USCGC Dione

Last updated

USCGC Dione (WPC-107).png
USCGC Dione on 17 May 1945
History
Ensign of the United States Coast Guard.svgUnited States
NameUSCGC Dione
Namesake Dione, mother of Aphrodite
Owner United States Coast Guard
Builder Manitowoc Shipbuilding Corporation
Cost
Yard number
Laid down10 November 1933
Launched30 June 1934
Sponsored byUnita Risch
Completed28 September 1934
Commissioned5 October 1934
Recommissioned4 February 1951
Decommissioned
  • 23 July 1947
  • 8 February 1963
In service
  • 1934–1947
  • 1952–1963
Refit
  • 1941
  • 1945
  • 1960
Homeport
Identification
Honors &
awards
FateSold by USCG on 24 February 1964
Flag of the United States.svgUnited States
Name
  • Dione
  • Delta I
  • Big Trouble
  • Al Rashid
Namesake
Owner
  • Palmer Decker Boat Company (c. 1968)
  • SABIC (c. 1978)
Port of registry New Orleans, Louisiana (c. 1978)
In service1964–1992
Homeport
Identification
FateLast reported in 1992
General characteristics (1933 construction)
Class & type Thetis-class patrol boat
Displacement337 long tons (342  t)
Length165 ft (50 m) overall
Beam25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)
Draft7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)
Installed power
  • 2 x Winton, 6-cyl, Model 158 diesels
  • 1,340 hp (1,000 kW)
PropulsionTwo three-bladed propellers
Speed
  • 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph) (maximum)
  • 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph) (maximum sustained)
  • 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) (cruising)
  • 6 kn (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) (economic)
Range
  • 1,750 mi (2,820 km) (maximum sustained speed)
  • 3,000 mi (4,800 km) (cruising speed)
  • 6,417 mi (10,327 km) (economic speed)
Capacity7,700 US gal (29,000 L; 6,400 imp gal)
Complement5 officers, 39 ratings
Sensors &
processing systems		 Wireless
Armament
General characteristics (1945 refit)
Displacement350 tons
Draft10 ft (3.0 m)
Complement7 officers, 68 men
Sensors &
processing systems
Armament2 x 3-inch/50; 2 x 20 mm/80; 2 x depth charge tracks; 2 x Mousetraps; 2 x Y-guns
General characteristics (in civilian use)
Type
Tonnage
Length154.3 ft (47.0 m)
Beam25.3 ft (7.7 m)
Draft11.3 ft (3.4 m)

USCGC Dione (WPC-107) was a Thetis-class patrol boat, designated a cutter, operated by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) between 1934 and 1963. She was laid down in November 1933 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and was then launched in June 1934 and commissioned in October that year. She was built to enforce prohibition, though it was repealed the year before Dione was completed. As a result, the cutter primarily served in search and rescue roles out of her station in Norfolk, Virginia.

Contents

Dione was heavily involved with anti-submarine warfare during World War II; she was the only ship capable of opposing German U-boats at the beginning of the Second Happy Time in January 1942. The cutter operated in the waters off the Outer Banks of North Carolina, which were nicknamed "Torpedo Alley". During her service in Torpedo Alley, she rescued the survivors of several sunken ships, escorted Allied convoys, and hunted U-boats with the goal of sinking one—though the cutter had no success in the last capacity.

Dione was decommissioned in 1947 due to a lack of personnel, after serving in maritime law enforcement and search and rescue roles. She was recommissioned in 1951 and assigned to Freeport, Texas. She operated there until the second decommissioning of her lifetime in 1963, and was sold as a supply ship the next year. She was operated out of the Gulf Coast region by several companies and be known by three subsequent names. She was last seen in service in 1992.

Construction

Dione (left) alongside her sister ships Electra and Pandora before their triple launching in 1934 USCGCs Dione, Electra, and Pandora.png
Dione (left) alongside her sister ships Electra and Pandora before their triple launching in 1934

Hull number 277 [1] was a Thetis-class patrol boat [2] built by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Corporation in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Her keel was laid on 10 November 1933. [3] The cutter was launched alongside her sisters Electra and Pandora [4] on 30 June 1934. [2] The launching was originally to occur on 23 June, but was postponed one week for unknown reasons. [5] Dione was christened by Unita Risch, president of Wisconsin Department of the American Legion Auxiliary. [6] The cutter was delivered on 28 September [7] and commissioned on 5 October. [2] [3]

She was named for Dione, a Titaness and the mother of the goddess Aphrodite in Greek mythology. The cutter cost US$285,000 to construct. [2] Dione's building number was P-13, [8] [9] her signal letters were NRGV, [10] and she was designated WPC-107. [1] She bore the prefix "USCGC," indicating that the USCG considered her a "United States Coast Guard Cutter". The beginning of her designation, "WPC," marked that she was considered a "Coast Guard patrol craft." [11] It was estimated, as of 1936, that the cutter's operating cost would be US$66,170. [7]

Purpose

Alongside her 17 sister ships, Dione and the rest of the Thetis class was designed to combat alcohol smuggling during Prohibition. The cutters were intended to be large and fast enough to intercept large smuggler ships that loitered off the American coast. These so-called "mother ships" were an issue, as they supplied alcohol to small boats that brought the drinks ashore. [12] : 108  The ships formed the outer ring of a newly-built network of cutters intended to intercept smuggling. While the Thetis and Active classes patrolled off the coast, a range of smaller cutters and boats patrolled closer to shore to create a continuous buffer of Prohibition enforcement that stretched from the open ocean to inner harbors. [12] : 89, 95, 99, 105 

The Eighteenth Amendment, which had instituted prohibition, was repealed in 1933 with the Twenty-first Amendment [13] —a little under a year before Dione was completed. [1] The cutter never operated in the capacity that she and her sisters were constructed for.

Specifications

General arrangement plans of a Thetis-class patrol boat Accommodation plans of USCGC Dione.png
General arrangement plans of a Thetis-class patrol boat

Throughout her career, Dione had an overall length of 165 feet (50 m) and had a beam of 25.25 feet (7.70 m). When she was constructed in 1933, the cutter had a draft of 7.67 feet (2.34 m). She had two three-bladed propellers, powered by two 6-cylinder diesel engines which were each capable of producing 670 brake horsepower (500 kW), [2] a total of 1,340 horsepower. [14] Her displacement was 337 long tons (342  t ) while fully loaded. [2]

The cutter could travel a maximum speed of 16 knots (30  km/h ; 18  mph ), a maximum sustained speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), a cruising speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph), and an economic speed of 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph). She had a range of 1,750 miles (2,820 km) while traveling at her maximum sustained speed, a range of 3,000 miles (4,800 km) while traveling at her cruising speed, and a range of 6,417 miles (10,327 km) while traveling at her economic speed. [2]

She was armed with a 3-inch/23-caliber anti-aircraft gun and a 1-pounder pom-pom for defense. She carried a wireless system [2] and had a fuel capacity of 7,700 U.S. gallons (29,000 L). [3] She carried three searchlights, one of which was reportedly capable of throwing a beam of light a distance of about 3 miles (4.8 km). [15]

Service history

Pre-war

Dione departed Manitowoc on 5 October 1934. [16] During the trip from Manitowoc, the cutter's oil purifier broke. She docked in Ogdensburg, New York, for repairs. [15] Dione stopped in Philadelphia on 30 October to be outfitted with her guns, [17] and arrived at the Coast Guard Base in Norfolk, Virginia [18] —the city where she was stationed [2] [19] —on 1 November. [18]

Dione tows a disabled fishing vessel off Fire Island, 1935 USCGC Dione towing fishing vessel.png
Dione tows a disabled fishing vessel off Fire Island, 1935

The cutter primarily operated in a search and rescue capacity, responding to vessels that had signaled that they were in distress, [20] [21] carrying injured seamen to Norfolk, [22] [23] and locating the wreckage of downed planes. [24] She also operated in miscellaneous capacities, such as breaking through ice to allow access to the Smith and Tangier Islands in February 1936 [25] and accompanying vessels participating in a Hampton One-Design race in August 1941. [26]

In November 1937, Dione joined the search for survivors of the sunken cargo ship Tzenny Chandris, which had sunk in a storm off Hatteras, North Carolina, on the night of 12–13 November. Multiple lifeboats were found empty, but 15 survivors were eventually found clinging to wreckage by the cutter Mendota and were subsequently taken to Norfolk. [27] [28]

World War II

After the American entry into World War II, Dione was assigned to both the Fifth Naval District —the United States Navy (USN) command responsible for defending American coastal waters off southeastern Virginia and North Carolina —and the Eastern Sea Frontier, a USN operational command. [2] [29] She was based out of Naval Operating Base Norfolk. [30] : 25  In December 1941, the cutter's 1-pounder gun was removed. Installed in its place two racks to hold depth charges and a Y-gun depth charge launcher, [2] which was designed to throw depth charges over the sides of the cutter and into the water. [31]

Dione was assigned to patrol duty of the waters between Norfolk and Morehead City, North Carolina, covering the shipping lanes that passed by the Outer Banks and going as far out as the Gulf Stream. She also traveled to the lightships that operated off the Outer Banks to deliver and receive mail. [30] : 25 

Second Happy Time

Dione deploying depth charges, 1942 Dione depth charges.png
Dione deploying depth charges, 1942

The waters off the Outer Banks of North Carolina are nicknamed the "Graveyard of the Atlantic" due to the high amount of ships lost at sea off the coast. The sandbars shift due to rough waves and unpredictable weather. [30] : 25  During World War II, this region also earned the additional nickname "Torpedo Alley" (alternatively Torpedo Junction) due to the high number of U-boats patrolling off the Outer Banks. A total of 397 Allied ships were sunk by U-boats between January and June 1942, [29] and the time period was referred to as the "Second Happy Time" by Kriegsmarine officers as well as Karl Dönitz — Admiral of the Kriegsmarine. [32] At the beginning of the Second Happy Time, Dione was the only vessel large and capable enough of opposing the U-boats that operated in Torpedo Alley. [19] [30] : 25 

Dione was under the command of Lieutenant Nelson McCormick in January 1942, at the beginning of the Second Happy Time. McCormick came to the conclusion that Dione tended to be too far away from vessels when they issued distress signals, so he ordered more aggressive and offensive patrols. After determining that U-boats generally attacked at night, McCormick decided to abandon his usual routine in favor of grid-searching the waters off the Outer Banks for U-boats. The cutter's searches would often utilize sonar and other sound-detection gear. [30] : 27  [33]

Sometime at the end of January, Dione dropped six depth charges after her sonar man reported an "underwater object" 20 miles (32 km) off Oregon Inlet. Two airplanes made several runs on a rapidly spreading patch of oil. They reported to McCormick that they saw something long and narrow. An oar and a boat hook eventually surfaced, and when brought aboard were found to have been from the oil tanker Francis E. Powell. The tanker had been sunk by U-130 on 27 January. [30] : 27 

In early February, Dione was ordered to Little Creek Section Base to pick up a new master, Lieutenant James Alger. McCormick was kept aboard Dione as an executive officer, and to command the cutter when intricate maneuvers were required. On Alger's first day, Dione's sonar operator called out an echo. Nothing was found with the echo, but a second later in the afternoon caused the cutter's new master to order depth charges dropped. After a spew of oil came to the surface, two life rafts were dispatched to collect samples. It was discovered that Dione had dropped depth charges on another sunken oil tanker. [30] : 28, 33 

On 12 February, the cutter's sonar operator reported a periscope off Dione's port side. Alger ordered general quarters and had depth charges dropped from both the Y-gun and the racks; some went off at 100 feet (30 m) while others went off at 50 feet (15 m). Dione's lights and equipment abruptly went dead after her propellers came out of the water. The cutter's engines were stopped, and her electrical power was later restored. No U-boat was ever spotted. [30] : 41 

Later that same month, on 19 February, the cutter towed the minesweeper USS Paramount to Morehead City after she had been grounded at the entrance to Ocracoke Inlet. [30] : 46  [34] Dione set off for Cape Henry late at night on 27 February to assist the torpedoed freighter North Sea. The freighter was found by Dione early the next morning with shell holes dotted across her hull. Reportedly, a U-boat's attack on North Sea had been halted due to a storm that had tossed the U-boat about, preventing it from accurately aiming its deck gun. Dione towed the damaged freighter to Little Creek, as North Sea had lost her steering capabilities in the attack, and arrived by the end of the day. [30] : 50 

Dione rescuing the crew of a torpedoed ship, 1942 Dione rescue.png
Dione rescuing the crew of a torpedoed ship, 1942

On 17 March, Dione rescued the crew of the damaged storage tanker Acme, which had been torpedoed by the German submarine U-124 one nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) west of the Diamond Shoals Light Buoy. [35] That same day, she picked up the crew of a Greek vessel, Kassandra Louloudis, and took her survivors on as well and delivered everyone to Norfolk. [36] On 20 March, Dione made contact with a U-boat. A USCG airplane from the Elizabeth City Air Station dropped two depth charges with unknown results. [2] On 23 March, she responded to the distress signals of the oil tanker Naeco , torpedoed by U-124. The cutter rescued at least ten survivors from a lifeboat and two more from the water, all of whom were taken to Norfolk. [30] : 96–98  [37]

Three days later, on 26 March, Dione spotted flames from the sinking oil tanker Dixie Arrow and headed to investigate. The tanker's survivors had already been rescued by the destroyer USS Tarbell, and nothing but debris was encountered. The cutter then headed south to the waters off Hatteras, North Carolina. [30] : 102  On 5 April, Dione responded to the torpedoed oil tanker Byron D. Benson, and pulled one survivor from the water. [30] : 123  [38]

Dione rendezvoused with USS Dickerson on 14 April, near the Diamond Shoals Light Buoy, to escort a convoy. Lieutenant Dick Bacchus had taken over as the cutter's navigator and executive officer, though McCormick remained aboard. The convoy was later joined by another cutter, and escorted two freighters north past North Carolina. After Dickerson relieved both cutters of duty, Dione headed back south for a nightly patrol. At morning on 15 April, Dione met up with Dickerson once more to escort a convoy, this time consisting of two British trawlers, two American tankers, and an American freighter. The tankers were quicker than Dione, and the cutter had issues keeping up. Alger chose to be aggressive despite supposed to be close by the convoy, ranging out and dropping depth charges on any suspected echos to "keep the U-boat[s] off balance." [30] : 164–166 

Dione escorting a convoy, 1942; her Y-gun can be seen behind the sailor in the foreground Dione convoy escort.png
Dione escorting a convoy, 1942; her Y-gun can be seen behind the sailor in the foreground

Dione and Dickerson both continued escort duty. The cutter would conduct escort duty during the day and would patrol the waters for U-boats during the night. The convoys were nicknamed "bucket brigades" after the old-fashioned method of transporting buckets during a fire. Since the convoys had begun, not a single ship had been lost to U-boats near Cape Hatteras or Cape Lookout. [30] : 167  On 18 April, Dione was observed dropping depth charges on an unknown submarine, with no visible results. [2]

On 19 April, Dione led a convoy of nine civilian vessels alongside another by an 88-foot cutter. The convoy passed Cape Hatteras without incident. A USN aircraft then spotted an incoming torpedo; Alger ordered evasive maneuvers. The torpedo missed Dione but struck the tanker Axtell J. Byles at 2000 hours, which sank some time thereafter. Dione dropped depth charges in response to the attack. The charges hit something, but no kill was confirmed. Following this incident, it was decided that the convoys should run at night to reduce the risk of casualties. [30] : 167–169 

Dione began patrolling around the Wimble Shoals Buoy after her escort missions were finished, beginning demolition exercises on Axtell J. Byles' wreck on April 25. Her crew dropped depth charges on the wreck all day, hoping to discover what they had hit. On 29 April, Dione was ordered back to Little Creek for repairs and rearmament. The repairs were finished on 13 May. [30] : 178, 231 

On 18 May, Dione left Norfolk to join a convoy heading to Key West, Florida. On 20 May, it was discovered that the cutter's port engine was "acting up". It was decided that she would continue on the convoy running on one engine while her other one was repaired. Dione traveled in the starboard quarter of the convoy and occasionally traveled further away from the convoy to listen for sonar pings. The cutter was eventually forced to fall to the rear position after a ship began lagging behind. The convoy reached Florida on 23 May. [30] : 233–235 

Sometime in May, Dione met up with USS Ellis, a destroyer of the same class as Dickerson. The two ships completed support missions and responded to USCG aircraft reports. On one occasion, the ships steamed to the location of two allegedly damaged and submerged U-boats roughly 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of New Jersey and dropped depth charges. [19]

Esso Augusta under tow after being damaged by a mine, June 1942 Esso Augusta damaged.jpg
Esso Augusta under tow after being damaged by a mine, June 1942

On 15 June, a convoy Dione was escorting began maneuvering into a single-file line in preparation to enter the Chesapeake Bay.The fifth tanker in line, Robert C. Tuttle, struck a mine and began to sink within view of vacationers in Virginia Beach. [30] : 254–255  The tanker Esso Augusta broke the formation after her crew believed that Robert C. Tuttle had been torpedoed, and Esso Augusta ended up striking a mine. Dione dropped a spread of eight depth charges, and her ninth caused another explosion to occur. Eyewitnesses claimed to have seen a U-boat, but naval officials concluded that the incident was due to mines laid in the Thimble Shoal Channel between Virginia Beach and Virginia's eastern shore. [39]

On 24 June, at 1900 hours, the cutter made an underwater contact while escorting a convoy. Five minutes later, she dropped one depth charge with no results. At 1910 hours, two other ships in the convoy, Nordland and Manuela, were torpedoed. Dione made a sweeping search for the submarine, which seemed to be on the convoy's starboard side. Nordland proceeded to catch fire and sink, and her survivors were rescued by Norwich City. [2]

Dione made another contact with a U-boat the next day, 25 June, dropping five depth charges. As a result, large amounts of oil bubbled to the surface. A doubtful contact was made just two days later, on 27 June, at 1054 hours. The cutter dropped four depth charges but yielded no results. [2] Dione was taken to Norfolk for repairs to her starboard engine at the end of the month. They lasted a week, and the cutter was back into action at the beginning of July. She continued her convoy escort duties into July and August, [30] : 290  though the U-boat threat off the Outer Banks had become almost non-existent by then. [40] Following the end of the Second Happy Time, the crew of Dione began to refer to the time period as the "Battle of Torpedo Junction." [30] : 19 

1945

Dione (center) escorts the German submarine U-1228 to Portsmouth, New Hampshire; 17 May 1945 German submarine U-1228 surrenders at Portsmouth NH in May 1945.jpg
Dione (center) escorts the German submarine U-1228 to Portsmouth, New Hampshire; 17 May 1945

In early 1945, Dione was rearmed with two 3-inch/50-caliber guns, two 20 mm/80 cannons, two "Mousetrap" anti-submarine rocket launchers, and another Y-gun. Her wireless system was replaced with an SF radar system and a QCN-1 sonar system. [3] The cutter's displacement was also increased to 350 long tons (360 t). [2]

The cutter was selected as one of six vessels to serve as the USN's "Surrender Group" for the First Naval District off New England, alongside her sister ships Argo and Nemesis. The role of the Surrender Group was to help escort surrendered Axis vessels to American ports, where they would then be acquired by the government. [41] [42]

On 17 May, Dione rendezvoused with U-1228, a U-boat that had fled to Allied waters following the German Instrument of Surrender on 8 May. The crew of the submarine surrendered it to the Allies, and the cutter was ordered to escort the U-boat to an American port. She guided U-1228 to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where the submarine was later taken to the Portsmouth Naval Yard. [43] [44] [45] In June, Dione was sent back to the Fifth Naval District, where she was assigned to air-sea rescue duty. [2]

For her service in World War II, Dione was awarded the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. [46]

Post-war

Dione in Freeport, Texas, June 1952 USCGC Dione Freeport.jpg
Dione in Freeport, Texas, June 1952

Between 1945 and 1947, Dione was used by the USCG for both law enforcement and search and rescue. She was eventually decommissioned on 23 July 1947, in Cape May, New Jersey, [47] where she spent several years in storage due to a lack of personnel. [2] The cutter was recommissioned on 4 February 1951, in Curtis Bay, Maryland, [48] after a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. [49] Dione was stationed in Freeport, Texas, starting in 1952, [49] and was the first cutter to be based in the city. [47] Reportedly, Freeport competed with the city of Corpus Christi to be the location where Dione was stationed. [50]

The cutter originally scheduled to arrive on 13 March 1952, but was delayed until the next week due to rough weather on her shakedown cruise. [51] She was met with a yacht escort upon her arrival in Freeport on 19 March. An enlisted sailors' dance and officer's dinner was held in the city, and local schools were closed so students could “extend typical Texan hospitality” to Dione and her crew. [47] [48] The day was dubbed "Coast Guard Day" by the cities of Freeport, Velasco, Clute, and Lake Jackson. [47]

After being assigned to the Freeport Lifeboat Station, [47] [50] Dione operated in a similar capacity as she had in Norfolk: search and rescue. The cutter responded to the distress signal of a Mexican motor vessel in 1956, [52] towed the buoy tender Iris in 1957, [53] helped put out a fire that had started aboard the Freeport sulfur barge FS-20 in 1959, [54] and towed a fishing vessel after a false emergency signal in 1962. [55]

She was the first of five 165 feet (50 m)-long cutters to undergo repairs to her hull in 1960. It was discovered that her insides had corroded and were hidden by insulation and furniture, her C strake —a longitudinal course of plating that stretched from the bow to the stern —had several leaks, and attempts to use welding arcs to fix the latter issue ended up "burning through the basic plate" and resulted in Dione's entire strake needing to be replaced. [56]

Dione remained in Freeport until the end of her service in 1963, [2] and was decommissioned on 8 February of that year. She was sold as a supply ship on 24 February 1964. [2] [3]

Commercial service

The cutter became a merchant vessel, and was given three new names over the course of her career: Delta I, Big Trouble, and Al Rashid. [57] [58] She carried the official number 297193. [57] [59] [60]

In 1968, while the ship was still named Dione, she was owned by the Palmer Decker Boat Company and based out of Port Arthur, Texas. She had the call sign WD4627. [60] After being renamed Delta I, she was listed as a freighter and was given the call sign WYTJ. [59] After being renamed Al Rashid, [1] the ship was assigned the IMO number 7515080 and was converted into a multi-purpose offshore vessel. She was operated by SABIC. Al Rashid was registered in New Orleans and listed as a supply ship in Lloyd's Register of Shipping. [61] The ship had a length of 154.3 feet (47.0 m), a beam of 25.3 feet (7.7 m), and a draft of 11.3 feet (3.4 m). She was 256 gross register tons and 174 net register tons. [62]

The exact year that the former Dione concluded her service is unknown, though she was last seen in service in 1992 as Al Rashid. [63]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Manitowoc Shipbuilding, Manitowoc WI". Naval Marine Archive. 8 April 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Dione, 1934". United States Coast Guard. 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Naval Institute Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN   978-0-87021-717-3 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ↑ Delgado, James P. (30 June 1987). "Potomac (Presidential Yacht)". npgallery.nps.gov. p. 9. Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  5. ↑ "Postpone Launching of Coast Guard Boats". Kenosha News. 7 June 1934. p. 2. Retrieved 12 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Crowd of 10,000 Attends Launching". The Sheboygan Press. 30 June 1934. p. 1. Retrieved 12 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  7. 1 2 Treasury Department Appropriate Bill for 1935. United States Government Printing Office. 1935. p. 434 – via HathiTrust.
  8. ↑ Flynn, James (2 April 2014). U.S. Coast Guard "W" Numbers (PDF). Originally published in The Belgian Shiplover. United States Coast Guard. p. 2.
  9. ↑ Record of movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard, 1790-December 31, 1933. A bicentennial publication. Coast Guard Historian's Office. 1989. p. 318 – via HathiTrust.
  10. ↑ "United States Coast Guard". Signal Letters of the United States Merchant Marine: 1941. 10. United States Government Printing Office. 1941. p. 90 – via HathiTrust.
  11. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Coast Guard Historic Topics. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  12. 1 2 Canney, Donald L. (1995). U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue cutters, 1790-1935. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-55750-101-1.
  13. ↑ "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 21 – "Repeal of Prohibition"". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  14. ↑ Patrick, Clancey (20 November 1999). "WPC-107 USS Dione". Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  15. 1 2 "Cutter Dione Ties up at Local Wharf". Ogdensburg Journal. 16 October 1934. p. 5. Retrieved 29 September 2025– via NYS Historic Newspapers.
  16. ↑ "New Cutter Dione En Route To Port". The Virginian-Pilot. 7 October 1934. p. 29. Retrieved 12 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Dione at Philadelphia". Ledger-Star. 30 October 1934. p. 22. Retrieved 12 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  18. 1 2 "New Coast Guard Cutter Dione Joins Norfolk Division". The Virginian-Pilot. 2 November 1934. p. 16. Retrieved 12 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  19. 1 2 3 Ostrom, Thomas P. (2009). The United States Coast Guard in World War II: A History of Domestic and Overseas Actions. McFarland. p. 102. ISBN   978-0-7864-5371-9 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ "Cutter Seeking Disabled Trawl Craft Off Capes". Daily Press. 1 February 1940. p. 6. Retrieved 28 August 2025– via newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Coast Guard Cutter Fails to Find Boat". Suffolk News-Herald. Vol. 15. 20 November 1937. p. 6. Retrieved 10 August 2025– via Virginia Chronicle.
  22. ↑ "Bringing Injured Man". Daily Press. 27 December 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2025– via newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Rush to Injured Man". Daily Press. 31 December 1940. p. 6. Retrieved 28 August 2025– via newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "Find Wreckage of Lost Plane". Daily Press. 9 April 1941. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved 28 August 2025– via newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Cutter Opening Channels to Bay Islands". The Daily Times. 5 February 1936. p. 6. Retrieved 5 October 2025– via newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "One-Designs Race from Norfolk to Urbanna Thursday". Daily Press. 31 August 1941. p. 18. Retrieved 28 August 2025– via newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Ships sweep sea for missing 22". The Sunday Star . Washington, DC. 14 November 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 7 March 2024 – via Library of Congress.
  28. ↑ "FREIGHTER LEAKY, SURVIVORS ASSERT; Seaman Says Crew Asked That Ship Be Turned Back Long Before She Sank". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  29. 1 2 "Torpedo Junction". National Park Service. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Hickam, Homer H. (3 May 1996). Torpedo Junction: U-Boat War Off America's East Coast, 1942. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-61251-578-6. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020 – via Google Books and Internet Archive.
  31. ↑ McKee, Fraser M. (January 1993), "An Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge", The Northern Mariner , III (1), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Nautical Research Society in association with the North American Society for Oceanic History: 45–58, doi:10.25071/2561-5467.767, ISSN 1183-112X, S2CID 159700228
  32. ↑ Offley, Ed (February 2022). "The Drumbeat Mystery". Naval History. 36 (1). U.S. Naval Institute.
  33. ↑ Marx, Deborah; Delgado, James (26 April 2013). "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form" (PDF). National Park Service . Retrieved 21 April 2025.
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