List of researchers in underwater diving

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This is a listing of researchers who have made discoveries or inventions relating to the science and technology of underwater diving. Divers who have become notable due to their exploits are not listed here, unless they have published research findings or invented an important item of diving related equipment. For these, see Outline of underwater divers.

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Researchers and inventors of diving technology

Researchers in diving medicine and physiology, including decompression theory

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See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression sickness</span> Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues

Decompression sickness is a medical condition caused by dissolved gases emerging from solution as bubbles inside the body tissues during decompression. DCS most commonly occurs during or soon after a decompression ascent from underwater diving, but can also result from other causes of depressurisation, such as emerging from a caisson, decompression from saturation, flying in an unpressurised aircraft at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft. DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diving medicine</span> Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders caused by underwater diving

Diving medicine, also called undersea and hyperbaric medicine (UHB), is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of conditions caused by humans entering the undersea environment. It includes the effects on the body of pressure on gases, the diagnosis and treatment of conditions caused by marine hazards and how relationships of a diver's fitness to dive affect a diver's safety. Diving medical practitioners are also expected to be competent in the examination of divers and potential divers to determine fitness to dive.

Diving disorders, or diving related medical conditions, are conditions associated with underwater diving, and include both conditions unique to underwater diving, and those that also occur during other activities. This second group further divides conditions caused by exposure to ambient pressures significantly different from surface atmospheric pressure, and a range of conditions caused by general environment and equipment associated with diving activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underwater diving</span> Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment

Underwater diving, as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment. It is also often referred to as diving, an ambiguous term with several possible meanings, depending on context. Immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure have physiological effects that limit the depths and duration possible in ambient pressure diving. Humans are not physiologically and anatomically well-adapted to the environmental conditions of diving, and various equipment has been developed to extend the depth and duration of human dives, and allow different types of work to be done.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward D. Thalmann</span> American hyperbaric medicine specialist and decompression researcher

Capt. Edward Deforest Thalmann, USN (ret.) was an American hyperbaric medicine specialist who was principally responsible for developing the current United States Navy dive tables for mixed-gas diving, which are based on his eponymous Thalmann Algorithm (VVAL18). At the time of his death, Thalmann was serving as assistant medical director of the Divers Alert Network (DAN) and an assistant clinical professor in anesthesiology at Duke University's Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology.

The Thalmann Algorithm is a deterministic decompression model originally designed in 1980 to produce a decompression schedule for divers using the US Navy Mk15 rebreather. It was developed by Capt. Edward D. Thalmann, MD, USN, who did research into decompression theory at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Navy Experimental Diving Unit, State University of New York at Buffalo, and Duke University. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables. The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.

In physiology, isobaric counterdiffusion (ICD) is the diffusion of different gases into and out of tissues while under a constant ambient pressure, after a change of gas composition, and the physiological effects of this phenomenon. The term inert gas counterdiffusion is sometimes used as a synonym, but can also be applied to situations where the ambient pressure changes. It has relevance in mixed gas diving and anesthesiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert R. Behnke</span> US Navy physician and diving medicine researcher

Captain Albert Richard Behnke Jr. USN (ret.) was an American physician, who was principally responsible for developing the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute. Behnke separated the symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) from those of decompression sickness and suggested the use of oxygen in recompression therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression (diving)</span> Pressure reduction and its effects during ascent from depth

The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth. It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver's body which accumulate during ascent, largely during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops, and after surfacing, until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium. Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use. A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free-diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress. Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression practice</span> Techniques and procedures for safe decompression of divers

To prevent or minimize decompression sickness, divers must properly plan and monitor decompression. Divers follow a decompression model to safely allow the release of excess inert gases dissolved in their body tissues, which accumulated as a result of breathing at ambient pressures greater than surface atmospheric pressure. Decompression models take into account variables such as depth and time of dive, breathing gasses, altitude, and equipment to develop appropriate procedures for safe ascent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of decompression research and development</span> Chronological list of notable events in the history of diving decompression.

Decompression in the context of diving derives from the reduction in ambient pressure experienced by the diver during the ascent at the end of a dive or hyperbaric exposure and refers to both the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during this reduction in pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression theory</span> Theoretical modelling of decompression physiology

Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure. In the case of underwater diving and compressed air work, this mostly involves ambient pressures greater than the local surface pressure, but astronauts, high altitude mountaineers, and travellers in aircraft which are not pressurised to sea level pressure, are generally exposed to ambient pressures less than standard sea level atmospheric pressure. In all cases, the symptoms caused by decompression occur during or within a relatively short period of hours, or occasionally days, after a significant pressure reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</span> American physiologist and researcher in hyperbaric physiology.

Robert William Hamilton Jr., known as Bill, was an American physiologist known for his work in hyperbaric physiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neal W. Pollock</span> Canadian researcher in diving physiology and hyperbaric medicine

Neal Pollock is a Canadian academic and diver. Born in Edmonton, Canada he completed a bachelor's degree in zoology; the first three years at University of Alberta and the final year at the University of British Columbia. After completing a master's degree he then served as diving officer at University of British Columbia for almost five years. He then moved to Florida and completed a doctorate in exercise physiology/environmental physiology at Florida State University.

Brian Andrew Hills, born 19 March 1934 in Cardiff, Wales, died 13 January 2006 in Brisbane, Queensland, was a physiologist who worked on decompression theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Morgan Wells</span> Physiologist, aquanaut and researcher (1940–2017)

John Morgan Wells was a marine biologist, and physiologist involved in the development of decompression systems for deep diving, and the use of nitrox as a breathing gas for diving. He is known for developing the widely used NOAA Nitrox I and II mixtures and their decompression tables in the late 1970s, the deep diving mixture of oxygen, helium, and nitrogen known as NOAA Trimix I, for research in undersea habitats, where divers live and work under pressure for extended periods, and for training diving physicians and medical technicians in hyperbaric medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of underwater diving</span> List of articles related to underwater diving grouped by topical relevance

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving:

The US Navy has used several decompression models from which their published decompression tables and authorized diving computer algorithms have been derived. The original C&R tables used a classic multiple independent parallel compartment model based on the work of J.S.Haldane in England in the early 20th century, using a critical ratio exponential ingassing and outgassing model. Later they were modified by O.D. Yarborough and published in 1937. A version developed by Des Granges was published in 1956. Further developments by M.W. Goodman and Robert D. Workman using a critical supersaturation approach to incorporate M-values, and expressed as an algorithm suitable for programming were published in 1965, and later again a significantly different model, the VVAL 18 exponential/linear model was developed by Edward D. Thalmann, using an exponential ingassing model and a combined exponential and linear outgassing model, which was further developed by Gerth and Doolette and published in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual as the 2008 tables.

References

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  3. ↑ Balestra, Costantino; Guerrero, François; Theunissen, Sigrid; Germonpré, Peter; Lafère, Pierre (2022). "Physiology of repeated mixed gas 100-m wreck dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field bubble study". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 122 (2): 515–522. doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04856-5. PMC   8627581 . PMID   34839432. S2CID   244720126.
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  5. ↑ Leitch, D.R.; Barnard, E.E.P. (1982). "Observations on no-stop and repetitive air and oxynitrogen diving". Undersea Biomed Res. 9 (2): 113–129. PMID   7123696.
  6. ↑ Bassett, Bruce E.; Graver, Dennis; Hardy, Jon; Brown, Charles V.; Bell, Richard L.; Thompson, Anthony C.; Borowari, Reid E. (1979). Decompression in Depth : The Proceedings of the Seminar : March 10 1979. Santa Ana California: Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI).
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  73. ↑ Uguccioni, D.; Pollock, Neal; Dovenbarger, J.; Dear, Guy; Moon, Richard (1998). "Blood glucose response to recreational diving on insulin dependent diabetics". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 30: 195. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199805001-01110 .
  74. ↑ Vorosmarti, James Jr., ed. (1987). Fitness to Dive. Thirty-fourth Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. Bethesda, Maryland: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
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  77. ↑ Workman, R.D. (1965). Calculation of decompression schedules for nitrogen-oxygeb and helium-oxygen dives. Res. Rep. No6-65 (Report). Washington, DC: US Navy Experimental Diving Unit.
  78. ↑ Yarbrough OD, Behnke AR. The treatment of compressed air illness using oxygen. The Journal of Industrial Hygrography and Toxicology 1939;21:213‐8.
  79. ↑ N., Zuntz (1897). "Zur Pathogenese und Therapie der durch rasche Luftdruck-änderungen erzeugten Krankheiten". Fortschr, D. Med. (in German). 15: 532–639.
  80. ↑ Ginga, Hanns-Christian (2009). Nathan Zuntz: His Life and Work in the Fields of High Altitude Physiology and Aviation Medicine. Academic Press. ISBN   9780080885247.
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