Sida cordifolia

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Sida cordifolia
Sida cordifolia (Bala) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9420.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Sida
Species:
S. cordifolia
Binomial name
Sida cordifolia
L.

Sida cordifolia ('ilima, [1] flannel weed, [2] bala, country mallow or heart-leaf sida) is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It has naturalized throughout the world, and is considered an invasive weed in Africa, Australia, the southern United States, Hawaiian Islands, New Guinea, and French Polynesia. [3] [4] [5] The specific name, cordifolia, refers to the heart-shaped leaf. [4] [6]

Contents

Description

Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial that reaches 50 to 200 cm (20 to 79 in) tall, with the entire plant covered with soft white felt-like hair that is responsible for one of its common names, "flannel weed". The stems are yellow-green, hairy, long, and slender. The yellow-green leaves are oblong-ovate, covered with hairs, and 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3.0 in) long by 2.5 to 6 cm (0.98 to 2.36 in) wide. The flowers are dark yellow, sometimes with a darker orange center, with a hairy 5-lobed calyx and 5-lobed corolla. [4]

As a weed, it invades cultivated and overgrazed fields, competing with more desired species and contaminating hay. [7]

Medicinal use

in Hyderabad, India. Sida cordifolia (Bala) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9423.jpg
in Hyderabad, India.

Sida cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic medicine (Sanskrit:-BALA). [8]

Known as "malva branca", it is a plant used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, blennorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion, [9] stomatitis, of asthma and nasal congestion [10] and in many parts of Africa for various ailments, particularly for respiratory problems. [11] It has been investigated as an anti-inflammatory, [12] [13] for preventing cell proliferation, [14] and for encouraging liver re-growth. [15] Because of its ephedrine content, it possesses psychostimulant properties, affecting the central nervous system and also the heart. [16]

Sida cordifolia flower Sida cordifolia flower.JPG
Sida cordifolia flower

Phytochemistry

The following alkaloids were reported from S. cordifolia growing in India: [17] β-phenethylamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, S-(+)-Nb-methyltryptophan methyl ester, hypaphorine, vasicinone, vasicinol, choline, and betaine.

No tannin or glycosides have been identified from the plant. The roots and stems contain the alkaloid ephedrine, normally observed in the different varieties of the gymnosperm genus Ephedra . Recent analyses have revealed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine constitute the major alkaloids from the aerial parts of the plant, which also show traces of sitosterol and palmitic, stearic and hexacosanoic acids. Two flavanones—5,7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone and 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone—and two phytosterols—β-sitosterol and stigmasterol—have been isolated from the plant. [18] The analgesic alkaloid (5′-Hydroxymethyl-1′-(1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one) has also been found. [19] Sterculic acid, malvalic acid, and coronaric acid have been isolated from the seed oil, along with other fatty acids. [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkaloid</span> Class of naturally occurring chemical compounds

Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen or sulfur. More rarely still, they may contain elements such as phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephedra (medicine)</span> Medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica

Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine, in which it is referred to as Ma Huang, for more than 2,000 years. Native Americans and Mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from other Ephedra species, called "Mormon tea" and "Indian tea".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noscapine</span> Chemical compound

Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, of the phthalideisoquinoline structural subgroup, which has been isolated from numerous species of the family Papaveraceae. It lacks significant hypnotic, euphoric, or analgesic effects affording it with very low addictive potential. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.

<i>Passiflora incarnata</i> Species of vine

Passiflora incarnata, commonly known as maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild apricot, and wild passion vine, is a fast-growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. A member of the passionflower genus Passiflora, the maypop has large, intricate flowers with prominent styles and stamens. One of the hardiest species of passionflower, it is both found as a wildflower in the southern United States and in cultivation for its fruit and striking bluish purple blooms.

<i>Sida rhombifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Sida rhombifolia, commonly known as arrowleaf sida, is a perennial or sometimes annual plant in the Family Malvaceae, native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. Other common names include rhombus-leaved sida, Paddy's lucerne, jelly leaf, and also somewhat confusingly as Cuban jute, Queensland-hemp, and Indian hemp. Synonyms include Malva rhombifolia. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine, where it is known as kurumthotti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umbelliferone</span> Chemical compound

Umbelliferone, also known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, skimmetine, and beta-umbelliferone, is a natural product of the coumarin family.

<i>Mesembryanthemum tortuosum</i> Species of succulent

Mesembryanthemum tortuosum is a succulent plant in the family Aizoaceae native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It is known as kanna, channa, kougoed —which literally means, 'chew(able) things' or 'something to chew'.

<i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Hydrocotyle umbellata is an aquatic plant that thrives in wet, sandy habitat. Its English common name is manyflower marshpennywort or dollarweed. It is native to North America and parts of South America. In Brazil it is known as acariçoba and has applications in herbal medicine with purported anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It can also be found growing as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed on other continents. It is an edible weed that can be used in salads or as a pot herb.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuding</span> Bitter infusion used in traditional Chinese medicine

Kuding is a particularly bitter-tasting Chinese infusion, which due to their similarities in appearance is derived from several plant species. The two most common plants used to make kuding are the wax tree species Ligustrum robustum and the holly species Ilex kaushue, the former being more commonly grown in Sichuan and Japan while the latter is most commonly grown and used in the rest of China. Tea produced from Ligustrum or many species of Ilex is caffeine-free, although not Ilex paraguariensis, the source of mate drank in South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malvin</span> Chemical compound

Malvin is a naturally occurring chemical of the anthocyanin family.

<i>Tridax procumbens</i> Species of flowering plant

Tridax procumbens, commonly known as coatbuttons or tridax daisy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is best known as a widespread weed and pest plant. It is native to the tropical Americas including Mexico, but it has been introduced to tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate regions worldwide. It is listed as a noxious weed in the United States and has pest status in nine states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oleanolic acid</span> Pentacyclic chemical compound in plant leaves and fruit

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid related to betulinic acid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins.

<i>Mesembryanthemum cordifolium</i> Species of plant

Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, formerly known as Aptenia cordifolia, is a species of succulent plant in the iceplant family. It is a creeping plant that forms a carpet of flat-growing perennial herbs in groups on the ground from a base. Genus name means middle-embryo flower in reference to the position of the ovary in the flower. The specific epithet is derived from Latin for heart-shaped leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmatine</span> Chemical compound

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Coptis Chinensis and Corydalis yanhusuo, Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora sagittata, Phellodendron amurense, Stephania yunnanensis.

<i>Eryngium foetidum</i> Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae

Eryngium foetidum is a tropical perennial herb in the family Apiaceae. Common names include culantro, recao, chadon beni, Mexican coriander, bandhaniya, long coriander, Burmese coriander, sawtooth coriander, and ngò gai. It is native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America, but is cultivated worldwide, mostly in the tropics as a perennial, but sometimes in temperate climates as an annual.

<i>Clerodendrum infortunatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Clerodendrum infortunatum, known as bhat or hill glory bower, is a perennial shrub belonging to the family Lamiaceae, also sometimes classified under Verbenaceae. It is the type species among ~150 species of Clerodendrum. It is one of the most well-known natural health remedies in traditional practices and siddha medicine.

Alpinia nigra is a medium-sized herb belonging to the ginger family. The rhizome is well known in many Asian cultures as a medicinal and culinary item. In many Asian tribal communities it is a part of the diet along with rice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theacrine</span> Chemical compound

Theacrine, also known as 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid, is a purine alkaloid found in Cupuaçu and in a Chinese tea known as kucha. It shows anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and appears to affect adenosine signalling in a manner similar to caffeine. In kucha leaves, theacrine is synthesized from caffeine in what is thought to be a three-step pathway. Theacrine and caffeine are structurally similar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</span> Opioid analgesic compound

Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a rearrangement product of 7-hydroxymitragynine and active metabolite of mitragynine. It is an analgesic being more potent than morphine.

References

  1. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sida cordifolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  2. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ↑ "Invasive and Noxious Weeds". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 William Thomas Parsons; Eric George Cuthbertson (March 2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. Csiro Publishing. pp. 511–. ISBN   978-0-643-06514-7 . Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  5. ↑ C. W. Agyakwa; I. O. Akobundu (1998). A handbook of West African weeds. IITA. pp.  563–. ISBN   978-978-131-129-1 . Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  6. ↑ "Sida cordifolia". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 2006-10-25. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  7. ↑ Pitt, J. L. (March 1, 2002). "Flannel Weed" (PDF). Agnote. ISSN   0157-8243. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  8. ↑ Pole, Sebastian (2006). Ayurvedic Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 137. ISBN   978-0-443-10090-1 . Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  9. ↑ Franzotti, EM; Santos, CV; Rodrigues, HM; Mourão, RH; Andrade, MR; Antoniolli, AR (2000). "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca)". J. Ethnopharmacol. 72 (1–2): 273–7. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1. PMID   10967481.
  10. ↑ Franco, CI; Morais, LC; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Almeida, RN; Antoniolli, AR (2005). "CNS pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L. leaves". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 98 (3): 275–279. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.008. PMID   15814259.
  11. ↑ Markus S. Mueller; Ernst Mechler (2005). Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use - Experience - Facts. Thieme. pp. 138–. ISBN   978-3-13-138341-9 . Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  12. ↑ Franzotti, EM; Santos, CV; Rodrigues, HM; Mourão, RH; Andrade, MR; Antoniolli, AR (Sep 2000). "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 72 (1–2): 273–7. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1. ISSN   0378-8741. PMID   10967481.
  13. ↑ Kanth, VR; Diwan, PV (Feb 1999). "Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida cordifolia". Phytotherapy Research. 13 (1): 75–7. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199902)13:1<75::AID-PTR387>3.0.CO;2-F . ISSN   0951-418X. PMID   10189958.
  14. ↑ Jenny, M; Schwaiger, W; Bernhard, D; Wrulich, OA; Cosaceanu, D; Fuchs, D; Ueberall, F (Sep 2005). "Apoptosis induced by the Tibetan herbal remedy PADMA 28 in the T cell-derived lymphocytic leukaemia cell line CEM-C7H2". Journal of Carcinogenesis. 4: 15. doi: 10.1186/1477-3163-4-15 . PMC   1232859 . PMID   16138918.
  15. ↑ Silva, RL; Melo, GB; Melo, VA; Antoniolli, AR; Michellone, PR; Zucoloto, S; Picinato, MA; Franco, CF; Mota, GDE; Castro e Silva, Orlando DE (2006). "Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy". Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 21 (Suppl 1): 37–9. doi: 10.1590/S0102-86502006000700009 . ISSN   0102-8650. PMID   17013511.
  16. ↑ Adam C. Munhall; Steven W. Johnson (January 2006). "Dopamine-mediated actions of ephedrine in the rat substantia nigra". Brain Research. 1069 (1): 96–103. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.044. PMID   16386715. S2CID   40626692.
  17. ↑ Ghosal, S.; Chauhan, R. B. P. S.; Mehta, R. (1975). "Alkaloids of Sidia cordifolia". Phytochemistry. 14 (3): 830–832. Bibcode:1975PChem..14..830G. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(75)83057-3.
  18. ↑ Sutradhar, R.K.; Rahman, A.K.M.M.; Ahmad, M.U.; Bachar, S.C. (2008). "Bioactive flavones of Sida cordifolia". Phytochemistry Letters. 1 (4): 179–182. Bibcode:2008PChL....1..179S. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.004.
  19. ↑ Sutradhar, R.K.; Matior Rahman, A.K.M.; Ahmad, M.; Bachar, S.C.; Saha, A.; Guha, S.K. (2006). "Bioactive alkaloid from Sida cordifolia Linn. with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities". Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5 (2): 175–178.
  20. ↑ Farooqi, J.A.; Ahmad, M. (1985). "Sida cordifolia seed oil a rich source of hydrogen bromide reactive fatty acids". Chemistry & Industry (14): 483–484.
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