U.S. Woodland

U.S. Woodland
Digitized swatch of the U.S. Woodland pattern
Type	Military camouflage pattern
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1981–2012 (U.S. military) 2006–present (MARSOC)
Used by	See Users (for other non-U.S. users)
Wars	Invasion of Grenada United States invasion of Panama Lebanese Civil War Somali Civil War Colombian conflict Yugoslav Wars Operation Uphold Democracy War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2006 Lebanon War 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off Russo-Georgian War Libyan civil war (2011) [1] Syrian Civil War Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
Produced	1980–present

U.S. Woodland was the former standard issue camouflage pattern of the United States Armed Forces from 1981 to 2005 in the cut of the Battle Dress Uniform and a dozen other pieces of clothing that were issued, until its replacement in the early 2010s. ^[2] It is a four color, high contrast disruptive pattern with irregular markings in green, brown, sand and black. It is also known unofficially by its colloquial moniker of "M81" after the year of its adoption, ^[3] however this term was never officially used by the U.S. military.

Although BDUs have been long phased out of frontline use in the U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Woodland is still used on some limited level since MOPP suits, vests, and other equipment were printed in it and never fully replaced. Some modernized uniforms such as modified BDUs and FROG gear were used by special forces such as the USMC Forces Special Operations Command and United States Navy SEALs.

Development and history

The woodland pattern is similar to the Vietnam War version of brown-dominant ERDL pattern, only differing in that it is enlarged by 60 percent and the shades adjusted for contrast. The changes were made in order to extend the effectiveness of the camouflage pattern to as close to 350 meters as possible. ^[4]

The enlargement of the pattern was made as part of a shift of tactical focus of the United States military from the close-range fighting of Vietnam to planning for potential longer-range fighting across European woodlands. ^[5]

The US Woodland pattern was printed slightly darker than ERDL for two key reasons. First, the chosen colors complemented the pattern sizing, preventing the visual blending of colors at greater distances and enhancing the effectiveness of the pattern. Also, by starting with slightly darker colors, the eventual fading of the fabric through use and washing would result in colors moving closer to the desired target, thereby prolonging the garment's useful life. ^[6]

It is not labeled as NIR compliant however testing done on the material and dyes used in the creation process found it to be effective in camouflaging under infrared light. ^{[6] [7]}

Usage

U.S. Army National Guardsmen on an exercise in 2000 while wearing Woodland BDUs and PASGT helmets

U.S. Army

In the U.S. Army, the woodland-patterned Battle Dress Uniform was replaced by the digital Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) found on the Army Combat Uniform, introduced in 2004. UCP itself was replaced by the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) in 2019. The pattern is still used on MOPP suits and some older models of body armor yet to be retired, such as PASGT vests and Interceptor Body Armor.

U.S. Navy

The U.S. Navy no longer uses the Woodland pattern. Most of the Navy has transitioned to the Navy Working Uniform, which uses digital patterns in either a woodland colorway (NWU Type III) or, for some deployed tactical units only, a desert version (Type II).

U.S. Marines

A Marine Raider wearing a FAST Maritime combat helmet and M81 camouflage combat uniform

The Woodland Pattern BDU was phased out by the Marine Corps with the introduction of the digital MARPAT Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform in 2002, although it was reintroduced for the United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command in 2011 ^[8] and was also worn by MARSOC forces in the War in Afghanistan.

U.S. Air Force

The Air Force phased out the woodland pattern battle dress uniform in 2011 when they went to the Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) which used a pixelated version of the tiger stripe pattern. It was in turn replaced by the Army's OCP by 2021. ^[9] The Civil Air Patrol, the U.S. Air Force's civilian auxiliary, also used woodland patterned BDUs until being discontinued 15 June 2021. ^[10]

State defense forces

Captain Gay of the Virginia Defense Force wearing ACU pattern woodland camouflage.

Several state defense forces use the Woodland Pattern on their BDUs. ^[11] Members of the Virginia Defense Force wear a Woodland version of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). ^{[12] [13]}

Law enforcement

The pattern also sees use among police departments, such as the Rhode Island State Police. ^[14]

Users

Russian Internal Troops wearing LES, a Russian camouflage pattern similar to the woodland camouflage

•   Afghanistan: Taliban used copies and US made uniforms circa 1996 to 2001 before the invasion of Afghanistan. Uniform copies and US uniforms used by Taliban during insurgency period. After 2021 takeover woodlands continued to use by Islamic National Army.
•   Argentina: Clones made for Argentine military. ^[15]
•   Armenia: Adopted an Armenian-made Woodland pattern. ^[16]
•   Azerbaijan: Used by State Border Service of Azerbaijan.
•   Bangladesh: Used Woodland uniforms with bright yellow patterns. ^[17]
•   Bhutan ^[18]
•   Bolivia
•   Bosnia and Herzegovina
  •   Republika Srpska : Used by the RS' Special Anti-Terrorist Unit. ^[19]
•   Cambodia: Used Cambodian-made Woodland uniforms. ^[20]
•   Chad
•   Chile ^[21]
•   Colombia ^[21]
  • FARC
•   Congo-Brazzaville
•   Congo-Kinshasa
•   Côte d'Ivoire
•   Croatia ^{[22] [23]}
•   Cyprus: Used by Cypriot special forces. ^[24]
•   Egypt
•   El Salvador ^[21]
•   Estonia ^[25]
•   Fiji: Woodland camo used by some Fijian military units. ^[26]
•   Gambia
•   Greece: Used by Underwater Demolition Command. ^[27]
•   Guatemala
•   Haiti: Used by the Armed Forces of Haiti, as of January 2024
•   Honduras
•   Hong Kong – Used by the Hong Kong Police tactical unit (SDU)
•   Israel: Used by Israeli military in unofficial capacity. ^[28]
•   Kyrgyzstan: Asian-made Woodland patterns used in the Kyrgyz military. ^[29]
•   Kuwait – Used by the Kuwait National Guard.
•   Lithuania ^[30]
•   Luxembourg ^{[31] [32]}
•   Malaysia: Clones used by PASKAL commandos. ^[33]
•   Mexico ^[21]
•   Moldova – Worn by Army of the Republic of Moldova.^{[ citation needed ]}
•   Montenegro: Used by the Montenegrin Special Anti-Terrorist Unit. ^[34]
•   North Korea: Reported to be used by North Korean soldiers stationed in the DMZ from 2010. ^[35]
•   Philippines: Woodland uniforms and gear is commonly used but also universally superseded by their locally produced DPM patterns.
•   Russia: Russia uses near-copies (Komplekt kamuflirovannogo obmundirovannogo [KKO] and Лес or Les [forest]) and true copies (HATO), English NATO, worn by MVD Agencies such as the Internal Troops and Spetsnaz GRU units. ^{[36] [37]}
•   Saint Kitts and Nevis: Used by Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force
•   Saudi Arabia: Used by the Royal Saudi Air Force.
•   Somalia
•   South Korea: Initially in the early to mid-1980s several local variations were produced in limited amounts and used by certain units in the ROKA and the ROKMC. In 1990 the Republic of Korea Armed Forces introduced a locally produced version based on US woodland (Tonghab Korean: 통합) across all branches, which was the standard issue pattern for uniforms, vests, webbing and helmet covers until 2010 when it began to be replaced by digital patterns Granite B for ROKA and ROKN, digital "tiger stripe" style camouflage pattern, known as 물결무늬 (Wave pattern) - aka WAVEPAT - or 해병 디지털 (Marine digital) for ROKMC and Doksa (독사 or "venomous snake") for ROK-SWC due to reports of North Korea issuing copies of Woodland, however the woodland pattern still continues to see limited use. ^[38]
•   Sri Lanka
•   Tonga ^[21]
•   Turkey ^[21]
•   Ukraine: Blue Woodland camos used by MVS units. ^[39] State Border Guard personnel use green woodland clones. ^[39]
•   United States: Still used by MARSOC, Marine Raiders and Navy SEALs. At the state-level, several state defense forces use it. ^[40]
•   Vietnam ^[41]

Former users

•   Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Formerly used by Afghan National Army and ANA Commandos as standard issue uniforms both locally produced and sourcing US surplus uniforms and foreign clones before switching to Spec4ce Camouflage ^[42]
•   Australia: Formerly used by OPFOR in training during the 1990s and 2000s.
•   Azerbaijan: Obtained Turkish-made Woodland uniforms and used from around 2000–12. ^[43]
•   Canada: Formerly used by the Canadian Forces as the pattern of helmet covers for the M1 Helmet (both regular and paratrooper variants), the PASGT Helmet and the Spectra Helmet otherwise known as the 'Barrday Helmet'. ^[44] The Woodland pattern had originally entered service around the same time as the US and had become the standard issue cover by the late 1980s, replacing the older Mitchell Pattern covers. ^[44] The cover pattern was fully phased out and replaced by CADPAT by the mid-2000s. ^[44] Helmet covers as well as uniforms (like former US BDUs) and webbing equipment are still seen in Woodland pattern for OPFOR training.
•   Colombia: Formerly used by the National Army of Colombia, used until 1991 and replaced in 2006.
•   Costa Rica: Formerly used by the Costa Rican Civil Guard. ^[45]
•   Germany: Used by Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine in 1990s.
•   Georgia: Former standard issue camouflage pattern of the Georgian Armed Forces, replaced in 2007. ^[21]
•   Iraq: Formerly used by reformed post-2003 Iraqi military. ^{[46] [47]}
  •   Kurdistan: Used by Peshmerga. ^{[48] [49]}
•   Latvia – Worn by the Latvian Land Forces from 1992 to 2007 when the M07 LATPAT camo was issued. ^{[50] [51]}
•   Lebanon - Replaced in 2017 by the Operational Camouflage Pattern ^{[ citation needed ]}
•   Netherlands: Worn by the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, most of the Woodland camos being replaced by Dutch-made fractal camo. ^[52]
•   Nigeria: Used by the Nigerian military until they were replaced by the M14 pattern. ^[53]
•   Ba'athist Syria: Copies made for the Syrian military. ^[54]
•   United States: Former standard issue camouflage uniform pattern for all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.

See also

• ERDL pattern

References

1. "Gaddafi's Army". Reuters . April 27, 2011.
2. Hardyman, Christine O., ed. (1988). "Chapter 7: Support Services". Department of the Army Historical Summary FY 1981. United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007.
3. "Woodland Is Back!". Soldier Systems Daily (SSD). 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2025. SWANSBORO, NC – 17NOV2014 – We've settled the camouflage debate!!!!! A large portion of our product line is now available in M81 Woodland Camo, based on military and shooting sport customers demand. However, instead of just producing in the vintage fashion, High Speed Gear® commissioned our webbing provider to produce, jacquard M81 Woodland webbing to match the Cordura®. No more olive drab PALS covering the pattern, everything matches, and High Speed Gear has this exclusively.
4. Ramsley, Alvin; Bushnell, William (January 1981). DTIC ADA096884: Development of the U.S. Woodland Battle Dress Uniform (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
5. Vasquez, Justina (August 22, 2018). "Making a 21st-century US military uniform every branch can wear". Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 2018-08-22.
6. "M81 Woodland: From 80s to eternity?". Millennial Arms LLC. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
7. "NIR Compliant Gear: The Basics". Millennial Arms LLC. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
8. "MARSOC adopts woodland Crye Precision uniform". Military.com. 22 August 2011.
9. Losey, Stephen (May 14, 2018). "The long-awaited OCP uniform is on its way to the Air Force — and here's when you could get it". Air Force Times. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
10. "CAP Regulation 39-1 - Civil Air Patrol Uniform Regulation" (PDF). National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol. March 5, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
11. "Questions & Answers about the Tennessee State Guard". Third Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard Official Website. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
12. "VDF Regulation 670-1" (PDF). Virginia Defense Force. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
13. "Frequently Asked Questions". Ohio Military Reserve. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
14. "Uniform Gallery". Rhode Island State Police. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
15. Larson (2021), p. 126.
16. Larson (2021), p. 194.
17. Larson (2021), p. 203.
18. Larson (2021), p. 205.
19. "Special Anti-terrorist Unit of Republic of Srpska". Specijalne-jedinice.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018.
20. Larson (2021), pp. 209.
21. "U.S. Woodland pattern camouflage". Kamouflage.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
22. "Croatian Woodland shirt". CamoUniforms.net.
23. "Croatian Woodland Shirt 02". CamoUniforms.net.
24. Larson (2021), p. 219.
25. "Estonia". Camopedia.
26. Larson (2021), p. 477.
27. Larson (2021), p. 390.
28. Larson (2021), p. 255.
29. Larson (2021), p. 268.
30. "Lithuanian Woodland jacket". CamoUniforms.net.
31. "Standardized U.S.-Led Coalition Forces Uniform" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
32. "Luxembourg gets its own camo pattern!". IACMC Militaria Forum. June 5, 2011.
33. Larson (2021), p. 275.
34. "Special Anti-terrorist Unit of the Republic of Montenegro". Specijalne-jedinice.com.
35. Zwirko, Colin (22 November 2018). "North Korean soldiers at Joint Security Area sporting new uniforms, photos reveal". NK News. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04.
36. Desmond, Dennis (1997). Camouflage Uniforms of the Soviet Union and Russia: 1937-to the Present. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN   978-0764304620.^{[ page needed ]}
37. Galeotti (2015), p. 39.
38. "Camouflage Patterns of the South Korean Armed Forces". Camopedia.org. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-05-09.^{[ better source needed ]}
39. Larson (2021), p. 458.
40. "VDF chaplains provide support at Fort Pickett chapel". Virginia National Guard.
41. "Tìm hiểu về quân phục ngụy trang của quân đội Việt Nam (phần 2)". Tin tức Việt Nam - Cập nhật tin tức trong nước hôm nay (in Vietnamese). 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
42. "Afghanistan". Camopedia.org. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
43. Larson (2021), p. 199.
44. "Canadian Forces Woodland". Canadian Military Police Virtual Museum. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
45. "Costa Rica - Camopedia". www.camopedia.org. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
46. "Iraqi Woodland Camo". Middle East Militaria.
47. "New Iraqi Woodland Camo Uniform". Middle East Militaria.
48. "Kurdish 2 Pocket Woodland Camo Uniforms". Middle East Militaria. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
49. "Kurdistan". Camopedia.org. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
50. "Latvian M07 LatPat Camouflage". 29 April 2020.
51. "Latvian US M81 Woodland Camouflage". 4 May 2020.
52. "Dutch Army Adopts Netherlands Fractal Pattern Camouflage". Soldier Systems. 27 October 2014.
53. "Nigerian Armed Forces ~ M14 Arid Pattern". 29 December 2020.
54. "From Russia with Love, Syria's AK-74Ms". Bellingcat. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023.

Bibliography

• Galeotti, Mark (2015). Spetsnaz: Russia's Special Forces. Osprey Publishing. ISBN   978-1472807229.
• Larson, Eric H. (2021). Camouflage: International Ground Force Patterns, 1946–2017. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN   9781526739537.