![]() | |
History | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Name | Bullhead |
Builder | Electric Boat Company, Groton, Connecticut [1] |
Laid down | 21 October 1943 [1] |
Launched | 16 July 1944 [1] |
Commissioned | 4 December 1944 [1] |
Fate | Sunk by Japanese aircraft in the Java Sea, 6 August 1945 [2] |
Notes | One of the last vessels to be sunk in World War II |
Badge | ![]() |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Balao-class diesel-electric submarine [2] |
Displacement | |
Length | 311 ft 9 in (95.02 m) [2] |
Beam | 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m) [2] |
Draft | 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum [2] |
Propulsion |
|
Speed | |
Range | 11,000 nmi (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) [3] |
Endurance |
|
Test depth | 400 ft (120 m) [3] |
Complement | 10 officers, 70–71 enlisted [3] |
Armament |
|
USS Bullhead (SS-332), a Balao-class submarine, was the last US Navy ship sunk by enemy action during World War II, probably on the same day that an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. She was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bullhead (any large-headed fish, especially the catfish, miller's thumb, and sculpin).
Bullhead′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 16 July 1944 sponsored by Mrs. Grace Moody Doyle, wife of shipyard employee Howard R. Doyle who had won the privilege of naming the ship's sponsor in a special election. Commander Walter T. Griffith, who had previously made three successful war patrols as commander of Bowfin, was assigned as the new commanding officer for Bullhead. Griffith oversaw the submarines’ sea trials, and assembled Bullhead's new crew around four experienced sailors who had followed him from Bowfin. Bullhead was commissioned 4 December 1944 and spent the next in three months doing shakedown training around Narragansett Bay, Key West, and the Panama Canal Zone before heading to Pearl Harbor and then Guam. [5]
Prior to Bullhead departing on her first patrol, Commander, Submarines, Pacific (COMSUBPAC) Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood met with Commander Griffith and introduced him to war correspondent and Boston Globe reporter Martin Sheridan. Sheridan had just finished covering B-29 firebombing raids over Tokyo, and requested permission to go on a submarine war patrol from the office of Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT) Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. His request was approved, and Sheridan was allowed to go on Bullhead's first war patrol. [6]
Bullhead departed Apra Harbor on 21 March 1945, bound for the South China Sea south of Formosa for lifeguard duty. With no airmen needing rescue, Bullhead received permission from COMSUBPAC to bombard the Japanese-occupied Pratas Island with deck guns on 31 March, and later on 24 April. [7] On 8 April, Bullhead was nearly bombed by a U.S. Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator while travelling in a safety lane 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) southwest of Macao, China, which caused Griffith to demand an investigation into reports of Fifth Air Force planes improperly patrolling submarine safe zones. [8] [9] On 16 April, Bullhead rescued three airmen from a downed B-25 Mitchell that had already been picked up by Chinese fishermen in Bias Bay near Hong Kong. The risky rescue mission was conducted only four miles from the Japanese-occupied Chinese coast and in 12 fathom (72 feet) deep water, which led to Griffith ordering the preemptive destruction of secret decoding equipment onboard prior to going in for the rescue. [10] On 19 April, an aircraft — possibly another U.S. Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator, although Sheridan reported it as being a Japanese floatplane — dropped two depth charges on Bullhead as she submerged in the South China Sea. The depth charges detonated as Bullhead reached 100 feet (30 m). [11] She suffered no damage or casualties. [12] Bullhead was ordered back to port on 25 April, but prior to leaving his patrol area, Griffith ordered that Bullhead's extra provisions be distributed to local fishermen. Bullhead finished her first patrol at Subic Bay, Philippines on 28 April having only sunk four mines with gunfire. [13]
Upon the return from the patrol, Admiral James Fife Jr. was very pleased with Sheridan's reporting on submarine life and operations, and requested permission from Washington to send more war correspondents on submarine war patrols. However, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet (COMINCH) Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King sent the response: "WAR CORRESPONDENTS MAY NOT REPEAT MAY NOT GO ON SUBMARINE WAR PATROLS." Thus, Martin Sheridan was the only war correspondent to go on a submarine war patrol in World War II. [14]
Following a few weeks of refitting and training, Bullhead left for her second patrol on 21 May 1945, transiting the South China Sea on her way towards the Gulf of Siam and Java Sea. The first four weeks saw very little action, save for sinking a 150 ton lugger off the coast of Thailand on 30 May. On 19 June, Bullhead conducted an extensive surface gun action off St. Nicholas Point, Java where she sunk or damaged several small coastal freighters. [15] On 24 June, Bullhead spent several hours stalking an 8,000-10,000 ton ship with red cross markings that was operating suspiciously, but Griffith was denied permission from headquarters to attack it with torpedoes. [lower-alpha 1] The next day, Bullhead rescued 10 Javanese conscripts from a Japanese coastal freighter that it had sunk. After a Dutch-speaking Bullhead crew member interrogated one of the survivors, they were released. Bullhead finished her second patrol at Fremantle submarine base on 2 July, claiming 1,850 tons across 2 large and 2 small vessels as sunk, as well as 1,300 tons and 3 vessels damaged, all in gun actions. [17]
On 4 July 1945, Griffith was relieved by Lieutenant Commander Edward R. Holt, Jr. as commander of Bullhead. Holt, who had already served on 10 war patrols in junior officer positions, wrote to his wife that he hoped to "live up to the wonderful job Comdr. Griffith had done." Griffith spent a few weeks planning Bullhead's third patrol with Holt before departing for Guam to become Assistant Operations Officer to Vice Admiral Lockwood. During this time, Bullhead was refitted with a second 5-inch deck gun on her forward deck, as well as a second 40 mm Bofors autocannon to replace the Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon on the forward bridge. [18]
On 31 July 1945 Bullhead left Fremantle to commence her third war patrol. Her orders were to patrol in a "wolfpack" with Capitaine and Puffer in the Java Sea until 5 September and then head for Subic Bay in the Philippines. On 4 August, Bullhead met the Dutch submarine HNLMS O 21 350 miles south of the Lombok Strait and transferred a sack of mail intended for the United States. This was the last confirmed sighting of Bullhead. [19]
Bullhead reported on 6 August that she had passed through Lombok Strait. That was the last word received from Bullhead. On 12 August, Capitaine, planning to arrive on 13 August, ordered Bullhead to take position the following day in a scouting line with Capitaine and Puffer. Receiving no reply, Capitaine reported on 15 August, "Have been unable to contact Bullhead by any means since arriving in area."[ citation needed ]
Since the British submarines HMS Taciturn and Thorough were in the same general area as Bullhead, and Cod and Chub passed through in transit at various times, it is difficult to determine precisely which of the many Japanese anti-submarine attacks was the one that sank Bullhead. However, one occurred on 6 August 1945, when a Mitsubishi Ki-51 from the 73rd Independent Chutai (literally "company" or squadron) of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force attacked with depth charges. It claimed two direct hits, and for ten minutes thereafter, there was a great amount of gushing oil and air bubbles rising in the water. Since the position given is very near the Balinese coast, it is presumed that the proximity of mountain peaks shortened Bullhead's radar range and prevented her from receiving a warning of the plane's approach. 84 men were lost while serving on Bullhead during the sinking. [20]
Bullhead received two battle stars for her World War II service.
In August 2022, on the 76th anniversary of the submarine's sinking, a new memorial for USS Bullhead was unveiled at the Western Australian Maritime Museum, Fremantle, Western Australia in the presence of the U.S. Consul General David Gainer. [21]
USS Bonefish (SS-223) was a Gato-class submarine, the first United States Navy ship to be named for the bonefish.
USS Robalo (SS-273), a Gato-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the róbalo or common snook.
USS Gudgeon (SS-211) was the first American submarine to sink an enemy warship in World War II. She was the last of the long-range Tambor-class vessels commissioned for the United States Navy in the years before the country entered World War II. Gudgeon scored 14 confirmed kills, placing her 15th on the honor roll of American submarines. She was declared overdue, presumed lost with all hands, on 7 June 1944. Of the twelve Tambor-class submarines, only five survived the war.
USS Grayling (SS-209) was the tenth Tambor-class submarine to be commissioned in the United States Navy in the years leading up to the country's December 1941 entry into World War II. She was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the grayling. Her wartime service was in the Pacific Ocean. She completed seven war patrols in the following 20 months, and is credited with the sinking of over 20,000 tons of Japanese merchant shipping and warships. Grayling received six battle stars for her World War II service. She was declared lost with all hands in September 1943. Of the twelve Tambor-class submarines, only five survived the war.
USS Flier (SS-250) was a Gato-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the flier.
USS Gunnel (SS-253), a Gato-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gunnel.
USS Skipjack (SS-184), was a Salmon-class submarine, the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the skipjack tuna. She earned multiple battle stars during World War II and then was sunk, remarkably, by an atomic bomb during post-World War II testing in Operation Crossroads. Among the most "thoroughly sunk" ships, she was refloated and then sunk a second time as a target ship two years later.
USS Gabilan (SS-252), a Gato-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gabilan, an eagle ray of the Gulf of California.
USS Jack (SS-259), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the jack.
USS Lapon (SS-260), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named after the lapon, a scorpionfish of the Pacific coast of the United States.
USS Mingo (SS-261) — a Gato-class submarine — was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the mingo snapper.
USS Crevalle (SS/AGSS-291), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the crevalle, the yellow mackerel, a food fish, found on both coasts of tropical America, and in the Atlantic as far north as Cape Cod.
USS Baya (SS/AGSS-318), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the baya. During World War II, she completed five war patrols in the South China Sea, Gulf of Siam, Java Sea, and Philippine Sea between 23 August 1944 and 25 July 1945. She sank four Japanese vessels totaling 8855 gross register tons, and shared credit with the submarine USS Hawkbill (SS-366) for sinking a Japanese 8,407-gross register ton passenger-cargo ship. After World War II, she saw service as a research submarine during the Cold War and operated off Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
USS Blenny (SS/AGSS-324), a Balao-class submarine in commission from 1944 to 1969, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the blenny, a fish found along the rocky shores of the Atlantic Ocean. During World War II, Blenny conducted four war patrols in the Java Sea and South China Sea between 10 November 1944 and 14 August 1945. She sank eight Japanese vessels totaling 18,262 tons. In addition, she is credited with destroying more than 62 miscellaneous Japanese small craft by gunfire.
USS Capitaine (SS/AGSS-336), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the capitaine, a brilliantly colored fish inhabiting waters of the Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to Panama.
USS Guitarro (SS-363), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the guitarro.
Fremantle submarine base was the utilisation of Fremantle Harbour as a submarine base in World War II. The submarine base was second only to Pearl Harbor in the Pacific theatre, with US, British and Dutch submarines operating from Fremantle during the war. US submarines operating from Fremantle accounted for approximately one quarter of all US submarine patrols in the Pacific.
The Submarine Memorial Chapel is a military chapel onboard Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, United States. Dedicated in 1944, it is the oldest chapel at Pearl Harbor, built in remembrance of all the submariners who died in World War II. It ceased hosting religious worship services sometime in the 2000s, but regular religious services were re-established by a congregation at the chapel in 2015.
Naval Base Perth was a United States Navy base near Perth, Western Australia during World War II. Perth was selected as the site for a U.S. Navy base as it was beyond the range of Japanese long-range bombers. The Bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 demonstrated a more southern port was needed. Both existing port facilities and new bases were built at Perth. Naval Base Perth's Fleet Post Office # was 255 SF Perth, Australia.
Walter Thomas Griffith was a United States Navy submarine commander in World War II. He commanded USS Bowfin (SS-287) on her second through fourth patrols, becoming her most successful commanding officer and earning the boat the Presidential Unit Citation for her second patrol. He later served as the commanding officer of USS Bullhead (SS-332) for her first two patrols.