Sonchus arvensis

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Sonchus arvensis
Sonchus arvensis.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Sonchus
Species:
S. arvensis
Binomial name
Sonchus arvensis
L. 1753
Synonyms [1]
Synonymy
  • Hieracium arvense(L.) Scop.
  • Sonchoseris arvensisFourr.
  • Sonchoseris decoraFourr.
  • Sonchus exaltatusWallr.
  • Sonchus glandulosusSchur
  • Sonchus hantoniensisSweet
  • Sonchus hispidusGilib.
  • Sonchus laevissimusSchur
  • Sonchus nitidusVill.
  • Sonchus pratensisSchur
  • Sonchus repensBubani
  • Sonchus vulgarisRouy
  • Sonchus humilisN.I.Orlova
  • Sonchus ketzkhoveliiSchchian
  • Sonchus uliginosusM.Bieb.

Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle, [2] field sowthistle, [3] perennial sow-thistle, [4] corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. S. arvensis often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses. [5]

Contents

Description

The plant grows up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in height, [6] : 744  with leaves 10–35 cm (4–13+3⁄4 in) long and 4–14 cm (1+1⁄2–5+1⁄2 in) wide. [7] It produces conspicuous yellow flowerheads about 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) wide, [7] which are visited by various types of insects—especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis . [8]

Distribution

Sonchus arvensis is native to Eurasia, where it is widespread across most of the continent. [9] It has also become naturalized in many other regions, and is considered an invasive noxious weed in some places, such as North America (including Prince Edward Island), [10] Russia, New Zealand, and Australia. [11] [12] [13]

It grows in areas such as pastures, roadsides, bushlands and the shorelines of lakes, rivers [14] and sea coast. [15]

A study conducted in 2003 has shown that with future global atmospheric carbon levels, S. arvensis shows increased growth with increased atmospheric carbon which could potentially expand its range and outcompete native species. [16]

Uses

The young leaves, when less than a few inches long and not bitter in taste, can be mixed with other greens to make salad. They can also be boiled in a small quantity of water, changed once. The plant can contain toxic nitrates. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Sonchus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Sonchus is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae and are commonly known as sow thistles. Sowthistles are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with or without rhizomes and a few are even woody.

<i>Grindelia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Grindelia (gumweed) is a genus of plants native to the Americas belonging to the family Asteraceae. The genus was named for Latvian botanist David Hieronymus Grindel, 1776–1836.

<i>Sonchus asper</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Sonchus asper, the prickly sow-thistle, rough milk thistle, spiny sowthistle, sharp-fringed sow thistle, or spiny-leaved sow thistle, is a widespread flowering plant in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.

Acanthospermum humile is a species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the West Indies but naturalized in parts of South America, Central America, and North America.

<i>Sonchus oleraceus</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae

Sonchus oleraceus is a species of flowering plant in the tribe Cichorieae of the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and Western Asia. It has many common names including common sowthistle, sow thistle, smooth sow thistle, annual sow thistle, hare's colwort, hare's thistle, milky tassel, milk thistle. and soft thistle.

<i>Clibadium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Clibadium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Oblivia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Oblivia is a genus of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.

<i>Pseudogynoxys</i>

Pseudogynoxys is a genus of flowering plant in the groundsel tribe within the sunflower family, native to North and South America.

Critoniadelphus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

Trigonospermum is a genus of Mesoamerican plants in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Gymnosperma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gymnosperma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The only known species is Gymnosperma glutinosum, also known as gumhead, which is native to Mexico, Guatemala, and the southwestern United States.

Spiracantha is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Vernonieae within the family Asteraceae.

<i>Synedrella</i> Genus of plants

Synedrella is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Sonchus tenerrimus</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Sonchus tenerrimus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name slender sowthistle. It is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. It has been found as well in several other locations around the world, historically in association with ship ballast in coastal regions. It has become naturalized in a few places, such as California in the United States and Baja California in Mexico.

Eryngium jaliscense is a plant species native to the Mexican State of Jalisco. It grows in scattered populations in pine forests and other shaded slopes at elevations of 1,200–1,600 m (3,900–5,200 ft).

Trixis inula, the tropical threefold, is a plant species native to Texas, Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and the West Indies. It is found on open, sandy sites such as roadsides, thorn scrub, thickets, etc.

<i>Ardisia escallonioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Ardisia escallonioides, the Island marlberry, is a plant species native to the West Indies and neighboring areas. It has been reported from Barbados, Bermuda, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Florida.

Chaptalia albicans, the white sunbonnet, is a plant species native to Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. It is known from Jamaica, Cuba, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas.

<i>Arctotis venusta</i> Species of plant

Arctotis venusta is a species of South African plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include silver arctotis, kusgousblom, and blue-eyed African daisy. It is native to South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. The species is widely cultivated as an ornamental, and has become naturalized in parts of the United States, Australia, and Central and South America, where it has escaped from gardens to become a noxious weed.

<i>Cirsium horridulum</i> Species of thistle

Cirsium horridulum, called bristly thistle, purple thistle, or yellow thistle is a North American species of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. It is an annual or biennial. The species is native to the eastern and southern United States from New England to Florida, Texas, and Oklahoma as well as to Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Bahamas.

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Sonchus arvensis L.
  2. ↑ Sonchus arvensis at Plants For A Future
  3. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sonchus arvensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  4. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ↑ "Sonchus arvensis (perennial sowthistle)". Invasive Species Compendium . 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  6. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  7. 1 2 3 Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 103. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.
  8. ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608.
  9. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Sonchus arvensis L. includes photos, European distribution map
  10. ↑ Guardian, The. "'Giant dandelion' taking up space in P.E.I." The Guardian (Charlottetown) . Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  11. ↑ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  12. ↑ Davidse, G., M. Sousa-Peña, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. 2015. Asteraceae. 5(2): ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  13. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  14. ↑ Corn sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) by NSW WeedWise
  15. ↑ "Sonchus arvensis". Online Atlas of the British Flora. Biological Records Centre and Botanical society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  16. ↑ Ziska, L. H. (2003-01-02). "Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide". Journal of Experimental Botany. 54 (381): 395–404. doi:10.1093/jxb/erg027. ISSN   0022-0957.
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