Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966 and is played in most states and territories. As of September 2013, Australia has been very successful at the international level finishing in the top three 43 times including being the world champion in various divisions 23 times out of 53 appearances at 17 international events.
Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966. Its introduction is attributed to Norm Leibeck, an Australian who returned from Canada both with Marlene, his Canadian bride, and a recently-acquired knowledge of underwater hockey then known as Octopush. The first Australian Underwater Hockey Championships was held in 1975 at Margaret River, Western Australia as part of the Australian Skindiving Convention (now called the Australian Underwater Championships). A Women's division was added to the championships in 1981 and a Junior division commenced in 1990. [1] [2] [3]
The peak body is the Underwater Hockey Commission (known as Underwater Hockey Australia) of the Australian Underwater Federation (AUF). There are state commissions in all states and territories with the exception of the Northern Territory. Underwater hockey has a coaching stream as part of the AUF's coaching program in underwater sport with two levels being accredited with the Australian Government's National Coaching Accreditation Scheme (NCAS). [4] [5]
Underwater hockey is played at venues in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. [6] The national championships are held annually and as an event separate from the Australian Underwater Championships since 1994. [7] [8]
As of 2017, the Australia nationals have six separate divisions based on age and gender – Under 15, Under 19 Mixed, Under 19 Women's, Masters, Elite Women's and Elite Men's. [9]
Australia has played at world level since the inaugural world championship event in 1980. Australia did not send teams to the 15th CMAS World Championship in 2007 or to the 16th CMAS World Championship in 2009. [10] [11] [12]
| Year | Championship | Location event | Men's Elite | Women's Elite | Men's Masters | Women's Masters | Men's U-19 | Women's U-19 | Men's U-23/24 | Women's U-23/24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 1st CMAS World Championship |  Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada [13] | 3 | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event |
| 1982 | 2nd CMAS World Championship |  Brisbane, Australia [14] | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1984 | 3rd CMAS World Championship |  Chicago, United States [15] [16] | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1986 | 4th CMAS World Championship | Adelaide, Australia [17] | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| 1988 | 5th CMAS World Championship |  Amersfoort, Netherlands [18] | 1 | 3 | ||||||
| 1990 | 6th CMAS World Championship | Montreal, Quebec, Canada [19] | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1992 | 7th CMAS World Championship |  Wellington, New Zealand [20] | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||
| 1994 | 8th CMAS World Championship |  Grand Couronne, France [21] | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| 1996 | 9th CMAS World Championship |  Durban, South Africa [22] | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| 1998 | 10th CMAS World Championship | San José, United States [23] | 3 | 2 | 4 | Did not participate | ||||
| 2000 | 11th CMAS World Championship | Hobart, Australia [24] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| 2002 | 12th CMAS World Championship | Calgary, Alberta, Canada [25] | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | Did not participate | |||
| 2004 | 13th CMAS World Championship | Christchurch, New Zealand [26] | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | Did not participate | ||
| 2006 | 14th CMAS World Championship |  Sheffield, United Kingdom [27] [28] | 4 | 1 | 6 | Did not participate | ||||
| 2007 | Disputed 15th World Championship (Part of 1st CMAS Games) |  Bari, Italy | Did not participate | |||||||
| 2008 | Alternative 15th World Championship and 1st Junior World Championship (1st WAA World Championships) | Durban, South Africa [29] [30] | 4 | 1 | 5 | No event | Did not participate | |||
| 2009 | 16th World Championship |  Kranj, Slovenia | Did not participate | No event | ||||||
| 2011 | 17th CMAS World Championship |  Coimbra, Portugal [31] [32] | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| 2013 | 18th CMAS World Championship |  Eger, Hungary [33] | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Held Separately | |||
| 2016 | 19th CMAS World Championship | Stellenbosch, South Africa [34] | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2018 | 20th CMAS World Championship | Quebec City, Canada | 7 | 6 | 6 | 2 | ||||
| 2023 | 21th CMAS World Championship | Gold Coast, Australia | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | ||||
| Year | Championship | Location event | Men's U-19 | Women's U-19 | Men's U-23/24 | Women's U-23/24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2nd Junior World Championship | Eger, Hungary | 4 | 4 | 2 | ? |
| 2015 | 3rd Junior World Championship |  Castellón de la Plana, Spain | ? | ? | 2 | 4 |
| 2017 | 4th Junior World Championship | Hobart, Australia | ? | 2 | ? | ? |
| 2019 | 5th Junior World Championship | Sheffield, United Kingdom | Did not participate | 6 | Did not participate | |
| 2024 | 6th Junior World Championship [35] |  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 4 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Freediving, free-diving, free diving, breath-hold diving, or skin diving, is a mode of underwater diving that relies on breath-holding until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus such as scuba gear.
Spearfishing is fishing using handheld elongated, sharp-pointed tools such as a spear, gig, or harpoon, to impale the fish in the body. It was one of the earliest fishing techniques used by mankind, and has been deployed in artisanal fishing throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers and streams using sharpened sticks.
Underwater hockey (UWH), also known as Octopush in the United Kingdom, is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick.
Finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water's surface using a snorkel with either monofins or bifins or underwater with monofin either by holding one's breath or using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. The sport's first world championship was held in 1976. It also has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015.
Ronald Josiah Taylor, was an Australian shark expert, as is his widow, Valerie Taylor. They were credited with being pioneers in several areas, including being the first people to film great white sharks without the protection of a cage. Their expertise has been called upon for films such as Jaws, Orca and Sky Pirates.
Underwater sports is a group of competitive sports using one or a combination of the following underwater diving techniques - breath-hold, snorkelling or scuba, usually including the use of equipment such as diving masks and fins. These sports are conducted in the natural environment at sites such as open water and sheltered or confined water such as lakes and in artificial aquatic environments such as swimming pools. Underwater sports include the following - aquathlon, finswimming, freediving, spearfishing, sport diving, underwater football, underwater hockey, underwater ice hockey, underwater orienteering, underwater photography, underwater rugby, underwater target shooting and underwater video.
The World Underwater Federation orCMAS is an international federation that represents underwater activities in underwater sport and underwater sciences, and oversees an international system of recreational snorkel and scuba diver training and recognition. It is also known by its Spanish name, Confederación Mundial De Actividades Subacuáticas. Its foundation in Monaco during January 1959 makes it one of the world's oldest underwater diving organisations.
The Australian Underwater Federation (AUF) is the governing body for underwater sports in Australia.
The Spanish Federation of Underwater Activities is the governing body in the field of Spanish aquatic sports. As of 2023, the federation has 897 registered clubs and 31,828 federated athlets.
The South African Underwater Sports Federation (SAUSF) is the official CMAS (World Underwater Federation) representative in the Republic of South Africa, and is affiliated to the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC).
The Underwater Hockey World Championship is the peak international event for the underwater sport of Underwater Hockey. The event is conducted on behalf of the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) by an affiliated national federation.
Underwater rugby (UWR) has been played in Australia since 2007 and as of 2016 is played in every State and the Australian Capital Territory.
Finswimming has been conducted in Australia since 1970 and is offered at venues in New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. National championships have been held since 1970 and Australia first competed at world championship level in 1990.
The Underwater Society of America (USOA) is the peak body for underwater sport and recreational diving in the United States.
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Diver organisations are membership based organisations where the membership is wholly, or at least in large part, underwater divers, and the organisation is intended to further a mutual interest related to underwater diving or the aquatic environment as it affects divers or diving activity. Some organisations have more than one focus of interest.
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This article lists the in the water and on the water forms of aquatic sports for 2024.
The 2007 CMAS World Games was the first and only edition of the CMAS World Games, an Olympic style tournament for underwater sports organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) and hosted in Bari, Italy.
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