.Jiang
    • Senna orientalis Walp.
Habit in the Galapagos Islands Coffee senna - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Habit in the Galápagos Islands
Pods Coffee Senna 2.jpg
Pods

Senna occidentalis, commonly known as coffee senna, styptic weed, [3] or septicweed, [4] is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is native to the southern United States of America, Mexico and South America. It is a shrub with pinnate leaves, with three to seven pairs of broadly elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets, and yellow flowers arranged in groups of two to four, with six fertile stamens in each flower. It is an aggressive, pantropical weed.

Contents

Description

Senna occidentalis is a foetid shrub that typically grows to a height of 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) and has softly-hairy branches and stems. Its leaves are pinnate, 150–170 mm (5.9–6.7 in) long on a petiole 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) long, with three to seven pairs of broadly elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets 50–70 mm (2.0–2.8 in) long and 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) wide, spaced 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) apart. There is a sessile glands near the base of the petiole. [3] [5]

The flowers are yellow and arranged on the ends of branchlets and in upper leaf axils in groups of two to four on a peduncle 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long. The petals are up to 10 mm (0.39 in) long and there are six fertile stamens, the anthers varying in length from 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) long, and four staminodes. Flowering occurs all year, and the fruit is a cylindrical pod 120–180 mm (4.7–7.1 in) long, about 3 mm (0.12 in) wide and slightly curved. [3] [5]

Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus who gave it the name Cassia occidentalis in Species Plantarum from specimens collected in Jamaica. [6] [7] In 1829, Link transferred the species to the genus Senna as S. occidentalis in his Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewachse. [8] [9] The specific epithet (occidentalis) means "western". [10]

Distribution and habitat

Coffee senna is native to the southern United States of America, Mexico and South America, [2] but is an aggressive, pantropical weed. In Australia it is widespread but scattered in the north of Western Australia, [11] the Northern Territory, [12] South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. [3] [5]

Toxicity

The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle, [13] because it contains a known toxic derivative of anthraquinone called emodin. [14] and the seeds contain chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorpholine. [15] The plant is also has some poisonous characteristics to humans if enough of it is taken. [16]

Despite the claims of being poisonous, the leaves of this plant, Dhiguthiyara in the Maldivian language, [17] have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries [18] in dishes such as mas huni and also as a medicinal plant. [19]

Almost all parts (leaf, root, seeds) of the plant are used as food and medicine by tribal populations in India. However, consumption of Bana Chakunda seeds has been identified as a possible cause of death of tribal children due to acute Encephalopathy (see Acute HME syndrome). [20] [21] Once the plant was identified as the cause, the number of deaths plummeted. [22]

The same thing happened in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where 16 outbreaks were recorded. [23] This was a record in comparison to the clinical study of 1979, at which eight calves died after contracting dyspnea, neutrophilia and tachycardia from consumption of the plant. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link</span> German naturalist and botanist

Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link was a German naturalist and botanist. The standard author abbreviation Link is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

<i>Senna obtusifolia</i> Species of legume

Senna obtusifolia, known by common names including Chinese senna, American sicklepod and sicklepod, is a plant in the genus Senna, sometimes separated in the monotypic genus Diallobus. It grows wild in North, Central, and South America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, and is considered a particularly problematic weed in many places. It has a long-standing history of confusion with Senna tora and that taxon in many sources actually refers to the present species.

<i>Senna tora</i> Species of flowering plant

Senna tora is a plant species in the family Fabaceae and the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Its name is derived from its Sinhala name tora (තෝර). It grows wild in most of the tropics and is considered a weed in many places. Its native range is in Central America. Its most common English name is sickle senna or sickle wild sensitive-plant. Other common names include sickle pod, tora, coffee pod and foetid cassia. It is often confused with Chinese senna or sickle pod, Senna obtusifolia.

<i>Senna</i> (plant) Genus of flowering leguminous plants

Senna, the sennas, is a large genus of flowering plants in the legume family. This diverse genus is native throughout the tropics, with a small number of species in temperate regions. The number of species is estimated to be from about 260 to 350. The type species for the genus is Senna alexandrina. About 50 species of Senna are known in cultivation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthraquinones</span> Type of compounds

For the parent molecule 9,10-anthraquinone, see anthraquinone

Cassia falcata may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emodin</span> Chemical compound

Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is an organic compound. Classified as an anthraquinone,it can be isolated from rhubarb, buckthorn, and Japanese knotweed. Emodin is particularly abundant in the roots of the Chinese rhubarb, knotweed and knotgrass as well as Hawaii ‘au‘auko‘i cassia seeds or coffee weed. It is specifically isolated from Rheum palmatum L. It is also produced by many species of fungi, including members of the genera Aspergillus, Pyrenochaeta, and Pestalotiopsis, inter alia. The common name is derived from Rheum emodi, a taxonomic synonym of Rheum australe, and synonyms include emodol, frangula emodin, rheum emodin, 3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, Schüttgelb (Schuttgelb), and Persian Berry Lake.

<i>Senna artemisioides</i> Species of plant

Senna artemisioides, commonly known as silver cassia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia, where it is found in all mainland states and territories. It is a small, woody shrub with silver-green leaves and yellow flowers.

<i>Senna alata</i> Species of legume

Senna alata is an important medicinal tree, as well as an ornamental flowering plant in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It also known as emperor's candlesticks, candle bush, candelabra bush, Christmas candles, empress candle plant, ringworm shrub, or candletree. A remarkable species of Senna, it was sometimes separated in its own genus, Herpetica.

<i>Senna bicapsularis</i> Species of legume

Senna bicapsularis is a species of the legume genus Senna, native to northern South America, from Panama south to Venezuela and Colombia, and also the West Indies. Common names include rambling senna, winter cassia, Christmas bush, money bush, and yellow candlewood. In Florida, Senna pendula is usually cultivated as, and misapplied to, S. bicapsularis.

<i>Senna gaudichaudii</i> Species of plant

Senna gaudichaudii, also known by many common names, including kolomana in Hawaii and as blunt-leaved senna in Australia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is native to some Pacific Islands including Hawaii, parts of Southeast Asia and Queensland in Australia. It is shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves, usually with three to five pairs of oblong to egg-shaped leaflets, and yellow flowers arranged in groups of four to ten, with ten fertile stamens in each flower.

<i>Senna reticulata</i> Species of legume

Senna reticulata, the mangerioba grande or maria mole in Portuguese, is a pioneer tree species found on highly fertile floodplains in South America. It has some medicinal uses, but is regarded by farmers as a noxious weed, named matapasto due to its ability to grow fast and outshade neighbouring plants.

C. caroliniana may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants in the heather family Ericaceae

Ericoideae is a subfamily of Ericaceae, containing nineteen genera, and 1,790 species, the largest of which is Rhododendron, followed by Erica. The Ericoideae bear spiral leaves with flat laminae. The pedicel is articulated and the flowers are pendulous or erect, and monosymmetric, with an abaxial median sepal. The carpels are free and the anthers lack appendages. The capsule is septicidal.

<i>Senna acclinis</i> Species of legume

Senna acclinis, commonly known as rainforest cassia or brush senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of eastern Australia. It is a shrub with pinnate leaves and bright golden yellow flowers in groups of two to five and long, narrow seed pods. It is similar to other species of Senna that are environmental weeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melanthiales</span> Extinct order of flowering plants

MelanthialesLink was an order of monocotyledons, whose name and botanical authority is derived by typification from the description of the type family, Melanthiaceae by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1829.

<i>Senna surattensis</i> Species of leguminous plant

Senna surattensis, also called glossy shower, scrambled egg tree, glossy shower, golden Senna, glaucous Cassia, sunshine tree and bushy Cassia, is a plant species of the legume family (Fabaceae) in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae that is native to southeast Asia, and possibly northern and eastern Australia. S. surattensis is named after Surat district, situated near Bombay, India.

<i>Senna notabilis</i> Species of plant

Senna notabilis, commonly known as cockroach bush, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, and is endemic to northern Australia. It is an erect, softly-hairy, annual or perennial shrub with pinnate leaves with six to twelve pairs of lance-shaped leaflets, and yellow flowers arranged in groups of twenty to thirty, with seven fertile stamens in each flower.

<i>Senna multijuga</i> Species of plant

Senna multijuga, commonly known as November shower or false sicklepod, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to wet tropical areas of Latin America, and widely introduced to other tropical locales such as Africa, India, Indonesia, China, Australia, and Hawaii. A fast-growing tree typically 10 m (33 ft) tall, it is planted in restoration projects, as an ornamental, and as a street tree, being especially useful under power lines.

<i>Senna phyllodinea</i> Species of plant

Senna phyllodinea is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, and is endemic to arid areas of inland Australia. It is a spreading, bushy shrub with its leaves reduced to curved phyllodes, and yellow flowers arranged in racemes with ten fertile stamens in each flower.

References

  1. ↑ Rotton, H. & Klitgård, B. (2021). "Senna occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T130525346A158506718. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Senna occidentalis". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Wiecek, Barbara. "Senna occidentalis". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  4. ↑ NRCS. "Senna occidentalis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 "Senna occidentalis". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  6. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  7. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. Berlin: Junk. p. 377. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  8. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  9. ↑ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 264. ISBN   9780958034180.
  10. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  11. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  12. ↑ Barth, AT; Kommers, GD; Salles, MS; Wouters, F; de Barros, CS (1994). "Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil". Vet Hum Toxicol. 36 (6): 541–5. PMID   7900275.
  13. ↑ Chukwujekwu, J.C.; Coombes, P.H.; Mulholland, D.A.; van Staden, J. (2006). "Emodin, an antibacterial anthraquinone from the roots of Cassia occidentalis". South African Journal of Botany. 72 (2): 295–297. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2005.08.003 .
  14. ↑ Kim, Hyeong L.; Camp, Bennie J.; Grigsby, Ronald D. (1971). "Isolation of N-methylmorpholine from the seeds of Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 19 (1): 198–199. doi:10.1021/jf60173a026. PMID   5540753.
  15. ↑ "Senna occidentalis". North Carolina State University - Extension Gardener. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  16. ↑ "Thimaaveshi – Catalogue of Plants – Edition II" (PDF). October 2009.
  17. ↑ "List of food items in 'Maldives Coding System'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  18. ↑ Xavier Romero-Frias (2003). The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Nova Ethnographia Indica. ISBN   8472548015.
  19. ↑ "Experts' report on Malkangiri kids death evokes mixed reaction". 19 November 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  20. ↑ Nadiya Chand Kanungo (25 November 2016). "Strange: Now M'giri kids' deaths linked to Chakunda Plant rather rich in medicinal properties". The Daily Pioneer . Bhubaneswar . Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  21. ↑ Vashishtha VM; Kumar A; John TJ; Nayak NC (2007). "Cassia occidentalis poisoning as the probable cause of hepatomyoencephalopathy in children in western Uttar Pradesh" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Research . 125 (6): 756–762. PMID   17704552. S2CID   12820053. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  22. ↑ Carmo, Priscila M.S.; Irigoyen, Luiz Francisco; Lucena, Ricardo B.; Fighera, Rafael A.; Kommers, Glaucia D.; Barros, Claudio S.L. (February 2011). "Spontaneous coffee senna poisoning in cattle: report on 16 outbreaks". Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 31 (2). Rio de Janeiro: 139–146. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2011000200008 .
  23. ↑ Rogers, R.J.; Giboson, J.; Reichmann, K.G. (September 1979). "The Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis for Cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal. 55 (9): 408–412. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb05590.x. PMID   543831.
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