Spondias pinnata

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Spondias pinnata
Spondias pinnata 01.JPG
Leaves
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Spondias
Species:
S. pinnata
Binomial name
Spondias pinnata
Synonyms [2]
13 synonyms
Trunk of specimen in Cat Tien National Park Spondias pinnata trunk.jpg
Trunk of specimen in Cat Tien National Park

Spondias pinnata, sometimes also known as hog plum, is a species of tree with edible sour fruits. It is native to the Philippines and Indonesia, but has been widely naturalized in South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Southern China, and the Solomon Islands. [3] [4] It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. [5] [6] [7] This species, among several others, has sometimes been called the "wild (or forest) mango" in other languages and was once placed in the genus Mangifera . It is found in lowlands and hill forests up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft). [3]

Contents

Description

Spondias pinnata is a deciduous tree up to 25 m (82 ft) in height); branchlets yellowish brown and glabrous. [3] [4] The leaves are large, with pairs of leaflets (see illustration) on petioles that are 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) and glabrous; leaf blades 300–400 mm (12–16 in), imparipinnately compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets; leaflet petiolule 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in); leaflet blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 70–120 mm (2.8–4.7 in) × 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in), papery, glabrous on both sides, with margins that are serrate or entire; the apex is acuminate, lateral veins 12-25 pairs.

The inflorescence is paniculate, terminal, 250–350 mm (9.8–13.8 in) and glabrous, with basal first order branches 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in). The flowers are mostly sessile and small, white and glabrous; calyx lobes are triangular, approx. 0.5 mm (0.020 in). Petals are ovate-oblong, approximately 2.5 mm × 1.5 mm (0.098 in × 0.059 in); stamens are approximately 1.5 mm (0.059 in).

The fruit is a drupe ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, olive green becoming yellowish orange at maturity, 35–50 mm (1.4–2.0 in) × 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in); inner part of endocarp woody and grooved, outer part fibrous; mature fruit usually have 2 or 3 seeds. In China, it flowers from April–June and fruits from August–September. [3]

Vernacular names

Spondias pinnata may be called in:

Uses

The fruits have a sour taste and can be eaten raw or made into jams, jellies, or juices. They can also be used as feed for pigs (hence the common name "hog plum"). [4]

In the Philippines, libas leaves and fruits are used as a souring agent in various native dishes like sinigang , sinanglay , or laing . [4]

In India, ambda pickle is made using quartered ambda fruits preserved in mustard oil, salt, and spices. Along with mango and chili pepper pickle, it is the most common type of pickle found in households in many parts of India.

Spondias pinnata specimens from Kerala, India:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Amitha Bachan, K.H.; Devika, M.A. (2024). "Spondias pinnata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024: e.T169579321A169589670. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T169579321A169589670.en . Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  2. 1 2 "Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Spondias pinnata". Flora of China. 11: 339. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Florido, Helen B.; Cortiguerra, Fe F. (2003). "Lesser Known Edible Tree Species" (PDF). Research Information Series on Ecosystems. 15 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Kurz, 1875 In: Prelim. Rep. For. et Veg. Pegu. Append. A. 44, app. B. 42
  6. ↑ Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  7. ↑ World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World
  8. ↑ LETI, Mathieu, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing, Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Paris: Privat, 2013, p. 63.
  9. ↑ Heyne, Karel (1913). De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). Buitenzorg: Museum voor Economische Botanie. pp. 135–6.
  10. ↑ Klaus Wenk (1968). The restoration of Thailand under Rama I, 1782–1809. Association for Asian Studies/University of Arizona Press. p. 18.
  11. ↑ William Warren (2002). Bangkok. Reaktion Books. p. 13.
  12. ↑ Singh and Chunekar (1972). Singh and Chunekar, Glossary Of Vegetable Drugs In Brihattrayi (1972). p. 37.
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