Trichocentrum

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Trichocentrum
A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum haematochilum 680-17.jpg
Trichocentrum haematochilum
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Cymbidieae
Subtribe: Oncidiinae
Genus: Trichocentrum
Poepp. & Endl.
Type species
Trichocentrum pulchrum
Poepp. & Endl.
Synonyms [1]
  • AcoidiumLindl.
  • LophiarisRaf.
  • CohniaRchb.f., illegitimate name
  • CohniellaPfitzer in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl
  • StilifoliumKöniger & D.Pongratz
  • LophiarellaSzlach., Mytnik & Romowicz

Trichocentrum, often abbreviated Trctm in horticulture, is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Dancinglady orchid is a common name for plants in this genus. [2] It was described by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Eduard Friedrich Poeppig in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric Trichocentrum alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the subtribe Oncidiinae.

Contents

The 68 currently recognized species are epiphytes species are distributed in damp forests from Mexico and Florida to Argentina. [1]

Description

The pseudobulbs are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy leaves are 9 cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.

The large, showy flowers grow basally on a short peduncle in a single-flowered to few-flowered raceme. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The petals and sepals are similar.

The long lip carries a short spur. This feature distinguishes the genus from other Oncidiinae, in which the spur is an extension of the column. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the stigma. The anther often bears minute papillae. There are two waxy pollinia, connected to elongate stipes.

In horticulture

Trichocentrum species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow Tiger-like Trichocentrum ( T. tigrinum ) to smaller and more delicate species.

In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed succulent leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.

Chemistry and use as entheogen

The Central and South American species Trichocentrum cebolleta (known formerly as Oncidium cebolleta) has been found to contain a variety of phenanthrenoids. [3] This species is of considerable ethnobotanical interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an entheogens. T. cebolleta is used as a substitute for hikuli a.k.a. peyote (the hallucinogenic cactus Lophophora williamsii ) by the Tarahumara of Northern Mexico - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various shamanic and running-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids Vanda tessellata and Dendrobium macraei (- known formerly as Ephemerantha macraei and Flickingeria macraei - see page Flickingeria ). The orchidaceous genera Trichocentrum, Vanda and Dendrobium are all members of the subfamily Epidendroideae and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily. Stermitz et al., [4] however, do not report any evidence or suggest that the phenanthrenoids from Trichocentrum possess psychoactive properties.

Systematics

There is disagreement as to the taxonomic status of some species that have recently been moved from Oncidium to Trichocentrum. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with terete leaves.

While studies of molecular phylogeny has caused substantial reclassifications, [5] it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, hybridisation might heavily confound cladistic analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of Trichocentrum with Oncidium has resulted in the hybrid genus × Trichocidium for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.

Species

Dark trichocentrum, Trichocentrum fuscum Trichocentrum fuscum (T. cornucopiae) - pl 1.jpg
Dark trichocentrum, Trichocentrum fuscum
Trichocentrum hoegei parts drawing, 1900 illustration Trichocentrum hoegei - Xenia 3 pl 234.jpg
Trichocentrum hoegei
parts drawing, 1900 illustration
Trichocentrum lanceanum Oncidium lanceanum - fl 1.jpg
Trichocentrum lanceanum
Trichocentrum microchilum Trichocentrum-microchilum.jpg
Trichocentrum microchilum
Trichocentrum splendidum Trichocentrum-splendidum.jpg
Trichocentrum splendidum
Tiger-like Trichocentrum, Trichocentrum tigrinum A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum tigrinum 152-22.jpg
Tiger-like Trichocentrum, Trichocentrum tigrinum
  1. Trichocentrum aguirrei (Colombia)
  2. Trichocentrum albococcineum – White-scarlet Trichocentrum (N Brazil to Peru)
  3. Trichocentrum ascendens (Mexico to W South America)
  4. Trichocentrum aurisasinorum (Central America)
  5. Trichocentrum bicallosum (Oaxaca, Chiapas to Central America)
  6. Trichocentrum brachyceras (Colombia)
  7. Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum (Peru)
  8. Trichocentrum caloceras (Costa Rica)
  9. Trichocentrum candidum – White Trichocentrum (Veracruz to Chiapas to Central America)
  10. Trichocentrum capistratum – Halter Trichocentrum (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
  11. Trichocentrum carthagenense (Caribbean, Mexico to N Brazil)
  12. Trichocentrum cavendishianum (Mexico to Central America)
  13. Trichocentrum cebolleta (S Caribbean, Mexico to NE Argentina)
  14. Trichocentrum costaricense (Costa Rica)
  15. Trichocentrum cymbiglossum (Costa Rica)
  16. Trichocentrum dianthum Pupulin & Mora-Retana (Costa Rica)
  17. Trichocentrum estrellense (Costa Rica)
  18. Trichocentrum flavovirens (SW Mexico)
  19. Trichocentrum fuscum – Dark Trichocentrum (S Tropical America)
  20. Trichocentrum haematochilum (Trinidad)
  21. Trichocentrum hartii (Venezuela)
  22. Trichocentrum hoegei (Mexico: Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca)
  23. Trichocentrum ionopthalmum (N Brazil)
  24. Trichocentrum johnii (Mexico)
  25. Trichocentrum jonesianum (Bolivia and Brazil to NE Argentina)
  26. Trichocentrum lacerum (C. America to Colombia)
  27. Trichocentrum lanceanum (Trinidad to S Tropical America)
  28. Trichocentrum leeanum (Colombia)
  29. Trichocentrum lindenii (Mexico to Guatemala)
  30. Trichocentrum longicalcaratum Rolfe
  31. Trichocentrum lowii (Guatemala)
  32. Trichocentrum luridum (Mexico to N South America)
  33. Trichocentrum margalegfii (SW Mexico)
  34. Trichocentrum × marvraganii (T. jonesianum × T. straceyi) (Bolivia)
  35. Trichocentrum mattogrossense (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
  36. Trichocentrum microchilum (Mexico: Chiapas to El Salvador)
  37. Trichocentrum morenoi (Peru to Bolivia)
  38. Trichocentrum nanum (S Tropical America)
  39. Trichocentrum neudeckeri (Bolivia)
  40. Trichocentrum nudum (Panama to Venezuela)
  41. Trichocentrum obcordilabium (Ecuador)
  42. Trichocentrum oestlundianum (SW Mexico)
  43. Trichocentrum orthoplectron (Colombia to N Brazil)
  44. Trichocentrum ostenianum (Paraguay)
  45. Trichocentrum panduratum (N Peru)
  46. Trichocentrum pfavii  : Pfau's Trichocentrum (Central America)
  47. Trichocentrum pinelii (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro)
  48. Trichocentrum pohlianum (SE Brazil)
  49. Trichocentrum pongratzianum (Peru)
  50. Trichocentrum popowianum (Ecuador)
  51. Trichocentrum porphyrio (N Brazil)
  52. Trichocentrum pulchrum – Long-spurred Trichocentrum, Beautiful Trichocentrum (S Tropical America)
  53. Trichocentrum pumilum (Brazil to NE Argentina)
  54. Trichocentrum purpureum (Guyana)
  55. Trichocentrum recurvum (Guiana, Suriname)
  56. Trichocentrum silverarum (Panama)
  57. Trichocentrum splendidum (Guatemala)
  58. Trichocentrum sprucei (Suriname to Brazil)
  59. Trichocentrum stacyi (Bolivia)
  60. Trichocentrum stipitatum (Central America)
  61. Trichocentrum stramineum (Mexico: Veracruz)
  62. Trichocentrum teaguei (Bolivia)
  63. Trichocentrum tenuiflorum (NE Brazil)
  64. Trichocentrum teres (Costa Rica to Panama)
  65. Trichocentrum tigrinum – Tiger-like Trichocentrum (Central America to Peru)
  66. Trichocentrum undulatum (S Florida to N Brazil)
  67. Trichocentrum viridulum (Colombia)
  68. Trichocentrum wagneri (Brazil)
  69. Trichocentrum wittii (Bolivia)

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  2. Kraenzlinella echinocarpa(C.Schweinf.) Luer - Peru, Ecuador
  3. Kraenzlinella erinacea(Rchb.f.) Solano - Oaxaca, Chiapas, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
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  10. Kraenzlinella tunguraguae(F.Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Kuntze ex Engl. & Prantl - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
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  1. Citharexylum affineD.Don - from northern Mexico to Nicaragua
  2. Citharexylum alainiiMoldenke - Dominican Republic
  3. Citharexylum albicauleTurcz. - Cuba
  4. Citharexylum altamiranumGreenm. - northeastern Mexico
  5. Citharexylum andinumMoldenke - Bolivia, Jujuy Province of Argentina
  6. Citharexylum argutedentatumMoldenke - Peru
  7. Citharexylum berlandieriB.L. Rob. - from Texas to Oaxaca - Berlandier's fiddlewood, Tamaulipan fiddlewood
  8. Citharexylum bourgeauanumGreenm. - Veracruz, Oaxaca
  9. Citharexylum brachyanthum(A.Gray ex Hemsl.) A.Gray - Texas, Coahuila, Nuevo León - Boxthorn fiddlewood, Mexican fiddlewood
  10. Citharexylum bullatumMoldenke - Colombia
  11. Citharexylum calvumMoldenke - Quintana Roo
  12. Citharexylum caudatumL. - southern Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Colombia, Peru - Juniper berry
  13. Citharexylum chartaceumMoldenke - Peru, Ecuador
  14. Citharexylum cooperiStandl. - Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala
  15. Citharexylum costaricenseMoldenke - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras
  16. Citharexylum crassifoliumGreenm - Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
  17. Citharexylum daniraeLeón de la Luz & F.Chiang - Revillagigedo Islands of Baja California
  18. Citharexylum decorumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  19. Citharexylum dentatumD.Don - Peru
  20. Citharexylum discolorTurcz. - Cuba, Hispaniola
  21. Citharexylum donnell-smithiiGreenm. - Oaxaca, Chiapas, Central America
  22. Citharexylum dryanderaeMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador
  23. Citharexylum ekmaniiMoldenke - Cuba
  24. Citharexylum ellipticumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - Veracruz, Campeche, Tabasco; naturalized in Cuba + Cayman Islands
  25. Citharexylum endlichiiMoldenke - northeastern Mexico
  26. Citharexylum flabellifoliumS.Watson - Sonora, Baja California
  27. Citharexylum flexuosum(Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don - Bolivia, Peru
  28. Citharexylum fulgidumMoldenke - Veracruz, northeastern Mexico
  29. Citharexylum gentryiMoldenke - Ecuador
  30. Citharexylum glabrum(S.Watson) Greenm - Oaxaca
  31. Citharexylum glazioviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  32. Citharexylum grandiflorumAymard & Rueda - Ecuador
  33. Citharexylum guatemalense(Moldenke) D.N.Gibson - Guatemala, Nicaragua
  34. Citharexylum herreraeMansf. - Peru
  35. Citharexylum hexangulareGreenm. - from northern Mexico to Costa Rica
  36. Citharexylum hidalgenseMoldenke - Mexico
  37. Citharexylum hintoniiMoldenke - México State
  38. Citharexylum hirtellumStandl. - from Veracruz to Panama
  39. Citharexylum ilicifoliumKunth - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador
  40. Citharexylum iltisiiMoldenke - Peru
  41. Citharexylum × jamaicenseMoldenke - Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico (C. caudatum × C. spinosum)
  42. Citharexylum joergensenii(Lillo) Moldenke - Argentina, Bolivia
  43. Citharexylum karsteniiMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  44. Citharexylum kerberiGreenm. - Veracruz
  45. Citharexylum kobuskianumMoldenke - Peru
  46. Citharexylum krukoviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  47. Citharexylum kunthianumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
  48. Citharexylum laetumHiern - southern Brazil
  49. Citharexylum laurifoliumHayek - Bolivia, Peru
  50. Citharexylum lemsiiMoldenke - Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica
  51. Citharexylum × leonisMoldenke - Cuba (C. caudatum × C. tristachyum)
  52. Citharexylum ligustrifolium(Thur. ex Decne.) Van Houtte - Mexico
  53. Citharexylum lojenseMoldenke - Ecuador
  54. Citharexylum lucidumCham. & Schltdl. - Mexico
  55. Citharexylum lycioidesD.Don - Mexico
  56. Citharexylum macradeniumGreenm. - Panama, Costa Rica
  57. Citharexylum macrochlamysPittier - Panama, Colombia
  58. Citharexylum macrophyllumPoir. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guianas, northwestern Brazil
  59. Citharexylum matheanumBorhidi & Kereszty - Cuba
  60. Citharexylum matudaeMoldenke - Chiapas
  61. Citharexylum mexicanumMoldenke - Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca
  62. Citharexylum microphyllum(DC.) O.E.Schulz - Hisipaniola
  63. Citharexylum mirifoliumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  64. Citharexylum mocinoiD.Don - Mexico, Central America
  65. Citharexylum montanumMoldenke - Colombia, Ecuador
  66. Citharexylum montevidense(Spreng.) Moldenke - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  67. Citharexylum myrianthumCham. - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
  68. Citharexylum obtusifoliumKuhlm - Espírito Santo
  69. Citharexylum oleinum Moldenke - Mexico
  70. Citharexylum ovatifoliumGreenm. - Mexico
  71. Citharexylum pachyphyllumMoldenke - Peru
  72. Citharexylum pernambucenseMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  73. Citharexylum poeppigiiWalp. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil
  74. Citharexylum punctatumGreenm. - Bolivia, Peru
  75. Citharexylum quercifoliumHayek - Peru
  76. Citharexylum quitenseSpreng. - Ecuador
  77. Citharexylum racemosumSessé & Moc. - Mexico
  78. Citharexylum reticulatumKunth - Ecuador, Peru
  79. Citharexylum rigidum(Briq.) Moldenke - Paraguay, southern Brazil
  80. Citharexylum rimbachiiMoldenke - Ecuador
  81. Citharexylum roseiGreenm. - Mexico
  82. Citharexylum roxanaeMoldenke - Baja California
  83. Citharexylum scabrumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - northern Mexico
  84. Citharexylum schottiiGreenm. - southern Mexico, Central America
  85. Citharexylum schulziiUrb. & Ekman - Hispaniola
  86. Citharexylum sessaeiD.Don - Mexico
  87. Citharexylum shreveiMoldenke - Sonora
  88. Citharexylum solanaceumCham. - southern Brazil
  89. Citharexylum spinosumL. – Spiny fiddlewood - West Indies, Panama, Venezuela, the Guianas; naturalized in India, Mozambique, Fiji, Bermuda
  90. Citharexylum stenophyllumUrb. & Ekman - Haiti
  91. Citharexylum steyermarkiiMoldenke - Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala
  92. Citharexylum suberosumLoes. ex Moldenke - Cuba
  93. Citharexylum subflavescensS.F.Blake - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
  94. Citharexylum subthyrsoideumPittier - Colombia, Venezuela
  95. Citharexylum subtruncatumMoldenke - northwestern Brazil
  96. Citharexylum sulcatumMoldenke - Colombia
  97. Citharexylum svensoniiMoldenke - Ecuador
  98. Citharexylum teclenseStandl. - El Salvador
  99. Citharexylum ternatumMoldenke - Cuba
  100. Citharexylum tetramerumBrandegee - Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán in Mexico
  101. Citharexylum tristachyumTurcz. – Threespike Fiddlewood - Cuba, Jamaica, Leeward Islands
  102. Citharexylum uleiMoldenke - Colombia, Peru, northwestern Brazil
  103. Citharexylum vallenseMoldenke - Colombia
  104. Citharexylum venezuelenseMoldenke - Venezuela
  105. Citharexylum weberbaueriHayek - Peru
<i>Baskervilla</i> Genus of flowering plants

Baskervilla is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It consists or 10 species native to Central America and South America

<i>Cischweinfia</i> Genus of orchids

Cischweinfia is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It was named after Harvard orchidologist Charles Schweinfurth. It has eleven currently recognized species, all native to Central America and northwestern South America.

<i>Otoglossum</i> Genus of orchids

Otoglossum is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae, native to South America and Central America.

<i>Plectrophora</i> Genus of orchids

Plectrophora is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to Central and South America.

<i>Sarcoglottis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sarcoglottis is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is widespread across much of Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, with one species extending northward into Trinidad and the Windward Islands.

Leslie Andrew Garay, born Garay László András, was an American botanist. He was the curator of the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium at Harvard University, where he succeeded Charles Schweinfurth in 1958. In 1957 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trichocentrum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  3. ↑ Stermitz, Frank R.; Suess, Terry R.; Schauer, Cynthia K.; Anderson, Oren P.; Bye, Robert A. (1983). "New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant". Journal of Natural Products. 46 (3): 417–423. doi:10.1021/np50027a021.
  4. ↑ Stermitz, Frank R.; Suess, Terry R.; Schauer, Cynthia K.; Anderson, Oren P.; Bye, Robert A. (1983). "New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant". Journal of Natural Products. 46 (3): 417–423. doi:10.1021/np50027a021.
  5. ↑ Williams et al. (2001)
  6. ↑ Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach - Xenia orchidace vol. 3 plate 234 (1900)

Further reading

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