Suillus lakei

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Suillus lakei
Suillus lakei 50606.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. lakei
Binomial name
Suillus lakei
Synonyms
  • Boletus lakeiMurrill (1912)
  • Ixocomus lakei(Murrill) Singer (1940)
  • Boletinus lakei(Murrill) Singer (1945)
Suillus lakei
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Adnate gills icon2.svgDecurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
Ring stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Suillus lakei, commonly known as the matte Jack, Lake's bolete, or the western painted Suillus, is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is characterized by the distinctive reddish-brown tufted fibers or small scales on the cap, and the presence of a woolly veil on the stem. The caps can reach diameters of up to 15 cm (5+7⁄8 in), while the stems are between 6 and 12 cm (2+3⁄8 and 4+3⁄4 in) long and usually 1–3 cm (3⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) thick. On the underside of the cap is a layer of spongy yellow to yellow-brown angular pores; these pores are covered with a whitish partial veil when young. A mycorrhizal fungus, S. lakei grows in association with Douglas fir, and is found where this tree occurs. It is native to northwestern North America, but has been introduced to Europe, South America, and New Zealand. The mushroom is edible, but opinions vary considerably as to its quality.

Contents

Taxonomy and naming

American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill originally named the species Boletinus lakei after mycologist E.R. Lake of Oregon Agricultural college (now Oregon State University). Lake collected the type specimen from Corvallis, Oregon, in late November, 1907. [1] Rolf Singer later transferred the species to the genera Ixocomus and Boletinus in 1940 and 1945, respectively. [2] [3] In their 1964 monograph on North American Suillus species, Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers transferred the species to Suillus. Simultaneously, they described the S. lakei variety pseudopictus that they said had been misidentified by collectors as Suillus pictus (now called Suillus spraguei ) because of its reddish and scaly cap. [4] Singer considered Suillus amabilis to be the same species as S. lakei, but Smith and Thiers later examined the type material of both, and concluded that they were distinct species. [5] Engel and colleagues described a variety in 1996, S. lakei var. landkammeri, [6] based on Boletinus tridentinus subsp. landkammeri described by Czech mycologists Albert Pilát and Mirko Svrček in 1949. [7] The nomenclatural databases Index Fungorum and MycoBank consider this synonymous with S. lakei. [8] [9] The mushroom is commonly known as the "western painted Suillus", [10] the "matte Jack", [11] or "Lake's slippery cap". [12]

Description

The pore surface of a young specimen Suillus lakei 49012.jpg
The pore surface of a young specimen

The cap of S. lakei is up to 15 cm (5+7⁄8 in) in diameter and initially convex, but flattens out somewhat in maturity. [10] The cap is fleshy, dry, yellowish to reddish-brown but fades with age. It is covered with pressed-down hairs or minute tufted scales in the center, with the yellowish flesh visible between the scales. Heavy rain can wash the fibrils off the cap surface, leaving a sticky, glutinous layer behind. Older specimens may be nearly smooth in age. Remnants of the partial veil sometimes hang from the edge of the cap. [10] The cap margin is initially curved or rolled inwards, but unrolls as it grows and in maturity may be curled upward. [12]

Variety pseudopictus has red cap and prominent scales. Suillus lakei var pseudopictus 29685.jpg
Variety pseudopictus has red cap and prominent scales.

The tubes that comprise the pore surface on the underside of the cap are 5–12 mm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) deep; the angular pores are up to 2.5 mm wide and radially arranged. [13] The pores range in color from yellow to brownish-yellow to ochre, and stain brownish or reddish-brown when bruised. They are covered by a partial veil in young specimens. [10] The flesh is thick, yellow, and either unchanged in color when bruised or broken, or turns pinkish-red. The stem is 6 to 12 cm (2+3⁄8 to 4+3⁄4 in) long and usually 1–3 cm (3⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) thick, yellow, sometimes with reddish streaks (particularly below the ring zone), [14] and solid and yellow within. The species usually lacks the glandular dots on the stem that are characteristic of some Suillus species. The stem is either equal in width throughout its length, or tapered downwards. The tissue of the stem base may weakly stain bluish-green when cut, although this reaction is not usually apparent in mature specimens. [13] The ring is delicate and floccose (resembling woolly tufts), and soon disappears or leaves a thin whitish ring on the stem. The spore print is cinnamon to brown in color. [15] The variety calabrus, found in Italy, has a light yellow cap and purple-red scales. [16] Variety pseudopictus has a cap that is redder and more scaly than the more common form. [13]

The spores are spindle-shaped to elliptical, have a smooth surface, and dimensions of 8–11 to 3–4  μm. [10] There are both two- and four-spored basidia (spore-bearing cells), and they are club-shaped, hyaline (translucent), with dimensions of 28–36 by 10–12 μm. Cystidia are plentiful, and are found in bundles lined along the tube mouths (as cheilocystidia), or more commonly, singly along the sides of the tubes (as pleurocystidia). These structures are thin-walled, cylindrical, and measure 48–60 by 7–9 μm. The scales on the cap surface comprise more or less erect hyphae with tips that are clustered together. Clamp connections are rare in the hyphae. [4]

Edibility

Suillus lakei is edible, [17] although opinions vary considerably as to its quality. It has been called "choice", [18] as well as "rather coarse and tasteless" [19] or "mediocre". [20] Laboratory tests indicate that the fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity, and contain alkaloids and tannins. [21]

Similar species

Suillus pictus 50906.jpg
Boletinus cavipes.JPG
Lookalike species include Suillus spraguei (left) and S. cavipes (right)

Mushrooms with an appearance similar to S. lakei can often be distinguished by their associations with trees. For example, the eastern North American species S. spraguei grows in association with Eastern White Pine. The cap of S. spraguei has red fibrils on a yellow background. S. cavipes and S. ochraceoroseus always grow with Larch. [22] S. ponderosus , which grows in mixed coniferous forests, has a gelatinous veil. [12] Smith and Thiers note that it is difficult to tell the difference between the two if S. ponderosus has lost its veil, since the colors of the species intergrade and cannot reliably be used to distinguish them. [4] S. decipiens has a cap that is orangish to pink-orange with hairs or scales. S. caerulescens is a similar species in western North America; it can be distinguished by the strong blue staining that develops when the stem is injured. [22]

Habitat and distribution

Suillus lakei is indigenous to the Rocky Mountains and western parts of North America. Its range extends south into Mexico. [21] Fruit bodies grow solitarily or in groups on the ground in young conifer stands or grassy parkland. Fruiting occurs in the late summer and autumn. Suillus lakei forms ectomycorrhizae with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and its distribution coincides with this tree. It is one of the most common bolete species found in northwestern Montana and Idaho. [22] In a study of host specificity in pure culture in the laboratory, S. lakei failed to form healthy ectomycorrhizas with Eucalyptus roots—the hyphae were covered in mucilage-like deposits and appeared to be collapsed. [23] It has also been noted to prefer poor, exposed soil such as that found on road banks and campgrounds. [10] It can often be found with the mushroom Gomphidius subroseus , another species that associates with Douglas fir. [19]

Both Douglas fir and Suillus lakei are non-native introduced species in Europe. The fungus has been found in several central and south European countries following the intentional introduction of Douglas fir. [24] These include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, [25] Germany, Hungary, [26] Italy, [27] and Slovakia. [28] It is considered endangered in the Czech Republic. [29] [30] Suillus lakei has also been reported in the South Island of New Zealand, [31] and South America (Argentina [32] and Chile). [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Partial veil</span> Mushroom anatomy

In mycology, a partial veil is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, typically agarics. Its role is to isolate and protect the developing spore-producing surface, represented by gills or tubes, found on the lower surface of the cap. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, extends from the stem surface to the cap edge. The partial veil later disintegrates, once the fruiting body has matured and the spores are ready for dispersal. It might then give rise to a stem ring, or fragments attached to the stem or cap edge. In some mushrooms, both a partial veil and a universal veil may be present.

<i>Suillus</i> Genus of fungi

Suillus is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales. Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family (Pinaceae), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to the Southern Hemisphere.

<i>Suillus luteus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Eurasia

Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native all across Eurasia from Ireland to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as Boletus luteus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different fungus family as well as genus. Suillus luteus is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms. It is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating. It is often sold as a dried mushroom.

<i>Tylopilus felleus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

<i>Chalciporus piperatus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America

Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a 1.6–9 cm orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm high by 0.6–1.2 cm thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes.

<i>Rubroboletus pulcherrimus</i> Species of mushroom

Rubroboletus pulcherrimus, known as Boletus pulcherrimus until 2015, and commonly known as the red-pored bolete, is a species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is a large bolete from Western North America with distinguishing features that include a netted surface on the stem, a red to brown cap and stem color, and red pores that stain blue upon injury. Until 2005 this was the only bolete that has been implicated in the death of someone consuming it; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms in 1994 after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing. Autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.

<i>Suillellus luridus</i> Species of edible fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America

Suillellus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches 8–14 cm (3–6 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut.

<i>Bothia</i> Genus of fungi

Bothia is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Bothia castanella, a bolete mushroom first described scientifically in 1900 from collections made in New Jersey. Found in the eastern United States, Costa Rica, China, and Taiwan, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak trees. Its fruit body is chestnut brown, the cap is smooth and dry, and the underside of the cap has radially elongated tubes. The spore deposit is yellow-brown. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown. Historically, its unique combination of morphological features resulted in the transfer of B. castanella to six different Boletaceae genera. Molecular phylogenetic analysis, published in 2007, demonstrated that the species was genetically unique enough to warrant placement in its own genus.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock trees, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite the occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms a close association with the tree's roots.

<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several genera, including Boletus, Boletellus, and Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow stems. The fungus grows in summer and autumn on the ground, often in Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the hymenium appears and develops to maturity in an exposed state, not enclosed by any protective membrane.

<i>Suillus americanus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus americanus is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Suillaceae. Commonly known as the chicken fat mushroom, American suillus, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with eastern white pine and is found where this tree occurs in eastern North America and China. The mushroom can be recognized by the bright yellow cap with red to reddish-brown scales embedded in slime, the large yellow angular pores on the underside of the cap, and the narrow yellow stem marked with dark reddish dots. Molecular phylogenetics analysis suggests that S. americanus may be the same species as S. sibiricus, found in western North America and western and central Asia. Suillus americanus is edible, although opinions vary as to its palatability; some susceptible individuals may suffer a contact dermatitis after touching the fruit bodies. The fruit bodies contain a beta glucan carbohydrate shown in laboratory tests to have anti-inflammatory properties.

<i>Suillus brevipes</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae found throughout North America

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm, while the stipe is up to 6 cm long and 2 cm thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

<i>Suillus spraguei</i> Species of mushroom

Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slipperycap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is also frequently referred to as Suillus pictus in the literature. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages. The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring, and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales.

<i>Suillus sibiricus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus sibiricus is a mushroom-forming fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is found in mountains of Europe, North America, and Siberia, strictly associated with several species of pine tree. Due to its specific habitat and rarity in Europe, it has been selected for inclusion in several regional Red Lists. Its fruit bodies are characterised by having slimy caps in wet weather, which can reach diameters of up to 10 cm (3.9 in). On the underside of the cap are yellow angular pores that bruise a pinkish to cinnamon colour. The stem is up to 8 cm (3.1 in) tall and 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide and typically has a ring, a remnant of the partial veil that covers the fruit body in its early development. In North America, it is commonly called the Siberian slippery jack. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that S. sibiricus is closely related to S. umbonatus and S. americanus, and may in fact be conspecific with the latter species.

<i>Suillus pungens</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae found in California

Suillus pungens, commonly known as the pungent slippery jack or the pungent suillus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. The fruit bodies of the fungus have slimy convex caps up to 14 cm (5.5 in) wide. The mushroom is characterized by the very distinct color changes that occur in the cap throughout development. Typically, the young cap is whitish, later becoming grayish-olive to reddish-brown or a mottled combination of these colors. The mushroom has a dotted stem (stipe) up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside on the cap is the spore-bearing tissue consisting of minute vertically arranged tubes that appear as a surface of angular, yellowish pores. The presence of milky droplets on the pore surface of young individuals, especially in humid environments, is a characteristic feature of this species. S. pungens can usually be distinguished from other similar Suillus species by differences in distribution, odor and taste. The mushroom is considered edible, but not highly regarded.

<i>Suillus collinitus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus collinitus is a pored mushroom of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. It is an edible mushroom found in European pine forests. The mushroom has a reddish to chestnut-brown cap that reaches up to 11 cm (4.3 in) in diameter, and a yellow stem measuring up to 7 cm (2.8 in) tall by 1 to 2 cm thick. On the underside of the cap are small angular pores, initially bright yellow before turning greenish-brown with age. A characteristic feature that helps to distinguish it from similar Suillus species, such as S. granulatus, is the pinkish mycelia at the base of the stem.

<i>Suillus salmonicolor</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae

Suillus salmonicolor, commonly known as the Slippery Jill, is a fungus in the family Suillaceae of the order Boletales. First described as a member of the genus Boletus in 1874, the species acquired several synonyms, including Suillus pinorigidus and Suillus subluteus, before it was assigned its current binomial name in 1983. It has not been determined with certainty whether S. salmonicolor is distinct from the species S. cothurnatus, described by Rolf Singer in 1945. S. salmonicolor is a mycorrhizal fungus—meaning it forms a symbiotic association with the roots of plants such that both organisms benefit from the exchange of nutrients. This symbiosis occurs with various species of pine, and the fruit bodies of the fungus appear scattered or in groups on the ground near the trees. The fungus is found in North America, Hawaii, Asia, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and Central America. It has been introduced to several of those locations via transplanted trees.

<i>Suillus ochraceoroseus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus ochraceoroseus, commonly known as the rosey larch bolete, is a species of mushroom in the genus Suillus. It appears with larch in early summer, is edible, and similar in appearance to S. lakei.

<i>Suillus caerulescens</i> Species of fungus

Suillus caerulescens, commonly known as the douglas-fir suillus is an edible species of bolete fungus in the family Suillaceae. It was first described scientifically by American mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in 1964. It can be found growing with Douglas fir trees. Its stem bruises blue, which sometimes takes a few minutes.

<i>Suillus kaibabensis</i> Species of fungus

Suillus kaibabensis is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Harry D. Thiers.

References

  1. ↑ Murrill WA. (1912). "Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the Pacific Coast". Mycologia. 4 (2): 91–100. doi:10.2307/3753546. JSTOR   3753546.
  2. ↑ Singer R. (1940). "Notes sur quelques Basidiomycètes" [Notes on some Basidiomycetes]. Revue de Mycologie (in French). 5: 3–13.
  3. ↑ Singer R. (1945). "The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae)". Farlowia. 2 (2nd ed.): 223–303.
  4. 1 2 3 Smith AH, Thiers HD (1964). A Contribution Toward a Monograph of North American Species of Suillus (Boletaceae). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. pp. 34–6. ISBN   978-0-934454-26-1.
  5. ↑ Smith AH, Thiers HD (1967). "Comments on Suillus amabilis and Suillus lakei". Mycologia. 59 (2): 361–7. doi:10.2307/3756810. JSTOR   3756810.
  6. ↑ Engel H, Dermek A, Klofac W, Ludwig E, Brückner T (1996). Schmier- und Filzröhrlinge s.l. in Europa. Die Gattungen Boletellus, Boletinus, Phylloporus, Suillus, Xerocomus (in German). Weidhausen: H. Engel. ISBN   3-926470-08-9.
  7. ↑ Pilát A, Svrcek M (1949). "Boletinus tridentinus (Bres.) subsp. landkammeri spec. nov. bohemica". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae (in Czech). 5B (7): 1–8.
  8. ↑ "Suillus lakei var. landkammeri (Pilát & Svrcek) H. Engel & Klofac 1996". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  9. ↑ "Suillus lakei var. landkammeri (Pilát & Svrček) H. Engel & Klofac". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 495. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  11. ↑ Arora D. (1991). All that the Rain Promises and More: a Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 182. ISBN   0-89815-388-3.
  12. 1 2 3 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 116. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  13. 1 2 3 Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). Boletes of North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 242–3. ISBN   978-0-8156-0588-1.
  14. ↑ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 223. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  15. ↑ Kuo M. (December 2008). "Suillus lakei". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  16. ↑ Lavorato C. (2000). "Suillus lakei var. calabrus var. nov". Micologia (in Italian): 285–8.
  17. ↑ Wood M, Stevens F. "Suillus lakei". California Fungi. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  18. ↑ Weber NS, Smith AH (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 94–5. ISBN   0-472-85610-3.
  19. 1 2 Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Westcliffe Publishers. p. 159. ISBN   978-1-56579-192-3.
  20. ↑ Kuo M. (2007). 100 Edible Mushrooms . Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.  223–5. ISBN   978-0-472-03126-9.
  21. 1 2 Barranco PG, Ocanas LG, Cabrera LV, Carmona MCS, Ocanas FG, Gomez XSR, Rangel RL (2010). "Evaluation of antioxidant, immunomodulating, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of different strains of Basidiomycetes from Northeastern Mexico". Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4 (17): 1762–9. ISSN   1996-0875.
  22. 1 2 3 Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 360. ISBN   0-7627-3109-5.
  23. ↑ Malajczuk N, Molina R, Trappe JM (1984). "Ectomycorrhiza formation in Eucalyptus .2. The ultrastructure of compatible and incompatible mycorrhizal fungi and associated roots". New Phytologist. 96 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03542.x. JSTOR   2432774.
  24. ↑ "Suillus lakei". Boletales.com. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  25. ↑ Zahradka F. (2005). "Hrib douglaskovy - Boletinus lakei v okoli Dubnan u Hodonina" [Boletinus lakei around Dubnany in Hodonin]. Mykologicky Sbornik (in Czech). 82 (1): 28–9. ISSN   0374-9436.
  26. ↑ Vasas G, Albert L (1990). "Interesting fungi from Hungary. II. Basidiomycetes, Agaricales". Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (in Hungarian). 82: 61–4. ISSN   0521-4726.
  27. ↑ Lavorato C. (1999). "Suillus nordamericani presenti in Calabria" [North American Suillus present in Calabria]. Pagine di Micologia (in Italian) (12): 31–49.
  28. ↑ Assyov B, Stoichev G, Vassilev R (2006). "First records of fungus species for Bulgaria". Mycologia Balcanica (3): 127–30.
  29. ↑ Holec, J.; Beran, M. (2006). "Červený seznam hub (makromycetů) České republiky" [Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic]. Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection of the Czech Republic (AOPK ČR) (in Czech). 24: 1–282.
  30. ↑ Mikšik M. (2012). "Rare and protected species of boletes of the Czech Republic". Field Mycology. 13 (1): 8–16. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.12.003 .
  31. ↑ Myra C-C, Grace LJ (1986). "Mycorrhizal fungi of Pseudotsuga menziesii in the south island of New Zealand". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 19 (3): 243–6. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(87)90004-6.
  32. ↑ Barroetaveña C, Cázares E, Rajchenberg M (2007). "Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: a comparison of species richness in native western North American forests and Patagonian plantations from Argentina". Mycorrhiza. 17 (5): 355–73. doi:10.1007/s00572-007-0121-x. PMID   17345105. S2CID   195074175.
  33. ↑ Valenzuela E, Esteve-Raventos F (1999). "Some allochthonous Agaricales s.l. associated with exotic trees cultivated in the X region of Chile". Boletin Micologico (in Spanish). 14 (1/2): 73–81. ISSN   0716-114X.
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