Swainsona formosa

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Sturt's desert pea
Sturts desert pea.jpg
Sturt's desert pea, at Melbourne Zoo
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Swainsona
Species:
S. formosa
Binomial name
Swainsona formosa
Synonyms
List
    • Clianthus dampieri A.Cunn. ex Lindl. nom. illeg.
    • Clianthus formosus(G.Don) Ford & Vickery
    • Clianthus speciosus var. typicus Domin not validly publ.
    • Donia formosaG.Don
    • Willdampia formosa(G.Don) A.S.George
    • Clianthus dampieri var. marginatus Dombrain
    • Clianthus dampieri var. marginatusWickham nom. illeg.
    • Clianthus dampieri var. tricolorAnon.
    • Clianthus oxleyiA.Cunn. ex Lindl. nom. illeg.
    • Clianthus speciosus(G.Don) Asch. & Graebn. nom. illeg.
    • Clianthus speciosus subsp. marginatus(Dombrain) Asch. & Graebn.
    • Clianthus speciosus var. oxleyi(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) Domin
    • Colutea novae-hollandiae Walp.
    • Donia speciosaG.Don
    • Kennedia speciosaA.Cunn. nom. subnud.
    • Swainsona atrococcinea Carrière

Swainsona formosa, commonly known as Sturt's desert pea or Sturt pea, [2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is native to all continental states and the Northern Territory of Australia, with the exception of Victoria. It is a prostrate annual or short lived perennial herb with imparipinnate leaves with about 15 elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of usually red flowers in racemes of 2 to 6.

Contents

Description

Swainsona formosa is a prostrate annual or short lived perennial herb, with several densely softly-hairy stems mostly 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) wide. The leaves are mostly 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) long with about 15 elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets 100–300 mm (3.9–11.8 in) long and 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) wide, the end leaflet slightly longer. There are broad, densely hairy stipules, sometimes 15 mm (0.59 in) or more at the base of the petiole. [2] [3] [4] [5]

The flowers are borne in racemes about 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) long with 2 to 6 usually red flowers, sometimes white or other colours, on a peduncle 50–150 mm (2.0–5.9 in) long, each flower on a shaggy-hairy pedicel 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long. The sepals are joined at the base, forming a bell-shaped tube 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long with narrowly egg-shaped lobes with thread-like tips, the lobes twice as long as the tube. The standard petal is 40–60 mm (1.6–2.4 in) long and very narrow, the base domed into a usually black, shiny boss. The wings are 35–40 mm (1.4–1.6 in) long, tapering to a narrow point, and the keel 50–60 mm (2.0–2.4 in) long and 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) deep with a narrow tip. Flowering occurs from June to October, and the fruit is a hairy pod or follicle 40–90 mm (1.6–3.5 in) long, 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) wide and round in cross-section, with a stalk 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long and the remains of the style about 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) long. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Most forms of the plant are low-growing or prostrate, however in the Pilbara region of north-western Australia varieties growing as tall as 2 metres have been observed. [6]

Taxonomy and naming

Specimens of Sturt's desert pea were first collected by William Dampier who recorded his first sighting on 22 August 1699 on Rosemary Island. These specimens are today in the Fielding-Druce Herbarium at the University of Oxford in England. [7] [8]

The first formal description of the species was in 1832 by George Don, who gave it the name Donia formosa in his A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants. [9] [10] In 1835, John Lindley transferred the species to Clianthus as C. dampieri, but that name was illegitimate because there was no formal description of the genus. [11] In 1950, Neridah Clifton Ford and Joyce Winifred Vickery transferred Don's Donia formosa to Clianthus as C. formosus in Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium, with a description of the genus, the type species endemic to New Zealand. [12] [13] In 1990, Joy Thompson transferred the species to Swainsona as S. formosa, and the name is accepted by both Plants of the World Online [1] and the Australian Plant Census. [14] [15] The specific epithet (formosa) means "finely formed", "handsome" or "beautiful". [16]

In 1999, Alex George proposed to transfer the species to the monotypic genus Willdampia, but the move was not accepted. [13]

Distribution and habitat

Sturt's desert pea is widespread in arid parts of inland Australia, including in Western Australia, South Australia, the southern parts of the Northern Territory, western parts of New South Wales and in Queensland. It grows in red sandy or loamy soils in mulga woodland, near creek lines and on stony hills, sometimes in woodland and open plains. [2] [3] [4] [17]

Common names

The first recorded uses of common names for Swainsona formosa (Author/publication and year of first use).: [7]

showy donia (G. Don, 1832)
beautiful donia (G. Don, 1832)
Dampier's clianth (Veitch, 1850)
Dampier's clianthus (Hooker, 1858)
Sturt's pea (Adelaide Advertiser, 1858)
Sturt pea (de Mole, 1861)
Captain Sturt's desert pea (Aspinall, 1862)
desert pea (Anon., 1864)
Sturt's desert pea (Tenison-Woods, 1865)
glory flower (Bailey, 1883)
glory pea (Bailey, 1883)
Sturt's glory pea (Anon., 1886)
lobster claws (The Garden, 1890)
blood flower (Parker, 1898)
Dampier's glory pea (Guilfoyle, 1911)
Australian glory pea (Guilfoyle, 1911)
Dampier pea (Harris, 1980)

It is well adapted to life as a desert plant. The small seeds have a long viability, and can germinate after many years. Seeds have a hard seed coat, which protects them from harsh arid environments until the next rainfall, but inhibits germination in normal domestic environments. Growers can overcome this dormancy either by nicking the seed coat away from the 'eye' of the seed, by rubbing the seed gently between pieces of sandpaper, or by placing the seed in hot (just off-boiling) water and leaving it to soak overnight. [7]

Sturt's Desert Pea, at Uluru (Ayers Rock), Australia P4230146.JPG
Sturt's Desert Pea, at Uluru (Ayers Rock), Australia

Ecology

Flowers are bird-pollinated in the wild. [7]

Use as emblem and icon

Sturt's desert pea (described as Clianthus formosus) was adopted as the floral emblem of the state of South Australia on 23 November 1961. Its iconic status in Australia, and particularly in South Australia, has ensured its use as a popular subject in artwork and photography, as well as a decorative motif, and in a range of commercial uses (such as the previous logo of BankSA). It appears in the logo of the National Parks and Wildlife Service, South Australia, as well as in its associated volunteer umbrella organisation, Friends of Parks. Sturt's Desert Pea has also made many appearances in prose and verse, as well as featuring in some aboriginal legends. [7]

Sturt's desert pea has appeared in several releases of Australian postage stamps depicting Australian floral emblems (issued in 1968, 1971 and 2005). [17] [7] The flower also features on the logo of Charles Sturt University, which is also named after the explorer.

Related Research Articles

<i>Clianthus</i> Genus of legumes

Clianthus, commonly known as kakabeak, is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae, comprising two species of shrubs endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. They have striking clusters of red flowers which resemble the beak of the kākā, a New Zealand parrot. The plants are also known as parrot's beak, parrot's bill and lobster claw – all references to the distinctive flowers. There is also a variety with white to creamy coloured flowers called: "Albus," and a variety with rosy pink flowers called: "Roseus."

<i>Swainsona</i> Genus of legumes

Swainsona is a genus of about 85 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, and is endemic to Australia. Plants in this genus are herbs or subshrubs with imparipinnate leaves and usually purple flowers similar to others in the family.

<i>Swainsona galegifolia</i> Species of legume

Swainsona galegifolia commonly known as smooth Darling pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a small shrub with greyish-green leaves and flowers in white, red, pink, purple, yellow or orange.

<i>Pimelea microcephala</i> Species of plant

Pimelea microcephala, commonly known as mallee rice-flower or shrubby rice-flower is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to mainland Australia. It is an erect shrub with compact heads of male or female, white to yellow or greenish flowers on separate plants, the heads surrounded by 2 or 4 leaf-like involucral bracts.

<i>Swainsona greyana</i> Species of plant

Swainsona greyana, commonly known as the Darling pea or hairy Darling pea, is a shrubby perennial in the family Fabaceae that is native to Australia. It grows to 1.5 metres high, has hairy stems and pinnate leaves that are 10 to 15 cm long. Racemes of 12 to 20 pea flowers are produced from September to March in the species' native range. These have white, pink or purple corollas. The pods that follow are elliptic in shape and 30 to 50 mm long.

<i>Swainsona behriana</i> Species of plant

Swainsona behriana, commonly known as Behr's swainsona, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a prostrate or low-growing perennial herb with imparipinnate leaves usually with 9 to 13 narrowly elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of 2 to 7 purple flowers.

<i>Pultenaea pedunculata</i> Species of plant

Pultenaea pedunculata, commonly known as matted bush-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a prostrate, densely matted shrub with softly-hairy branches that often form roots, narrow elliptic leaves, and bright yellow and brick-red flowers.

<i>Melaleuca formosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Melaleuca formosa, commonly known as Kingaroy bottlebrush or cliff bottlebrush is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area in Queensland and peripherally in New South Wales, Australia. It is a shrub with weeping branches and spikes of lemon-coloured flowers in spring.

<i>Swainsona procumbens</i> Species of plant

Swainsona procumbens is a plant in the pea family (Fabaceae) native to Australia and found in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia.

<i>Stenanthemum leucophractum</i> Species of flowering plant

Stenanthemum leucophractum, commonly known as rusty poison, white cryptandra or white stenanthemum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a spreading shrub or subshrub with softly-hairy young stems, egg-shaped to fan-shaped leaves and heads of white or yellowish flowers surrounded by white, felt-like floral leaves.

<i>Swainsona colutoides</i> Species of plant

Swainsona colutoides, commonly known as bladder senna or bladder vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to arid areas of Australia. It is an erect annual, shrub-like herb, with imparipinnate leaves usually with up to 13 to 17 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of 10 to 20 purple flowers.

<i>Swainsona sericea</i> Species of plant

Swainsona sericea commonly known as silky Swainson-pea or silky pea, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is a small perennial with greyish-green leaves, purple flowers and grows in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.

<i>Swainsona swainsonioides</i> Species of plant


Swainsona swainsonioides commonly known as downy Swainson-pea or downy Darling pea,is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is a small perennial herb with purple flowers and grows in eastern states of Australia.

<i>Swainsona affinis</i> Species of legume

Swainsona affinis, commonly known as common poison pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to arid areas of inland Australia. It is a prostrate perennial herb with imparipinnate leaves with 7 to 25 broadly elliptic leaflets, and racemes of purple, pink, yellow or white flowers.

<i>Swainsona burkittii</i> Species of plant endemic to Australia

Swainsona burkittii, commonly known as woolly Darling pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland Australia. It is an erect or low-lying perennial with imparipinnate leaves usually with 15 to 30 egg-shaped to more or less circular leaflets, and racemes of up to fifty dark reddish-purple flowers.

<i>Swainsona campylantha</i> Species of legume

Swainsona campylantha, commonly known as Gilgai Darling pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland areas of Australia. It is a low-growing perennial with imparipinnate leaves usually with up to 7 narrowly lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic leaflets, and racemes of 2 to 10 pink to purple flowers.

Swainsona decurrens is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to northern inland areas of Australia. It is an erect annual with imparipinnate leaves usually with 15 to 19 narrowly elliptical leaflets and racemes of 20 to 30 red or purple flowers.

Swainsona fissimontana is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland areas of southern continental Australia. It is a compact, erect or upright perennial herb with imparipinnate leaves with 7 to 13 narrowly elliptic to elliptic leaflets, and racemes of pink to dark purplish flowers in racemes of 3 to 11.

<i>Swainsona flavicarinata</i> Species of legume

Swainsona flavicarinata is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland areas of continental Australia. It is a prostrate to more or less erect perennial herb, with imparipinnate leaves with 5 to 9 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, and racemes of purple, red or pink flowers in racemes of 3 to 15.

References

  1. 1 2 "Swainsona formosa". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Thompson, Joy; James, Teresa A. "Swainsona formosa". Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 Thompson, Joy (1993). "A revision of the genus Swainsona (Fabaceae)". Telopea. 5 (3): 469–470. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Swainsona formosa". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  5. 1 2 "Clianthus formosus". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  6. "Swainsona formosa". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Symon, D.; Jusaitis, M. (2007). Sturt Pea - a most splendid plant. Adelaide, South Australia: Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium.
  8. Boden, Anne. "Sturt's Desert Pea". Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  9. "Donia formosa". APNI. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  10. Donn, George (1832). A general history of the dichlamydeous plants. London: J.G. and F. Rivington. p. 468. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  11. "Clianthus dampieri". APNI. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  12. "Clianthus formosus". APNI. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  13. 1 2 George, Alex S. (1999). "Willdampia, a new generic name for Sturt Pea". Western Australian Naturalist. 22 (3): 191–193. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  14. "Swainsona formosa". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  15. Thompson, Joy (1990). "New species and new contributions in the genus Swainsona (Fabaceae) in New South Wales". Telopea. 4 (1): 4. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  16. William T. Stearn (1992). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary (4th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 414.
  17. 1 2 Boden, Anne. "Sturt's Desert Pea - Floral Emblem of South Australia". Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 20 July 2009.