Truncatella (gastropod)

This article is about the genus of snails. For other uses of the term, see Truncatella (disambiguation).

Truncatella
Two live individuals of Truncatella subcylindrica : a juvenile on the left, and an adult on the right
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Truncatellidae
Subfamily:	Truncatellinae
Genus:	Truncatella Risso, 1826 [1]

Truncatella is a genus of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Truncatellidae. These minute snails live in land habitats close to seawater. They walk with a looping action, and the adults have truncated shells. Many of the species are small enough to be considered micromollusks.

Truncatella is the type genus of the family Truncatellidae. ^[2]

Description

From left: Truncatella bahamensis (holotype), T. bilabiata bilabiata, T. pulchella.

As implied by the name, these snails are notable for the way they modify their elongated shells as they mature, breaking off several of the apical whorls, and forming a relatively smooth seal for the remainder of the shell.

Locomotion

The method of locomotion used by Truncatella is unusual. ^[4] Instead of gliding over a slime trail using minute waves in its foot, Truncatella uses a very large and muscular proboscis to reach ahead and grasp a surface, at which point the small foot releases its hold and the proboscis contracts to pull the animal forward, after which the entire procedure is usually repeated. ^[5]

Distribution and habitat

This genus occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. The various species of Truncatella are pantropical in distribution, with a few exceptions such as Truncatella truncatula and Truncatella subcylindrica .

Most of the species in this genus live in a habitat that is neither fully terrestrial nor fully marine: they live under plant debris near high tide level, where they are occasionally wetted with seawater by waves. A small minority of the species are fully terrestrial.

These small snails are typically found associated with drifts of plant material, where their eggs are deposited. ^[6]

The adaptations of these land snails to the terrestrial environment are not so perfect as they are in the more usual pulmonate land snails, and their terrestrial adaptations may in fact be comparatively recent. ^[7]

Species

Shells of Truncatella scalarina

Shells of Truncatella vincentiana

The genus Truncatella was erected by Antoine Risso (Risso, 1826) ^[1] for T. costulata (now T. subcylindrica), which is the type species for this genus.

There are several genera within the Truncatellidae, but the eponymous genus Truncatella is the largest (in terms of number of species); other genera in the family are Geomelania , Taheitia , and Blandiella. ^{[3] [8] [9]}

There are approximately 30 species in the genus Truncatella, including:

• † Truncatella arcicostata H.-J. Wang, 1982
• Truncatella avenacea Garrett, 1887 ^[10]
• Truncatella bahamensis Clench and Turner, 1948 ^[11]
• Truncatella bairdiana C. B. Adams, 1852 ^[12]
• Truncatella barbadensis L. Pfeiffer, 1857
• Truncatella brazieri Cox, 1868 ^[13]
• Truncatella californica Pfeiffer, 1857 ^[14] - California truncatella
• Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve, 1842 ^[15] - Caribbean truncatella
• Truncatella clathrus Lowe, 1832 ^[16]
• † Truncatella crassolabia H.-Z. Pan, 1982
• Truncatella diaphana Gassies, 1869 ^[17]
• † Truncatella directa Y.-T. Li, 1988
• Truncatella granum Garrett, 1872 ^[18]
• Truncatella guerinii Villa & Villa, 1841 ^[19]
• † Truncatella hermitei Bardin, 1879
• † Truncatella hubeiensis Y.-T. Li, 1987
• † Truncatella jiaozhouensis T. Yu, Salvador, H. Wang, Y. Fang, Neubauer, S. Li, H. Zang & X. Wan, 2021
• Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855 ^[20]
• Truncatella oagariensis (Kuroda, 1960)
• † Truncatella obliqua H.-Z. Pan, 1982
• Truncatella obscura Morelet, 1882 ^[21]
• † Truncatella parva Y.-T. Li, 1988
• Truncatella pfeifferi Martens, 1860 ^[22]
• Truncatella quadrasi Möllendorff, 1893 ^[23]
• † Truncatella rabora H.-Z. Pan, 1982
• Truncatella reclusa (Guppy, 1871)
• Truncatella rostrata Gould, 1848 ^[24]
• Truncatella rustica Mousson, 1865 ^[25]
• † Truncatella sanshuiensis W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
• Truncatella scalarina Cox, 1867 ^[26]
• Truncatella scalaris (Michaud, 1830) ^[27] - ladder truncatella
• Truncatella semperi Kobelt, 1884
• † Truncatella sinensis Y.-T. Li, 1988
• Truncatella stimpsonii Stearns, 1872: ^[28] synonym of Truncatella californica L. Pfeiffer, 1857
• Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767) ^[29]
• Truncatella teres (Pfeiffer, 1857): ^[22] synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855
• Truncatella thaanumi Clench & Turner, 1948 ^[30]
• Truncatella truncatula J.P.R. Draparnaud, 1801: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella vincentiana Cotton, 1942 ^[22]
• † Truncatella wattebledi Benoist, 1878
• † Truncatella xuanchengensis H.-Z. Pan, 1982
• Truncatella yorkensis (Cox, 1868): ^[22] synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841

Synonyms

• † Truncatella antediluvianaDeshayes, 1861: synonym of † Bouryia antediluviana (Deshayes, 1861) (superseded combination)
• Truncatella arcasianaCrosse, 1868: synonym of Taheitia arcasiana (Crosse, 1868)(original combination)
• Truncatella atomusPhilippi, 1841: synonym of Omalogyra atomus (Philippi, 1841) (original combination)
• Truncatella aurantiaA. Gould, 1847: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• † Truncatella bezanconiCossmann, 1892: synonym of † Murchisonella bezanconi (Cossmann, 1892) (superseded combination)
• Truncatella bilabiataL. Pfeiffer, 1840: synonym of Truncatella pulchella L. Pfeiffer, 1839 (junior subjective synonym)
• Truncatella capillaceaL. Pfeiffer, 1859: synonym of Truncatella pulchella L. Pfeiffer, 1839
• Truncatella caribaeensisReeve, 1842, sensu Clench & Turner, 1948: synonym of Truncatella pulchella L. Pfeiffer, 1839 (misidentification)
• Truncatella ceylanicaPfeiffer, 1857: ^[31] synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella concinnaPease, 1871: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• † Truncatella costataCossmann, 1895: synonym of Truncatella wattebledi Benoist, 1878 (invalid; not L. Pfeiffer 1839)
• Truncatella costataL. Pfeiffer, 1839: synonym of Truncatella scalaris (Michaud, 1830)
• Truncatella costelliferaPease, 1871: synonym of Truncatella rustica Mousson, 1865
• Truncatella costulataRisso, 1826: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella cristataCrosse, 1868: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• Truncatella cumingiiC. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Truncatella scalaris (Michaud, 1830)
• † Truncatella cylindrataBriart & Cornet, 1887: synonym of † Bouryia cylindrata (Briart & Cornet, 1887) (superseded combination)
• Truncatella debilisMousson, 1873: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella desnoyersii(Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• † Truncatella distensaCossmann, 1888: synonym of † Bouryia distensa (Cossmann, 1888) (superseded combination)
• Truncatella elongataL. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Geomelania elongata (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Truncatella fasciataTapparone Canefri, 1886: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• Truncatella ferruginea(Cox, 1868): ^[22] synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• Truncatella filicostaPoey, 1858: synonym of Geomelania elongata (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Truncatella floridanaHubricht, 1983: synonym of Truncatella pulchella L. Pfeiffer, 1839
• Truncatella funiculusMousson, 1870: synonym of Taheitia funiculus (Mousson, 1870) (original combination)
• Truncatella fuscaPhilippi, 1841: synonym of Setia fusca (Philippi, 1841)
• Truncatella futunaensisMousson, 1871: synonym of Truncatella rustica Mousson, 1865 (junior subjective synonym)
• Truncatella gracilentaW. G. Binney, 1858: synonym of Truncatella californica L. Pfeiffer, 1857 (nomen nudum)
• Truncatella gracilentaE. A. Smith, 1897: synonym of Taheitia gracilenta (E. A. Smith, 1897) (original combination)
• Truncatella haitensisWeinland, 1876: synonym of Geomelania haitensis (Weinland, 1876) (original combination)
• Truncatella japonicaPilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1905: synonym of Truncatella pfeifferi E. von Martens, 1861 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella juliaede Folin, 1872: synonym of Parthenina juliae (de Folin, 1872) (original combination)
• Truncatella kiusiuensisPilsbry, 1902: ^[32] synonym of Truncatella pfeifferi E. von Martens, 1861 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella labiosaSouverbie, 1862: synonym of Truncatella teresL. Pfeiffer, 1857: synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855 (junior subjective synonym)
• Truncatella laevigataRisso, 1826: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella laevissimaKuroda, 1956: synonym of Truncatella pfeifferi E. von Martens, 1861
• Truncatella lirataPoey, 1858: synonym of Geomelania lirata (Poey, 1858)
• Truncatella loweiShuttleworth, 1852: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella lubricaHeld, 1847: synonym of Platyla polita (W. Hartmann, 1840) (junior synonym)
• Truncatella manchurica(A. Adams, 1861): synonym of Cecina manchurica A. Adams, 1861 (superseded combination)
• Truncatella mariannarumQuadras & Möllendorff, 1894: synonym of Taheitia mariannarum (Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894) (original combination)
• Truncatella micraTenison Woods, 1878: synonym of Truncatella scalarina Cox, 1867 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella microlenaMonterosato, 1878: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• † Truncatella minorBriart & Cornet, 1887: synonym of † Bouryia minor (Briart & Cornet, 1887) (superseded combination)
• Truncatella minusculade Folin, 1875: synonym of Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798) (synonym)
• Truncatella modestaC. B. Adams, 1851: synonym of Turbonilla rixtae De Jong & Coomans, 1988 (junior homonym)
• Truncatella montaguiR. T. Lowe, 1832: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella pacificaPease, 1868: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• † Truncatella parisiensisDeshayes, 1861: synonym of † Bouryia parisiensis (Deshayes, 1861)
• Truncatella pulchellaPfeiffer, 1839 ^{[33] [34]} - beautiful truncatella - synonyms: Truncatella bilabiata, Truncatella bilabiata bilabiata, Truncatella bilabiata barbadensis. ^[35]
• Truncatella pellucidaDohrn, 1860: ^[36] synonym of Truncatella marginata f. pellucidaDohrn, 1860: synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855
• Truncatella porrectaA. Gould, 1847: synonym of Taheitia porrecta (A. Gould, 1847) (original combination)
• Truncatella princepsDohrn, 1866: synonym of Truncatella rostrata A. Gould, 1847 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella punctataMonterosato, 1878: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Truncatella reginaHubricht, 1983: synonym of Truncatella clathrus R. T. Lowe, 1832
• Truncatella scalariformisC. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Truncatella scalaris (Michaud, 1830)
• Truncatella scalariformisReeve, 1842: synonym of Taheitia scalariformis (Reeve, 1842) (original combination)
• Truncatella schneideriI. Rensch, 1937: synonym of Taheitia schneideri (Rensch, 1937)
• Truncatella semicostulataJickeli, 1874: synonym of Truncatella marginata f. pellucidaDohrn, 1860: synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855
• Truncatella stimpsoniiStearns, 1872: synonym of Truncatella californica L. Pfeiffer, 1857
• Truncatella striataReeve, 1842: synonym of Coxiella striata (Reeve, 1842) (original combination)
• Truncatella striatulaMenke, 1843: synonym of Coxiella striatula (Menke, 1843) (original combination)
• Truncatella subauriculataQuadras & Möllendorff, 1894: synonym of Taheitia mariannarum (Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894) (junior synonym)
• Truncatella succineaC. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve, 1842 (junior subjective synonym)
• Truncatella tataricaSchrenck, 1867: synonym of Cecina tatarica (Schrenck, 1867) (original rank)
• Truncatella teresL. Pfeiffer, 1857: synonym of Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855
• Truncatella truncatula (Draparnaud, 1801): synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767) (junior synonym)
• Truncatella turriculaMousson, 1870: synonym of Taheitia turricula (Mousson, 1870) (original combination)
• Truncatella ultimaI. Rensch, 1937: synonym of Taheitia ultima (I. Rensch, 1937) (original combination)
• Truncatella validaL. Pfeiffer, 1846: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841 (junior synonym)
• Truncatella ventricosaReeve, 1842: synonym of Tomichia ventricosa (Reeve, 1842) (original combination)
• Truncatella vitianaA. Gould, 1847: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841
• Truncatella wallaceiH. Adams, 1865: synonym of Taheitia wallacei (H. Adams, 1865) (original combination)
• † Truncatella weixianensisYouluo, 1978 (unavailable name)
• Truncatella wrightiL. Pfeiffer, 1862: synonym of Geomelania lirata (Poey, 1858)
• Truncatella yorkensisCox, 1868: synonym of Truncatella guerinii A. Villa & J. B. Villa, 1841

References

1. Risso A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Vol. 4. no publisher listed, Paris. page 124.
2. Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia . 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN   3-925919-72-4. ISSN   0076-2997.
3. Ross, Landon T. (1970). The anatomy of Truncatella Risso 1826 (Mollusca: Prosobranchia), and a revision of the genus in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. unpublished Florida State Univ. dissertation. Retrieved on September 2007.
4. Pilsbry, H. A. & A. P. Brown (1914), The method of progression in Truncatella, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 66: 426–428.
5. Örstan, Aydin. How Truncatella caribaeensis moves. blog for 15 June 2006. https://snailstales.blogspot.com/2006/06/how-truncatella-caribaeensis-moves.html
6. Ross, Landon T. (1969). Notes on the life history of Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve. American Malacological Union Ann. Rept. 1969:35-36.
7. Rosenberg, Gary (1996). Independent evolution of terrestriality in Atlantic truncatellid gastropods. Evolution 50(2): 682–693.
8. Clench, William J. & Ruth D. Turner (1948), A catalogue of the family Truncatellidae with notes and descriptions of new species. Occ. Pap. Mollusks, Harvard Univ. 1: 157–212.
9. Clench, William J. & Ruth D. Turner (1948), The genus Truncatella in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 2: 149–164.
10. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella avenacea Garrett, 1887. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527390 on 2011-06-13
11. ITIS Tuncatella bahamensis
12. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella bairdiana C. B. Adams, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557942 on 2011-06-13
13. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella brazieri Cox, 1868. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557943 on 2011-06-13
14. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella californica Pfeiffer, 1857. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557944 on 2011-06-13
15. WoRMS (2010). Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve, 1842. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419688 on 2011-06-13
16. WoRMS (2010). Truncatella clathrus Lowe, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419689 on 2011-06-13
17. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella diaphana Gassies, 1869. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557946 on 2011-06-13
18. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella granum Garrett, 1872. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527386 on 2011-06-13
19. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella guerinii Villa & Villa, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527391 on 2011-06-13
20. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella marginata Küster, 1855. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527383 on 2011-06-13
21. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella obscura Morelet, 1882. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557947 on 2011-06-13
22. Truncatella. OBIS, accessed 13 June 2011.
23. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella quadrasi Möllendorff, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557949 on 2011-06-13
24. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella rostrata Gould, 1848. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527392 on 2011-06-13
25. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella rustica Mousson, 1865. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527384 on 2011-06-13
26. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella scalarina Cox, 1867. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557950 on 2011-06-13
27. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella scalaris (Michaud, 1830). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527382 on 2011-06-13
28. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella stimpsonii Stearns, 1872. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557951 on 2011-06-13
29. Gofas, S. (2011). Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141850 on 2011-06-13
30. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella thaanumi Clench & Turner, 1948. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527387 on 2011-06-13
31. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella ceylanicaPfeiffer, 1857. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557945 on 2011-06-13
32. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella kiusiuensis Pilsbry, 1902. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527385 on 2011-06-13
33. Rosenberg, G. (2010). Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer, 1839. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419690 on 2011-06-13
34. "Mollusca" Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Diversidad Biológica Cubana, accessed 23 March 2011.
35. Truncatella pulchella. Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca.
36. Rosenberg, G. (2011). Truncatella pellucida Dohrn, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=557948 on 2011-06-13

External links

• Risso A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes, vol. 4. Paris: Levrault. vii + 439 pp., pls 1-12
• Issel, A. (1880). Crociera del Violante comandato dal capitano armatore Enrico d'Albertis dureante l'anno 1877. I. Parte narrativa (pp. 199-236). II. Risultati Scientifici. Cenni sulla geologia della Galita (pp. 237-258). Molluschi terrestri e d'acqua dolce, viventi e fossili (pp. 259-282). Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. (1) 15: 199-282
• Risso, A. (1826-1827). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, F.G. Levrault. 3(XVI): 1-480, 14 pls.
• Leach, W. E. (1852). Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis. A synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure. Van Voorst, London, viii + 376 pp. (edited posthumously by J. E. Gray)
• Guppy, R. J. L. (1871). Notes on some new forms of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusca found in Trinidad. American Journal of Conchology. 6(4): 306–311.
• Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D. (1948). A catalogue of the family Truncatellidae with notes and descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks. 1(13): 157–212, 4 plates.
• Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213
• Pilsbry, H. A. & Brown, A. P. (1914). The method of progression in Truncatella. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 66: 426-428
• Dall, W. H. (1905). Fossils of the Bahama Islands, with a list of the non-marine mollusks. In: G. B. Shattuck (ed.). The Bahama Islands. The Geographical Society of Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, The MacMillan Co., New York, i-xxxii, 630 pp., 93 pls. pp. 21-48, pls. 11-13
• van Hyning, T. (1942). Record find of Truncatella. The Nautilus. 56(1): 34
• Pilsbry, H. A. (1926). Truncatella versus Acmea. The Nautilus. 40(1): 32-33
• "Genus summary for Truncatella" AnimalBase.