Advanced SEAL Delivery System

Last updated

USS Greeneville (SSN-772).jpg
ASDS attached to the USS Greeneville
Class overview
NameAdvanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS)
Builders Northrop Grumman Electronics Sensors and Systems Division, Oceanic Systems subdivision
OperatorsFlag of the United States Navy (official).svg  United States Navy
Preceded by SEAL Delivery Vehicle
Succeeded by
Cost$885 million (overall) [1]
Built1996–2000
In commissionJuly 2003 – November 2008
Planned6
Completed1
Cancelled5
Lost1
General characteristics
Type Submersible
Displacement60 long tons (61  t)
Length65 ft (20 m) o/a
Beam6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
Draft8 ft 3 in (2.51 m)
Propulsion
  • 67 hp (50 kW) electric motor
  • Lithium-ion battery
  • Single propeller
Speed8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph)
Range125  nmi (232 km)
Test depthClassified, >150 ft (46 m)
Troops16 SEALs
Crew2
Sensors and
processing systems		Forward- and side-looking sonar

The Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS) was a midget submarine operated by the United States Navy and United States Special Operations Command. It provided stealthy submerged transportation for United States Navy SEALs from the decks of nuclear submarines for use as an insertion platform for covert and clandestine special operations missions. The ASDS was canceled in 2009 due to cost overruns and reliability issues, after the prototype was destroyed in a fire in 2008. The Navy replaced the ASDS with the Dry Combat Submersible (DCS) from Lockheed Martin, which is roughly half the size and became operational in 2023. [2] [3]

Contents

Mission

ASDS was conceived to address the need for stealthy long-range insertion of special operations forces on covert or clandestine missions. It was designed to replace the wet SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV), which exposed combat swimmers to long, cold waits during transit that impeded combat readiness on arrival, limited operational range, and hindered underwater navigational capability. The primary limitation on the SDV's range is not fuel or batteries but water temperature, as Navy SEALs can only stay in cold water for so long, even with wetsuits. [4]

Development

The first study to define the ASDS was performed in 1983. Competitive conceptual designs were developed in the late 1980s, the Request for proposal was issued in 1993, and the first contract for design and construction of the ASDS was awarded in 1994. [1] [5]

The Navy stated a requirement for six boats, but that was established before it decided to convert four Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines to guided-missile submarines (SSGNs) with the additional mission of support of special operations forces. Each SSGN is capable of carrying two ASDS vehicles.

Detailed design of the first ASDS was started in 1994, and hull construction began in 1996, at a cost of $160 million, to a low bid for the delivery of $69 million for the first ASDS (to include non-recurring design costs, fabrication, and testing), and subsequent copies for $25 million each. It was delivered for testing and evaluation in 2000 and cost $300 million, including vendor and program office costs. Subsequent submarines were estimated to cost $125 million each, based on a 2001 estimate. Five more were planned.

The first ASDS became operational (completed testing and evaluation) at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 2003, six years behind schedule. [1] From there, it was deployed to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf on board Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine USS Greeneville, as a unit of Expeditionary Strike Group One. The first ASDS was never joined by other units, as the program was derailed by escalating costs and technical problems. A Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 2003 cited two major technical problems: noisy propellers and silver-zinc batteries that depleted more quickly than planned. A new propeller made of composite material was developed to rectify the noise problem. Development is under way on lithium-ion batteries to replace the silver-zinc batteries and enable the electrical system to meet the Navy's requirements. Yardney Technical Products of Pawcatuck, Connecticut, was awarded a $44 million contract modification to provide four lithium-ion batteries for the ASDS program by May 2009. [6]

In the end, cost, technical, and reliability issues proved insurmountable, [7] and the ASDS was cancelled in 2009. [8]

Cost overruns

According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the initial $70 million cost-plus contract ended up costing the government $885 million by 2007. [1] Instead of entering service in 2000, as was initially planned, testing continued and the first boat was not delivered until July 2003. [1] Global Security adds that the program was initially projected to cost $527 million over its lifetime, including delivery of all six subs, [1] but by 2003 total program cost was predicted to rise to more than $2 billion—significantly more than the $1.4 billion SSGN Tactical Trident conversion program to which it is related. [5] An independent GAO audit of the program published in 2007 placed the blame for the cost overruns on Northrop Grumman, the prime contractor, for failing to meet their time and cost estimates and on the Navy for accepting the ASDS "as is" and failing to hold Northrop Grumman accountable for cost overruns and delays. [1] After 2000, most of the cost overruns were for cost- and incentives . The Department of Defense endorsed GAO's findings. [9]

Funding was provided via Congressional line item to the Special Operations Command. The Navy Deep Submergence Office was selected as the technical design agent and program office. Technical assistance was provided by the Navy Experimental Dive Unit, Panama City, Florida; the Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, California; SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2, Norfolk, Virginia; and the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) Special Operations and Acquisition Logistics (SOAL), Tampa. [1]

Critical design failures

Navigation – Sonar systems developed for attack submarines, but needed for the shallow water maneuvers, were large, power hungry, and gave off excessive heat.

Construction – Full nuclear sub shock, hull and piping requirements were imposed on the designers – nullifying the "off the shelf" design approaches requested by the government in earlier phases. To accommodate the larger piping and thicker hull, other systems had to be lightened. (Reference the GAO and RAND reports.) The pressure hull construction was HY-80 alloy steel (same as larger nuclear powered submarines) and the batteries were contained in separate titanium alloy pressure enclosures (14 total) which hung beneath the hull. The outer surfaces, control surfaces, nose, and tail were constructed of fiberglass composite to give the submersible a streamlined shape. The pressure hull consisted of three compartments; an operations compartment (forward) where the submersible was piloted and controlled; a diving lockout chamber (middle); and a troop transport compartment (aft) where special operations commandos and their equipment are transported.

Cancellation

In April 2006, the program for new submarines was canceled and Northrop Grumman notified of termination. The current submarine was still in development and in use until it was damaged in a "serious fire" in November 2008. As of December 2008, the cause of the fire has yet to be determined. [12] Given the probable extent of fire and water damage (the mini-sub burned for six hours and remained sealed for two weeks) it was highly unlikely that the craft could be saved. [7] Repair was expected to cost $237 million, [8] more than triple the entire original contract. [12]

On 24 July 2009, US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) announced that the ASDS was not going to be repaired citing "competing funding priorities." [8]

Follow-on programs

After the Advanced SEAL Delivery System's cancellation, the Navy pursued the Joint Multi-Mission Submersible, although this follow-on program was abandoned in 2010 over cost concerns. [13]

These abandoned programs, and the currently operational SEAL Delivery Vehicle, are to be replaced by the Shallow Water Combat Submersible. [9] [14]

Capabilities

Two Los Angeles-class submarines were modified to deploy the ASDS, and the Virginia-class submarine was built with the inherent capability to deploy the mini-sub. Planners originally intended the ASDS to be piloted by one submarine officer and one SEAL. This occurred during initial testing and operational evaluation. The sub was designed to carry 16 SEALs in addition to the two pilots. [15]

Smaller swimmer propulsion devices such as the STD (Swimmer Transport Device) may be carried internally (basically smaller scooters), and small Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC) or Inflatable Boat-Small (IBS) may be stored internally. However, such craft cannot carry gasoline engines due to safety issues on submarines and fuel issues in small spaces, and therefore have to be paddled or use small electric motors. Semi-rigid, rigid hull, and rigid-hulled inflatable craft such as the ZODIAC cannot be accommodated.

Technical data

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Ohio</i>-class submarine Class of US nuclear ballistic missile submarines

The Ohio class of nuclear-powered submarines includes the United States Navy's 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and its four cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). Each displacing 18,750 tons submerged, the Ohio-class boats are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. They are also the third-largest submarines ever built, behind the Russian Navy's Soviet era 48,000-ton Typhoon class, the last of which was retired in 2023, and 24,000-ton Borei class. Capable of carrying 24 Trident II missiles apiece, the Ohio class are equipped with just as many missiles as, if not more than, either the Borei class (16) or the deactivated Typhoon class (20).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk</span> Unmanned surveillance aircraft

The Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk is a high-altitude, remotely-piloted surveillance aircraft introduced in 2001. It was initially designed by Ryan Aeronautical, and known as Tier II+ during development. The RQ-4 provides a broad overview and systematic surveillance using high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors with long loiter times over target areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frogman</span> Tactical scuba diver

A frogman is someone who is trained in scuba diving or swimming underwater in a tactical capacity that includes military, and in some European countries, police work. Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver, combatant diver, or combat swimmer. The word frogman first arose in the stage name the "Fearless Frogman" of Paul Boyton in the 1870s and later was claimed by John Spence, an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy and member of the OSS Maritime Unit, to have been applied to him while he was training in a green waterproof suit.

Littoral combat ship Ship designed for operations near shore

A littoral combat ship (LCS) is either of two classes of relatively small surface vessels designed for near-shore operations by the United States Navy. It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals", although their ability to perform these missions in practice has been called into question.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dry deck shelter</span> Removable submarine module

A dry deck shelter (DDS) is a removable module that can be attached to a submarine to allow divers easy exit and entrance while the boat is submerged. The host submarine must be specially modified to accommodate the DDS, with the appropriate mating hatch configuration, electrical connections, and piping for ventilation, divers' air, and draining water. The DDS can be used to deploy a SEAL Delivery Vehicle submersible, Navy divers, or Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diver propulsion vehicle</span> Powered device for diver mobility and range extension

A diver propulsion vehicle (DPV), also known as an underwater propulsion vehicle, sea scooter, underwater scooter, or swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV) by armed forces, is an item of diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the battery power of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midget submarine</span> Submarine under 150 tons

A midget submarine is any submarine under 150 tons, typically operated by a crew of one or two but sometimes up to six or nine, with little or no on-board living accommodation. They normally work with mother ships, from which they are launched and recovered and which provide living accommodation for the crew and support staff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus</span> Demonstration vehicle in the US Navy

The Northrop Grumman X-47 is a demonstration unmanned combat aerial vehicle. The X-47 began as part of DARPA's J-UCAS program, and is now part of the United States Navy's UCAS-D program to create a carrier-based unmanned aircraft. Unlike the Boeing X-45, initial Pegasus development was company-funded. The original vehicle carries the designation X-47A Pegasus, while the follow-on naval version is designated X-47B.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Manned wet submersible for deploying naval special forces

The SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) is a crewed submersible and a type of swimmer delivery vehicle used to deliver United States Navy SEALs and their equipment for special operations missions. It is operated by SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Naval Special Warfare Command</span> Naval component of United States Special Operations Command

The United States Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC), also known as NAVSPECWARCOM and WARCOM, is the naval component of United States Special Operations Command, the unified command that oversees and conducts the nation's special operations and missions.

<i>Zumwalt</i>-class destroyer Stealth missile destroyer class of the US Navy

The Zumwalt-class destroyer is a class of three United States Navy guided-missile destroyers designed as multi-mission stealth ships with a focus on land attack. The class was designed with a primary role of naval gunfire support and secondary roles of surface warfare and anti-aircraft warfare. The class design emerged from the DD-21 "land attack destroyer" program as "DD(X)" and was intended to take the role of battleships in meeting a congressional mandate for naval fire support. The ship is designed around its two Advanced Gun Systems (AGS), turrets with 920 round magazines, and unique Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) ammunition. LRLAP procurement was canceled, rendering the guns unusable, so the Navy re-purposed the ships for surface warfare. Starting in 2023, the Navy will remove the AGS from the ships and replace them with hypersonic missiles.

USS <i>New Mexico</i> (SSN-779) US Navy Virginia-class submarine

USS New Mexico (SSN-779) is a Virginia-class nuclear powered fast-attack submarine of the United States Navy. She is the second U.S. warship named for the 47th state, after the early twentieth century super-dreadnought,USS New Mexico (BB-40).

There are three major types of submarines in the United States Navy: ballistic missile submarines, attack submarines, and cruise missile submarines. All submarines currently in the U.S. Navy are nuclear-powered. Ballistic missile submarines have a single strategic mission of carrying nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and subs, launching cruise missiles, and gathering intelligence. Cruise missile submarines perform many of the same missions as attack submarines, but with a focus on their ability to carry and launch larger quantities of cruise missiles than typical attack submarines.

DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i> US Navy deep-submergence rescue vehicle

DSRV-1Mystic is a deep-submergence rescue vehicle that is rated to dive up to 5,000 feet. It was built by Lockheed for the US Navy at a construction cost of $41 million and launched 24 January 1970. It was declared fully operational in 1977 and named Mystic. The Mystic or the Avalon could be deployed to rescue survivors of a disabled submarine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wet sub</span> Ambient pressure diver propulsion vehicle

A wet sub is a type of underwater vehicle, either a submarine or a submersible, that does not provide a dry environment for its occupants. It is also described as an underwater vehicle where occupants are exposed to ambient environment during operations. The watercraft is classified as medium-sized or small vessel. This type of submarine differs from other underwater personal transport devices by the fact that it has a hull around it and it is not a "bare bones" design.

Naval Special Warfare Group 3 (NSWG-3), based at the Naval Amphibious Base Coronado in California, was one of six constituent formations of the United States Naval Special Warfare Command. Until 2008, NSWG-3 was composed of two SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams: SDVT-1 in Pearl Harbor and SDVT-2 in Little Creek. In 2008, SDVT-2 was disestablished and merged into SDVT-1, which was then now headquartered in Pearl Harbor and operated detachments in Pearl Harbor and Little Creek. SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability. SDVT-2 was reactivated on 8 March 2019. NSWG-3 was deactivated alongside NSWG-10 in August 2021 and replaced by Naval Special Warfare Group 8 which took in all units previously under NSWG-3 and NSWG-10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</span> U.S. Navy organization for operational testing and evaluation

The Operational Test and Evaluation Force (OPTEVFOR) is an independent and objective agency within the United States Navy for the operational testing and evaluation (OT&E) of naval aviation, surface warfare, submarine warfare, C4I, cryptologic, and space systems in support Navy and Department of Defense acquisition programs.

Shallow Water Combat Submersible Manned submersible and a type of swimmer delivery vehicle

The Shallow Water Combat Submersible (SWCS), also known as the Mark 11 SEAL Delivery Vehicle, is a crewed, wet (free-flooding) submersible that serves as a swimmer delivery vehicle for special-operations missions by United States Navy SEALs. Designed to replace the Mark 8 SEAL Delivery Vehicle on a 1-to-1 basis, Teledyne was awarded a contract to deliver 10 units for a cost of $179 million. The first two ships were delivered in 2018, with the last units planned for delivery in 2022. The SWCS will serve alongside the pressurized Dry Combat Submersible (DCS), a midget submarine developed by Lockheed Martin to replace the cancelled Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS).

Dry Combat Submersible Midget submarine project

The Dry Combat Submersible (DCS) is a midget submarine delivered to USSOCOM by Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin were nominated as the prime contractor with Submergence Group as the sub contractor. DCS is designed for use by the United States Navy SEALs for insertion on special operations missions. It will replace the canceled Advanced SEAL Delivery System and will serve alongside the Shallow Water Combat Submersible.

Submarine rescue is the process of locating a sunk submarine with survivors on board, and bringing the survivors to safety. This may be done by recovering the vessel to the surface first, or by transferring the trapped personnel to a rescue bell or deep-submergence rescue vehicle to bring them to the surface. Submarine rescue may be done at pressures between ambient at depth, and sea level atmospheric pressure, depending on the condition of the distressed vessel and the equipment used for the rescue. Self-rescue of submarine personnel by buoyant free ascent at ambient pressure is considered submarine escape. Survivors may require recompression treatment for decompression illness.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Defense Acquisitions: Success of Advanced SEAL Delivery System Hinges on Establishing a Sound Contracting Strategy and Performance Criteria (PDF) (Report). Government Accountability Office. May 2007. GAO-07-745. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  2. ↑ McRaven, William (14 March 2015). Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session (PDF). Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities Hearing on Fiscal Year 2015 National Defense Authorization Budget Request from the U.S. Special Operations Command and Posture of the U.S. Special Operations Forces. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  3. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (11 May 2023). "Navy SEALs' New Mini-Submarine To Be Operational Within Weeks". The War Zone. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  4. ↑ Williams, Gary (7 December 2010). SEAL of Honor: Operation Red Wings and the Life of LT. Michael P. Murphy (USN). Naval Institute Press. p. 101. ISBN   9781612510064.
  5. 1 2 Pike, John (7 July 2011). "Advanced SEAL Delivery System". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  6. 1 2 Burgess, Richard (February 2005). "Mini-Submarine Promises Dry Delivery for SEALS". Sea Power. Navy League of the United States. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  7. 1 2 Polmar, Norman (16 December 2008). "Problems Persist for SEAL Mini-Subs". Military.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  8. 1 2 3 Cole, William (25 July 2009). "Prototype mini-sub shelved". DMZ Hawai'i. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018– via Honolulu Star Advertiser.
  9. 1 2 Defense Industry Daily Staff (11 July 2011). "ASDS Mini-Sub Program Sinks, As Replacements Rise". Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Carlson, NA; Warkander, Daniel E (2005). "Carbon Dioxide Washout of an Emergency Breathing System Mask Modified for Use in the Advanced Seal Delivery System (ASDS) Trainer". US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-05-13. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ↑ Nuckols, Marshall L; Chao, JC; Swiergosz, Matthew J (2005). "Manned Evaluation of a Diver Heater for SDV Applications Using Hydrogen Catalytic Reactions". US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-05-08. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. 1 2 Cavas, Christopher (14 December 2008). "Fire deals new setback to Navy's heralded mini-sub". The Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  13. ↑ Cole, William (20 October 2013). "Navy takes new tack in effort to develop minisub in Hawaii". www.stripes.com. The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  14. ↑ Sutton, H. I. (5 May 2016). Covert Shores: The Story of Naval Special Forces Missions and Minisubs (2nd ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN   9781533114877.
  15. ↑ Kakesako, Gregg L, "Navy Still Investigating Fire Aboard Special Warfare Minisub", Honolulu Star-Bulletin , 21 December 2008.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.