USS Hardhead

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USS Hardhead;0836513.jpg
USS Hardhead (SS-365) sometime after May 1953.
History
Flag of the United States.svgUnited States
NameUSS Hardhead
Namesake Hardhead
Builder Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin [1]
Laid down7 July 1943 [1]
Launched12 December 1943 [1]
Commissioned18 April 1944 [1]
Decommissioned10 May 1946 [1]
Recommissioned6 February 1952 [1]
Decommissioned22 May 1952 [1]
Recommissioned24 March 1953 [1]
Decommissioned26 July 1972 [1]
Stricken26 July 1972 [2]
IdentificationSS-365
FateTransferred to Greece, 26 July 1972 [1]
Flag of Greece.svgGreece
NamePapanikolis
Acquired26 July 1972
Stricken4 May 1993
IdentificationS-114
FateSold for scrap 1993
General characteristics
Class and type Balao-class diesel-electric submarine [2]
Displacement
  • 1,526  tons (1,550  t) surfaced [2]
  • 2,424 tons (2,463 t) submerged [2]
Length311 ft 9 in (95.02 m) [2]
Beam27 ft 3 in (8.31 m) [2]
Draft16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum [2]
Propulsion
Speed
  • 20.25 knots (38 km/h) surfaced [6]
  • 8.75 knots (16 km/h) submerged [6]
Range11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h) [6]
Endurance
  • 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged [6]
  • 75 days on patrol
Test depth400 ft (120 m) [6]
Complement10 officers, 70–71 enlisted [6]
Armament
General characteristics (Guppy IIA)
Class and typenone
Displacement
  • 1,848 tons (1,878 t) surfaced [7]
  • 2,440 tons (2,479 t) submerged [7]
Length307 ft (93.6 m) [8]
Beam27 ft 4 in (8.3 m) [8]
Draft17 ft (5.2 m) [8]
Propulsion
  • Snorkel added [7]
  • One diesel engine and generator removed [7]
  • Batteries upgraded to Sargo II [7]
Speed
  • Surfaced:
  • 17.0 knots (19.6 mph; 31.5 km/h) maximum
  • 13.5 knots (15.5 mph; 25.0 km/h) cruising
  • Submerged:
  • 14.1 knots (16.2 mph; 26.1 km/h) for ½ hour
  • 8.0 knots (9.2 mph; 14.8 km/h) snorkeling
  • 3.0 knots (3.5 mph; 5.6 km/h) cruising [7]
Armament

USS Hardhead (SS-365), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the hardhead, a fish of the croaker family.

Contents

Construction and commissioning

Hardhead was launched by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company at Manitowoc, Wisconsin on 12 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Inez Riddle McDonald, wife of Lieutenant Commander Eugene F. McDonald (Retired), President of Zenith Radio Corporation, and commissioned on 18 April 1944.

Service history

Following shakedown training in Lake Michigan Hardhead entered a floating dry dock at Lockport, Illinois, and was towed to New Orleans, Louisiana, where she arrived on 16 May 1944. She got underway from Algiers, Louisiana, on 22 May1944, and arrived at Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, five days later. There she took part in additional training exercises before her arrival at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 July 1944.

First war patrol, July – September 1944

Hardhead, departed on her first war patrol 27 July and proceeded to her patrol area off the Philippines. Early 18 August she detected the Japanese cruiser Natori east of San Bernardino Strait, and closed for a surface attack. The first well-directed salvo stopped the cruiser dead in the water; a second sent her to the bottom.

During the remainder of her first patrol Hardhead rendered lifeguard services during strikes by fleet aircraft on the Philippines and operated with a reconnaissance line during the Palaus operation. She arrived Fremantle, Australia, 26 September 1944.

Second war patrol, October – December 1944

Hardhead's second patrol began as she departed Fremantle 24 October and set course for the Philippines. While steaming on the surface through the Sulu Sea October she discovered a life raft adrift. In it was Commander Bakutis, commander of a fighter squadron (VF-20) from the aircraft carrier Enterprise, who had been in the water for six days after being shot down during America's victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Operating in a coordinated group with Growler and Hake, the submarine sighted a large cargo ship with escorts 8 November. After being driven off in one attack, Hardhead aggressively gained an ahead position and sank Manei Maru. It was during this attack that Growler was lost.

Hardhead performed lifeguard duty off Subic Bay in November and on 25 November came upon an escorted merchant ship. She sank a coast defense vessel, damaged the merchantman, and evaded a retaliatory depth charge attack. Soon afterward, the submarine returned to Fremantle, ending another patrol on 5 December.

Third and fourth war patrols, December 1944 – May 1945

Putting to sea again 24 December, Hardhead began her third war patrol in the South China Sea. Operating with Besugo and Blackfin, Hardhead damaged several ships before sinking Nanshin Maru 2 February 1945. Following lifeguard duty for the B-29 strikes on Singapore she returned to Fremantle 15 February.

Hardhead's fourth war patrol included a special mine-laying mission. She sailed 20 March 1945 and laid mines off French Indochina during the night of 2 April. The submarine then entered the Gulf of Siam, where after several attacks she sank cargo ship Araosan Maru 6 April. Following a visit to Subic Bay to reload 11 April – 15 April she patrolled the South China Sea, but found few contacts. American submarines had by this time reduced Japanese merchant activity to a trickle, effectively destroying the island nation's lifeline to the outside world. Hardhead returned to Fremantle 16 May.

Fifth and sixth war patrols, June – August 1945

Sailing from Fremantle 18 June, Hardhead began her fifth war patrol, to be conducted in the Java Sea. She severely damaged a freighter with her deck guns 22 June, and next day sank four coastal defense craft during an attack on Ambat Roads with Bullhead including submarine chasers Cha-42 ( 05°44′S114°16′E / 5.733°S 114.267°E / -5.733; 114.267 ) and Cha-113 (ex-Dutch minesweeper A) ( 05°45′S114°16′E / 5.750°S 114.267°E / -5.750; 114.267 ) and shuttle boat No. 8333 southeast of the Masalembu Islands. [9] [10] [11] The illness of her commanding officer forced Hardhead to end her fifth patrol 17 July at Onslow, Australia.

The submarine departed Onslow on her sixth and last patrol 18 July, and headed back into the Java Sea. On 23 July 1945, she torpedoed and sank the submarine chaser Cha-117 (ex-Dutch Bantam) off the northeast coast of Bali ( 08°10′S115°29′E / 8.167°S 115.483°E / -8.167; 115.483 ). [12] She forced a merchant ship to beach 27 July but found few targets and returned to Subic Bay 10 August. Soon afterward the Pacific war ended. Hardhead sailed 31 August and arrived at San Francisco via Pearl Harbor 22 September 1945. She decommissioned 10 May 1946 and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet at Mare Island.

Post-war service, 1952–1972

Hardhead was placed in commission in reserve 6 February 1952 and upon her arrival at New London for conversion was placed out of commission. Following her GUPPY IIA conversion, including streamlining, installation of a snorkel breathing apparatus, and larger storage batteries, the submarine recommissioned 24 March 1953. She joined the Atlantic Fleet for training exercises and tactical drills in the years that followed, operating mainly in the Caribbean and off the East Coast of the United States. She sailed for the Mediterranean 7 September 1956 to strengthen the 6th Fleet during the Suez Crisis.

In July 1958 Hardhead, joined Submarine Development Group 2, turning her attention from fleet operations to research and testing of equipment and tactical doctrine. She operated off the East Coast and in the north Atlantic, and by 1961 had won four consecutive "E" awards for her performance. Hardhead continued through 1972 to perform this vital work in maintaining the technical superiority and readiness of the fleet. In 1962, Hardhead participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Honors and awards

All six of Hardhead′s World War II combat patrols were deemed "successful."

Greek service

Hardhead was decommissioned, struck from the Naval Register, and transferred (sold) under the terms of the Security Assistance Program to Greece. On 26 July 1972 raised the Greek flag at New London (Connecticut) by Lieutenant Commander Nikolaos Vassiliou and sailed to Greece on 29 December 1972. She was commissioned into the Hellenic Navy as Papanikolis (S-114). She was struck from the Greek Naval rolls on 4 May 1993.

Related Research Articles

Cha-13 or No. 13 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-2 or No. 2 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-3 or No. 3 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

HNLMS Bantam was an ABC-class auxiliary minesweeper of the Royal Netherlands Navy that was scuttled by her crew during World War II. She was later re-floated and repaired by the Japanese and converted into auxiliary submarine chaser Cha-117 or No. 117.

HNLMS <i>A</i>

HNLMS A was an A-class minesweeper of the Royal Netherlands Navy that was scuttled by her crew during the Battle of Java. She was later re-floated and repaired by the Japanese and converted into auxiliary submarine chaser Cha-113 or No. 113.

Cha-42 or No. 42 was a No.1-class submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-14 or No. 14 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-19 or No. 19 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-246 or No. 246 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-245 or No. 245 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-232 or No. 232 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-221 or No. 221 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-219 or No. 219 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-217 or No. 217 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-215 or No. 215 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-228 or No. 228 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II.

Cha-196 or No. 196 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II and with Japan during the post-war period.

Cha-194 or No. 194 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II and with Japan during the post-war period.

Cha-187 or No. 187 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II and with Japan during the post-war period.

Cha-186 or No. 186 was a No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during World War II and with Japan during the post-war period.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN   1-55750-263-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN   0-313-26202-0.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN   978-0-313-26202-9.
  4. ↑ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 261–263
  5. 1 2 3 U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305-311
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 11–43. ISBN   1-55750-260-9.
  8. 1 2 3 4 U.S. Submarines Since 1945 pp. 242
  9. ↑ Cressman, Robert (October 15, 2016). The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   9781591146384.
  10. ↑ Toda, Gengoro S. "第四十二號驅潜特務艇の艦歴 (No. 42 submarine chaser - Ship History)". Imperial Japanese Navy -Tokusetsu Kansen (in Japanese).
  11. ↑ Toda, Gengoro S. "第百十三號驅潜特務艇の艦歴 (No. 113 submarine chaser - Ship History)". Imperial Japanese Navy -Tokusetsu Kansen (in Japanese).
  12. ↑ Toda, Gengoro S. "第百十七號驅潜特務艇の艦歴 (No. 117 submarine chaser - Ship History)". Imperial Japanese Navy -Tokusetsu Kansen (in Japanese).
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