Delgado has held significant positions in maritime museums,the U.S. National Park Service,and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) maritime heritage programs. He has also been involved in academic and public presentations,university teaching,and has appeared in numerous television documentaries. He has developed standards and guidelines for the U.S. National Park Service's National Historic Landmark Studies to preserve maritime shipwrecks and maritime cultural sites.
Delgado was born on January 11,1958,in San Jose,California. He grew up in Blossom Valley and at the age of ten,Delgado was influenced by lessons on ancient Egypt,Greece,and Rome from his teachers. During high school,Delgado worked alongside Bay Area archaeologists Chester King,Linda King,and Rob Edwards. He also interacted with graduate students from an archaeology class at San Jose State University. As an undergraduate at San Jose State,and influenced by Theodore "Ted" C. Hinckley,he studied history and later transferred to San Francisco State University as a cooperative education student with the National Park Service. He graduated with a B.A. in American history in 1981.[2]
Career
Early days
By fourteen,Delgado's curiosity led him to a construction site near his home in the Santa Teresa Hills,where the remains of the Ohlone people were discovered. This site,which later became the Rancho de Santa Teresa,was being destroyed despite the presence of archaeologists. Delgado,initially volunteering alone,began mapping,photographing,and recovering artifacts from the site,[3] continuing his efforts through high school. He later assisted in an excavation in 1980. The experience had a significant impact on Delgado,leading him to prepare the nomination papers for the site,which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 as site #75002184. His research notes and materials are archived in the San Jose Public Library,documenting his early explorations of the nearby foothills.[4]
In 1972,Delgado met with San Jose Mayor Norman Y. Mineta to advocate for changes in laws to protect archaeological sites. Mineta appointed him the San Jose Youth Commission's Liaison to the city's Historical Landmarks Commission. After serving for three years,Mayor Janet Gray Hayes appointed Delgado as a commissioner in 1976. He also served on the San Jose Bicentennial Commission and participated in the first inventory of historical and architectural heritage in 1977 and the Santa Clara County Heritage Inventory.[2] He began working at the New Almaden Museum in 1972 and was mentored by museum founder Constance B. "Connie" Perham.
Delgado's early work notably included documenting shipwreck remains and the surrounding environmental conditions exposed by beach erosion. He was a pioneer in this area of archaeology in the United States,starting with the wrecks of the schooner Neptune and those within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.[5] Delgado also examined the steamer Pomo at Point Reyes National Seashore and,in 1985,conducted an extensive survey of shipwreck remains at Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores in North Carolina.
NPS
Delgado first served for a year as the assistant to NPS Western Regional Historian Gordon S. Chappell,where he completed a series of National Register of Historic Places nominations for sites as diverse as U.S. Highway 1 on the Northern California coast and the historic ships at San Francisco's Hyde Street Pier. Delgado worked with archaeologist Allen Pastron on several excavations beginning in 1979. Among the buried ships from 1849 to 1851 that he would help excavate or analyze are the storeships Niantic and General Harrison,the ships William Gray and Candace,and others.
Delgado remained with the NPS as the first Park Historian for Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) serving from 1979 to 1986. He co-directed the archaeological excavation of Civil War Black Point battery at Fort Mason with Martin T. Mayer.[6] He also led the park's early efforts to survey,characterize,and restore elements of the Adolph Sutro Historic District,which included Sutro Heights,the grounds of the estate of Adolph Joseph Heinrich Sutro,developer of much of San Francisco's "Outside Lands," and onetime Mayor,as well as Sutro's Cliff House,San Francisco and the ruins of the Sutro Baths. It was part of the relatively new park's initial assessment of cultural resources within its boundaries and determining what was significant. As the first historian for the park,he,along with the park's first archaeologist,Martin T. Mayer,and its first historic architect,J. Patrick Christopher,completed the initial inventory and the first cultural resources management plan for the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.
In 1987,Delgado became the first Maritime Historian of the National Park Service and the founding chief of the NPS maritime preservation program,the National Maritime Initiative (NMI).[7] The NMI at that time functioned as the maritime preservation program for the entire federal government. The Initiative later became known as the NPS Maritime Heritage Program In this role,[8] Delgado oversaw the creation of classification standards and guidelines for preservation and documentation. Delgado was the principal author of the National Register of Historic Places' guidelines[9] for nominating historic ships and shipwrecks and co-authored the National Register Bulletin for nominating historic aids to navigation.[10]
As a guiding principle of the National Maritime Initiative,Delgado,based on his experience at Golden Gate National Recreation Area,insisted on a physical inspection of the nation's large historic vessels as part of the creation of a comprehensive national inventory of those vessels. That meant extensive travel throughout the United States,visiting ships,sailing,steaming,and motoring on them,inspecting them during shipyard haulouts and repairs,climbing masts,crawling through engine rooms,and not just conducting a desk-top survey from afar. The first inventory of the large historic ships in the United States,led by Delgado,was completed and published in 1990 in conjunction with J. Candace Clifford. It remains the basis for the National Park Service's ongoing,now digital inventory.
Working from the inventory,Delgado applied the criterion of the National Register of Historic Places and the National Historic Landmarks Program to determine which of some 330 large historic vessels were of national significance. He led the resulting effort,which studied study 142 ships for designation as national landmarks. He prepared the studies for 54 properties,including several lightships,fireboats,tugboats,submarines,and other warships. Delgado's work led to the largest group of maritime resources being designated as National Historic Landmarks since the creation of the NHL Program. Among the ships and sites he personally studied and nominated are the schooner Adventuress,[11] USS Albacore,the fireboat Firefighter,the schooner Governor Stone,the U.S. Navy tug USS Hoga,the aircraft carriers USS Lexington and USS Hornet,schooner American Eagle,[12] the tugboat Arthur Foss,the fireboat Duwamish,the destroyer USS Edson,the Victory Ship SS Lane Victory,the Ambrose Lightship,the river steamboat Nenana,the four-masted ship Falls of Clyde,the arctic schooner Bowdoin,the barkElissa, the nuclear ship Savannah,and the excursion steamer Virginia V. Delgado also conducted the NHL study for Lowell's Boat Shop in Amesbury,Massachusetts,as well as the home of former First Lady Lou Henry Hoover at Stanford University.
As part of his duties,and with his degree in maritime archaeology,Delgado closely interacted with the National Park Service's Submerged Cultural Resources Center as well as the Chief Archaeologist of the NPS during his tenure with the National Maritime Initiative. This included co-authoring the guidelines for the implementation of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987[13] following a series of national public meetings,[14] several of which Delgado personally led.
Delgado also joined the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit (SCRU) in their fieldwork in various parks,including his former assignment,Golden Gate National Recreation Area,Cape Cod National Seashore,Fort Jefferson National Monument,the USS Arizona Memorial,and outside the park system,notably at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. Delgado spent his final field season with NPS in 1990,working again at Bikini,and then leading a team to Mexico to jointly study the remains of the 1846 USS Somers,the setting for the navy's only mutiny and the inspiration for Herman Melville's Billy Budd. One of his final assignments was co-authoring the first submerged cultural resources assessment for the region where he first worked,[15] the Golden Gate National Recreation Area,Point Reyes National Seashore,and the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.
The Vancouver Maritime Museum and The Sea Hunters
In 1991,he moved to Vancouver,British Columbia where he took on the role of Executive Director of the Vancouver Maritime Museum for the next 15 years. His work included organizing a $3-million reenactment of the historic Northwest Passage and North America-circumnavigating voyages of the museum's centerpiece exhibit,the Royal Canadian Mounted Police motor schooner,St. Roch. He led the crew that restored Ben Franklin (PX-15),a 130-ton oceanographic research submersible originally built in Switzerland for famed undersea explorer and scientist Jacques Piccard and most famously used on a historic 30-day "drift mission" along the eastern seaboard of the United States in 1969. He spearheaded a major initiative to relocate the museum from its original,crowded and outdated facilities and to create a National Maritime Center for Canada from 2004 to 2006,but despite gaining federal and provincial support,the effort faltered when the City of Vancouver,despite initial encouragement,ultimately decided not to support moving the museum. His final project at the museum,an illustrated maritime history of Vancouver,Waterfront,won the City of Vancouver Book Award and a British Columbia BC Book Award in 2006.
View of Sub Marine Explorer at Low Tide,2006. (James P. Delgado)
The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA)
In 2006,he remained in Vancouver but joined the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) as its Executive Director. In April 2008,he was elected President and CEO of this worldwide nautical archaeology organization. Among his achievements were a new strategic plan,a new website and publications,new partnerships,and several international projects undertaken by INA scholars. Among those were the excavation of a Phoenician wreck in Spain,the study of a riverine naval battle of 1288 in Vietnam,the excavation of Byzantine wrecks in Istanbul,and the study of abandoned and wrecked river steamers in Canada's Yukon. During this period,Delgado continued his own archaeological work,the documentation of a U.S. Civil War-era submersible,Sub Marine Explorer.
NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
After a one-year sabbatical from the NPS,from 1984 to 1985,to attend East Carolina University,Delgado graduated with a master's degree in Maritime History and Underwater Research. His thesis focused on the Gold Rush steamer Tennessee,located in Tennessee Cove within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. He was subsequently assigned by NPS Chief Historian Edwin C. Bearss to work as a project historian on the USS Monitor project with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). That work led to a series of historical and archaeological context studies,and Delgado personally completed the successful nomination for Monitor's designation as one of the first National Historic Landmark shipwrecks in the United States. He subsequently completed the National Historic Landmark studies for the wrecks of USS Arizona[16] and USS Utah[17] at Pearl Harbor. As of 2018,there are only nine National Historic Landmark shipwrecks or hulks that have been designated by the Secretary of the Interior.[18]
In October 2010,he left INA to become the Director of Maritime Heritage in the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries for the National Oceanic &Atmospheric Administration[19] in Washington,D.C. He coordinated and supervised all maritime heritage activities in the 14 units in the NMS system,and provided maritime heritage support to all other parts of NOAA.
Maritime archaeology
Following his doctoral graduation in 2006,he was named and remains an Adjunct Member of the Faculty of the Department of Archaeology at Simon Fraser University. From 2001 to 2006,he hosted and was the team archaeologist on,the popular Canadian-made National Geographic international documentary series,[20] which drew an audience of over 200 million people in over 172 countries for its six seasons. He worked with famous novelist,raconteur,and shipwreck hunter Clive Cussler,the series presenter,master divers Mike and Warren Fletcher,and John Davis from Eco-Nova Productions.
During his years with NOAA,he was involved in the Titanic mapping expedition in 2010 as chief scientist,continued his years of study on the Civil War-era,pearl-diving submersible Sub Marine Explorer,participated in fieldwork while reorganizing and focusing the maritime heritage program,and mentored five high school students from Saginaw,Michigan,for Project Shiphunt.
He led the excavation of the Civil War-era blockade-running steamer Mary Celestia in Bermuda,and either led or co-led maritime heritage expeditions in the Alaskan Arctic,in the waters of Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary,where the wrecks of SS City of Rio de Janeiro,SS City ofChester,SS Ituna,SS Selja,and USS Conestoga,among others,were discovered,a survey of coastal communities and the maritime cultural landscape north of San Francisco,the sonar survey of the wreck of USS Hatteras,and deep water submersible expeditions off Hawaii that led to the discovery of the Japanese super-submarine I-400 and the former cable-laying ship USS Kailua,ex-SS Dickensen. Delgado worked closely with NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration in telepresence-enabled missions that relied on remotely operated vehicles linked to shore-based exploration and command centers and the public through the Internet. He also worked with and continues to work with Dr,Robert Ballard's Ocean Exploration Trust on telepresence missions. These have included the first telepresence-assisted maritime archaeological excavation in deep water,with an early 19th-century shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico in 2013,the archaeological reconnaissance of the wrecks of the SS Coast Trader and SS Dorothy Wintermote,and the first archaeological documentation of the wrecks of USS Independence and USS Bugara.[21]
Delgado created a NOAA maritime heritage publication series,instituted the use of maritime cultural landscapes as a principle for characterizing and managing maritime cultural resources in the National Marine Sanctuary System,and led NOAA's ongoing role in the U.S. Government's activities related to the wreck of Titanic. He also was key in the successful negotiation and signing of international agreements between the United States,the Kingdom of Spain,and the Republic of France on shared underwater and maritime cultural heritage,and represented the United States in international meetings with the United Nationals Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Delgado also co-chaired the interagency working group on underwater cultural heritage in Washington,D.C. during his NOAA tenure.
SEARCH,Inc.
In 2017,Delgado retired from public service and became the Senior Vice President of SEARCH,Inc.,a major American cultural resources and archaeological firm.[22] He led the analysis of a wreck thought to be Clotilda,the last American ship to bring slaves to the United States. The analysis by Delgado and his colleagues determined the wreck was not Clotilda. He then led a survey which analyzed over a dozen possible targets that culminated in a year-long excavation and analysis that identified one of the targets as Clotilda. He subsequently was the lead author for the listing of the wreck in the National Register of Historic Places. The results were revealed by the Alabama Historical Commission in May 2019. Subsequent projects focused on Clotilda culminated in the 2024 announcement that the wreck,while intact as an archaeological site,cannot be raised and preserved ashore as it is fragile and cost tens of millions of dollars to try to preserve it once out of the water. Delgado's other projects at SEARCH have included other maritime projects,notably serving as the Series Senior Advisor for the ongoing National Geographic Television Series Drain the Oceans,in which he also frequently appears. In May 2020,Delgado was the lead archaeologist in the search for,discovery,and exploration of the battleship USSNevada(BB-36),discovered by Ocean Infinity and SEARCH,Inc. in three miles of water off Oahu.[23][1]
He has been the recipient of several professional and public service awards,including special achievement awards for sustained superior performance from the National Park Service,the Department of Commerce Bronze medal,NOAA Administrator's Awards,[24] book awards including twice receiving the Society for Historical Archaeology's James Deetz Award,the North American Society for Oceanic History's John Lyman Award,Choice's Academic Title of the Year,and was also named Naval History Magazine's Author of the Year. In 2012,he received the Stefansson Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the cause of exploration and/or field sciences in Canada or internationally by exceptionally meritorious Canadian members of the Explorers Club. In 2014,he was named an Officer of the Order of Civil Merit,Knight's Cross by His Majesty Juan Carlos I,King of Spain,for services rendered to Spain for the protection of Spanish underwater cultural heritage while President and CEO of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in the matter of the wreck of the frigate Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (2014).
In the media
Delgado's minor as an undergraduate was journalism. He has applied this emphasis to a number of the articles and books he has written,to connect to the public. He has written for the Vancouver Sun,the Washington Post,the Boston Globe,and popular magazines,including Archaeology,American History Illustrated,Naval History,and Wreck Diver. Beginning with his tenure with the National Park Service in San Francisco,he regularly appeared on local,regional,and national news,again emphasizing people's stories and common aspects of history that connect communities. He has appeared in documentary films since the 1990s and continues to actively promote archaeology and history on film and the Internet,[25][26][27] including a series of short takes on maritime archaeology and history for CuriosityStream.
Delgado has appeared as a guest speaker at the TED-inspired EG series in Monterey,[28] and at IdeaCity in Toronto.[29] He actively lectures worldwide,including as a regular lecturer for the Archaeological Institute of America,lectured onboard small adventure cruise vessels for Lindblad and Zegrahm Expeditions for nearly three decades,and regularly speaks to his favorite audience,school classes ranging from kindergarten to college. One of his favorite activities in this regard was Project Shiphunt.[30] In his role as Director of NOAA's Maritime Heritage Program,Delgado mentored a group of five Saginaw,Michigan high school students on a shipwreck research expedition in Lake Huron. The mission was sponsored by Sony and the Intel Corp and resulted in a positive,life-changing experience for the students and a documentary film.
Personal life
Delgado is married and lives with his wife Ann Goodhart in Rockville,Maryland. He moved there in 2017 when he became senior vice president of Search Inc. Delgado has two children from his marriage.[2]
Delgado, J. P., Marx, D. E., Lent, K., Grinnan, J., & DeCaro, A. (2023). Clotilda: The history and archaeology of the last slave ship. University of Alabama Press.
Delgado, J. P., & Nagiewicz, S. D. (2020). Robert J. Walker: the history and archaeology of a US coast survey steamship. University Press of Florida.
Delgado, J. P., Mendizábal, T., Hanselmann, F. H., & Rissolo, D. (2016). The maritime landscape of the Isthmus of Panamá. University Press of Florida
Selected papers
Delgado, J. P. (2024). The Blake Ridge Wreck: A Deepwater Antebellum American Fishing Craft. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 1-36.
Brennan, M. L., Delgado, J. P., Jozsef, A., Marx, D. E., & Bierwagen, M. (2023). Site formation processes and pollution risk mitigation of World War II oil tanker shipwrecks: Coimbra and Munger T. Ball. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 18(2), 321-335.
Delgado, J. P., Brennan, M. L., Haoa, S. A. R., Leong, J. H. R., Gaymer, C. F., Carabias, D., ... & Wagner, D. (2022). The hidden landscape: maritime cultural heritage of the Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges with implications for conservation on the high seas. Marine Policy, 136, 104877.
Delgado, J. P., Brennan, M. L., Elliott, K., Matthews, R. E., Lickliter-Mundon, M., Lambert, J. G., ... & Schwemmer, R. V. (2018). Archaeological survey of the ex-USS Independence (CVL22). Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 13, 123-144.
Brennan, M. L., Cantelas, F., Elliott, K., Delgado, J. P., Bell, K. L., Coleman, D., ... & Ballard, R. D. (2018). Telepresence-enabled maritime archaeological exploration in the deep. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 13, 97-121.
Brennan, M. L., Davis, D., Ballard, R. D., Trembanis, A. C., Vaughn, J. I., Krumholz, J. S., ... & DuVal, C. (2016). Quantification of bottom trawl fishing damage to ancient shipwreck sites. Marine Geology, 371, 82-88.
Delgado, J. P. (2000). Underwater archaeology at the dawn of the 21st century. Historical Archaeology, 34(4), 9-13.
Maritime archaeology is a discipline within archaeology as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, shore-side facilities, port-related structures, cargoes, human remains and submerged landscapes. A specialty within maritime archaeology is nautical archaeology, which studies ship construction and use.
Underwater archaeology is archaeology practiced underwater. As with all other branches of archaeology, it evolved from its roots in pre-history and in the classical era to include sites from the historical and industrial eras.
A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. Shipwrecking may be intentional or unintentional. There were approximately three million shipwrecks worldwide as of January 1999, according to Angela Croome, a science writer and author who specialized in the history of underwater archaeology.
Wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships, aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. The term is used mainly by recreational and technical divers. Professional divers, when diving on a shipwreck, generally refer to the specific task, such as salvage work, accident investigation or archaeological survey. Although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks, there is an increasing trend to scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites. Diving to crashed aircraft can also be considered wreck diving. The recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom.
The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary is a sanctuary off the coast of Santa Barbara and Ventura counties in Southern California 350 miles south of San Francisco and 95 miles north of Los Angeles. It was designated in 1980 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve is a United States National Marine Sanctuary on Lake Huron's Thunder Bay, within the northeastern region of the U.S. state of Michigan. It protects an estimated 116 historically significant shipwrecks ranging from nineteenth-century wooden side-wheelers to twentieth-century steel-hulled steamers. There are a great many wrecks in the sanctuary, and their preservation and protection is a concern for national policymakers. The landward boundary of the sanctuary extends from the western boundary of Presque Isle County to the southern boundary of Alcona County. The sanctuary extends east from the lakeshore to the international border. Alpena is the largest city in the area.
San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park located in 18 feet (5.5 m) of water, approximately 1.25 nautical miles (2.32 km) south of Indian Key. It became the second Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it opened to the public in 1989. The heart of the park is the San Pedro, a submerged shipwreck from a 1733 Spanish flotilla, around which visitors can dive and snorkel. The San Pedro, a 287-ton Dutch-built vessel, and 21 other Spanish ships under the command of Rodrigo de Torres left Havana, Cuba, on Friday, July 13, 1733, bound for Spain. The San Pedro carried a cargo of 16,000 silver Mexican pesos and crates of Chinese porcelain. A hurricane struck the fleet, while entering the Straits of Florida, and sank or swamped most of the fleet. The wrecksite includes an "eighteenth century anchor, replica cannons, ballast stones encrusted with coral, a dedication plaque, and a mooring buoy system." The wreck was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2001.
The archaeology of shipwrecks is the field of archaeology specialized most commonly in the study and exploration of shipwrecks. Its techniques combine those of archaeology with those of diving to become Underwater archaeology. However, shipwrecks are discovered on what have become terrestrial sites.
The Rouse Simmons was a three-masted schooner famous for having sunk in a violent storm on Lake Michigan in 1912. The ship was bound for Chicago with a cargo of Christmas trees when it foundered off Two Rivers, Wisconsin, killing all on board.
George Robert Fischer was an American underwater archaeologist, considered the founding father of the field in the National Park Service. A native Californian, he did undergraduate and graduate work at Stanford University, and began his career with the National Park Service in 1959, which included assignments in six parks, the Washington, D.C. Office, and the Southeast Archaeological Center from which he retired in 1988. He began teaching courses in underwater archaeology at Florida State University in 1974 and co-instructed inter-disciplinary courses in scientific diving techniques. After retirement from the NPS his FSU activities were expanded and his assistance helped shape the university's program in underwater archaeology.
The Paul Palmer was a five-masted schooner built in 1902 by George F. Welt in Waldoboro, Maine.
The Underwater Archaeology Branch (UAB) of the Naval History & Heritage Command (NHHC) is a unit of the United States Department of the Navy. It was formally founded in 1996 as a consequence of the emerging need to manage, study, conserve, and curate the U.S. Navy's submerged cultural resources.
Charles T. Meide Jr., known as Chuck Meide, is an underwater and maritime archaeologist and currently the Director of LAMP, the research arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum located in St. Augustine, Florida. Meide, of Syrian descent on his father's side, was born in Jacksonville, Florida, and raised in the adjacent coastal town of Atlantic Beach. He earned BA and MA degrees in Anthropology with a focus in underwater archaeology in 1993 and 2001 from Florida State University, where he studied under George R. Fischer, and undertook Ph.D. studies in Historical Archaeology at the College of William and Mary starting the following year.
King Philip was a 19th-century clipper ship launched in 1856 and wrecked in 1878. The wreck of this ship is only rarely visible; very infrequently the timbers can be seen protruding from the sands of Ocean Beach, on the Pacific Ocean coast of San Francisco, California. The wreck is the "most complete remains of an American medium clipper." This is a shipwreck of one of many ships that were wrecked in and around San Francisco Bay.
Many ships have wrecked in and around San Francisco Bay. For centuries San Francisco Bay, with its strong currents, rocky reefs, and low fog conditions has experienced more than a hundred shipwrecks. Ever since San Francisco Bay was encountered during the land expedition of Gaspar de Portolà in 1769, it has been one of the most popular harbors.
Gallinipper was a schooner that sank in Lake Michigan off the coast of Centerville, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. In 2010, the shipwreck site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
The conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts is the process of caring for cultural heritage that has been part of a shipwreck. Oftentimes these cultural artifacts have been underwater for a great length of time. Without conservation, most artifacts would perish and important historical data would be lost. In archaeological terms, it is usually the responsibility of an archaeologist and conservator to ensure that material recovered from a shipwreck is properly cared for. The conservation phase is often time-consuming and expensive, which is one of the most important considerations when planning and implementing any action involving the recovery of artifacts from a shipwreck.
The following index is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Wikipedia's articles on recreational dive sites. The level of coverage may vary:
The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary is one of 15 United States National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the United States Department of Commerce; NOAA co-manages the sanctuary jointly with the State of Wisconsin. It is located in Lake Michigan along the coast of Wisconsin. It was created in 2021 to protect shipwrecks considered nationally important archaeological resources.
Diving With a Purpose (DWP) is an American non-profit organization aimed at locating and documenting shipwrecks, predominantly those related to the Atlantic slave trade.
1 2 3 "James Delgado Fonds MsC 123"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 October 2015. James Preston (Jim) Delgado was born on January 11, 1958 in San Jose, California, USA. He showed an early interest in history and archaeology and at age 14 joined his first dig when he noticed human remains at a construction site. The graduate students from an archaeology class from San Jose State took Delgado under their wing; most of the finds were turned over to the university except the human remains Delgado had found, which were repatriated to their descendents and reburied. Delgado met with the mayor of San Jose to voice his concerns regarding the desecration of the past and was appointed, at age 14, to the City of San Jose Historic Landmarks Commission. Throughout high school Delgado joined local archaeologists in exploring sites and also worked as a guide at the New Almaden (mining) Museum.
↑ "The Temporal Dating and Analysis of the Archaeological Assemblage Recovered from a Portion of Prehistoric Site, "'Arma 'Ayttakiš Rúmmey-tak" (Place of the Spirit Woman Spring) CA-SCL-125"(PDF). State University and PG&E, PG&E revoked permission, which was never renewed, during the summer of 1972 (Delgado 1980). By Fall, three San Jose State University students (William Cecil, David Wallace, and Susan Grant) and one high school student (James Delgado) who had worked on the earlier excavations, continued working on Trench 3 under the direction of Instructor John White, without PG&E approval (Delgado 1980). White ordered that the work be abandoned in early 1973, though White occasionally still visited the site to collect surface finds (Delgado 1980).
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