Stichaeidae

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Stichaeidae
Arctic shanny, Sticheus punctatus, in Newfoundland (7273715176).jpg
Arctic shanny (Sticheus punctatus) in Newfoundland
Cebidichthys violaceus.jpg
Cebidichthys violaceus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Suborder: Zoarcoidei
Family: Stichaeidae
Gill, 1864 [1]
Subfamilies [2]

see text

Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes. Most species are found in the North Pacific Ocean with a few in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Contents

Taxonomy

Stichaeidae was first proposed as a family in 1864 by the American zoologist Theodore Gill, although he called it the Stichaeoidae. [2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes. [3] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic. [4]

Fishes of the World mentions six subfamilies but does not assign genera to the subfamilies [3] while other authorities split the Cebidichthyidae, Opisthocentridae, Lumpenidae and Neozoarcidae from the Sitchaeidae as valid families. The genera which are classified within the family Eulophiidae were also previously included within the Stichaeidae. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

Subfamilies and genera

The family Stichaeidae is classified into 6 subfamilies and 36 genera as follows († means extinct): [2]

Catalog of Fishes classifies these fishes as follows: [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

  • Family Stichaeidae
    • Subfamily Stichaeinae Gill, 1864
      • Genus Dinogunellus Herzenstein, 1890
      • Genus ErnogrammusJordan & Evermann, 1898
      • Genus PlagiogrammusT.H. Bean, 1894
      • Genus StichaeopsisKner, 1870
      • Genus StichaeusReinhardt, 1836
      • Genus UlvariaJordan & Evermann, 1896
    • Subfamily Chirolophinae Jordan & Evermann 1898
      • Genus BryozoichthysWhitley, 1931
      • Genus ChirolophisSwainson, 1839
      • Genus GymnoclinusGilbert & Burke, 1912
      • Genus SoldatoviaTaranetz, 1937
    • Subfamily Alectriinae Makushok, 1958
      • Genus Alectrias, Jordan & Evermann, 1898
      • Genus PseudalectriasLindberg, 1938
    • Subfamily Xiphisterinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
      • Genus AlectridiumGilbert & Burke, 1912
      • Genus AnoplarchusGill, 1861
      • Genus †NvichiaNazarkin, 1998
      • Genus PhytichthysHubbs, 1923
      • Genus XiphisterJordan, 1880
  • Family Cebidichthyidae Gill, 1862
    • Genus CebidichthysTemminck & Schlegel, 1845
  • Family Lumpenidae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
    • Genus AcantholumpenusMakushok, 1958
    • Genus AnisarchusGill, 1864
    • Genus LeptoclinusGill, 1861
    • Genus LumpenellaHubbs, 1927
    • Genus LumpenusReinhardt, 1836
    • Genus NeolumpenusMiki, Kanamaru & Amaoka, 1987
    • Genus PoroclinusT.H. Bean, 1890
    • Genus Xenolumpenus Shinohara & Yabe, 2009
  • Family Opisthocentridae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
    • Genus AskoldiaPavlenko, 1910
    • Genus KasatkiaSoldatov & Pavlenko, 1916
    • Genus lumpenopsisSoldatov, 1916
    • Genus OpisthocentrusKner, 1868
    • Genus PholidapusT.H. Bean & B.A. Bean, 1897
    • Genus PlectobranchusGilbert, 1890
  • Family Neozoarcidae Jordan & Snyder, 1902
    • Genus NeozoarcesSteindachner, 1880
    • Genus ZoarchiasJordan & Snyder, 1902

Etymology

The name of the family comes from that of its type genus Stichaeus, which means "set in a row", which may be an allusion to the row of black spots on the dorsal fins of the species in that genus. [12]

Characteristics

Stichaeidae are characterised by having elongate bodies which are a little compressed. They have a very long dorsal fin which typically contains a large number of sharp spines, giving rise to the common name of prickleback, and there may be some spines at the rear of the dorsal fin. The anal fin is long and has its origin closer to the head than to the tail, or halfway between the head and tail. The pectoral fins may be very small to very large and fan shaped, containing between 2 and 21 rays. The normally present small pelvic fins are located anterior to the pectoral fins, and have a single spine and between one and four rays. There are no appendages on the head, although some species have a crest, and there is a single pair of nostrils. The body is typically covered with small, overlapping scales but the head, other than the cheeks, is normally lacking scales. The sensory canals on the head are typically well developed; there are normally 6 preopercular pores and 4 mandibular pores. There may be two lateral lines which can vary from a hardly noticeable row of neuromasts to one or more canals which can have complex branching. Their teeth are small and may be incisor-like or conical in shape. In the majority of species the gill membranes are widely joined and separate from the isthmus. Most species have a siphon on the operculum. They usually have pyloric caeca but not a swim bladder. They have ribs. [2]

Distribution and habitat

Stichaeidae is found in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and Arctic oceans, with the majority of species in the North Pacific. They are coastal fishes which are found beneath rocks and in algae from the intertidal zone to shallow bays. the can be found at depths greater than 250 m (820 ft) on the outer continental shelf. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottidae</span> Family of ray-finned fishes

The Cottidae are a family of fish in the superfamily Cottoidea, the sculpins. It is the largest sculpin family, with about 275 species in 70 genera. They are referred to simply as cottids to avoid confusion with sculpins of other families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychrolutidae</span> Family of fishes

The fish family Psychrolutidae contains over 35 recognized species in 8 genera. This family consists of bottom-dwelling marine sculpins shaped like tadpoles, with large heads and bodies that taper back into small, flat tails. The skin is loosely attached and movable, and the layer underneath it is gelatinous. The eyes are placed high on the head, focused forward closer to the tip of the snout. Members of the family generally have large, leaf-like pectoral fins and lack scales, although some species are covered with soft spines. This is important to the species as the depths in which they live are highly pressurized and they are ambush/opportunistic/foraging predators that do not expend energy unless they are forced to.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pholidae</span> Family of fishes

Pholidae is a family of marine ray-finned fishes, known as gunnels, in the scorpaeniform suborder Zoarcoidei. These are fishes of the littoral zone and are mainly found in North Pacific Ocean, with two species found in the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

<i>Ernogrammus</i> Genus of fishes

Ernogrammus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

<i>Rathbunella</i> Genus of fishes

Rathbunella is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Bathymasteridae, the ronquils. These fishes are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

<i>Pholis</i> Genus of fish

Pholis is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Pholidae, the gunnels. These fishes are found in shallow coastal waters of the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stichaeinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

Stichaeinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, classified within the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fourline snakeblenny</span> Species of fish

The fourline snakeblenny is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Eumesogrammus. This fish is found in the Western North Atlantic, Arctic and North Pacific Oceans.

The crisscross prickleback is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Plagiogrammus. This fish is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean off California.

The radiated shanny is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Ulvaria. This fish is found in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Stichaeus</i> Genus of fish

Stichaeus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are mainly found in the North Pacific Ocean with one species in the Arctic and western North Atlantic Oceans.

Stichaeopsis is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the western North Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opisthocentrinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

Opisthocentrinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, classified within the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

Askoldia is a monotypic genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. Its only species is Askoldia variegata which is found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

<i>Kasatkia</i> Genus of fishes

Kasatkia is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

Lumpenopsis is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

<i>Opisthocentrus</i> Genus of fishes

Opisthocentrus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.

Pholidapus is a monotypic genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. Its only species is Pholidapus dybowskii which is found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

Lumpeninae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, classified within the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottinae</span> Subfamily of ray-finned fishes

Cottinae is a subfamily of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. The subfamily has species throughout the northern hemisphere in both marine and freshwater habitats.

References

  1. ↑ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Mecklenburg, C. W. and B. A. Sheiko (2004). "Family Stichaeidae Gill 1864 — pricklebacks" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 35.
  3. 1 2 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6.
  4. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 . PMC   5501477 . PMID   28683774.
  5. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Stichaeidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  6. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lumpenidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  7. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Neozoarcidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  8. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Eulophiidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  9. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Opisthocentridae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  10. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cebidichthyidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  11. ↑ Mikhail Valerievich Nazarkin (1998). "New Stichaeid Fishes (Stichaeidae, Perciformes) from Miocene of Sakhalin". Journal of Ichthyology. 38 (4): 279–291.
  12. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (4 July 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
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