Ukha Loikhai

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Ukha Loikhai
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Ukha Loikhai
Location in Manipur, India
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Ukha Loikhai
Ukha Loikhai (India)
Coordinates: 24°27′37″N93°38′15″E / 24.4603°N 93.6374°E / 24.4603; 93.6374
Country India
State Manipur
District Churachandpur
Population
 (2011) [1]
 • Total418
Language(s)
 • Official Meitei (Manipuri)
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Ukha Loikhai

Ukha Loikhai (Ukha or Loikhai) [lower-alpha 1] is a village in the Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. It is on the western slopes of the Thangjing Hill and has ongoing claims to the top of the hill itself. [2] In the 2011 census, Ukha Loikhai had a population of 418 people. [1] Ukha was one of the leading villages in the Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919.

Contents

Name

The village is marked as "Ukha" in the documents of the British Raj, [3] but it is said to be locally known as "Loikhai". [lower-alpha 1] [4] It is currently called "Ukha Loikhai" in official documents. [1] The combined name also serves to distinguish it from Ukha Tampak on the eastern foothills of Thangjing Hill.

Geography

1944 Survey of India map of the region: Ukha is marked to the southwest of Thangjing Hill Thangjing-Hill-area-SoI-1944.jpg
1944 Survey of India map of the region: Ukha is marked to the southwest of Thangjing Hill

Ukha is on the western slopes of Thangjing Hill, one of the tallest peaks of the state, in Churachandpur district. It is on a sloping ridge, flanked by streams on both sides, which, after reaching the bottom, join the Talai River, a tributary of the Leimatak River. Early 20th century British maps show a road passing through Ukha, which leads to Chothe Munpi in the west, and Kangvai in the east. The present-day road is similar but goes up to Henglep in the west, and runs to Torbung in the east.

Ukha is listed in the Gazetteer of Manipur as a village at an elevation of 3,500 ft (1,100 m), with a population of 150 people belonging to the "Changput subdivision of the Kongjai Kuki tribe". [3] Its current population per 2011 census is 418, [5] and the elevation on modern maps is 1,500 metres.

History

Ukha was part of the "Haokip Reserved" area (the northern part of the present-day Churachandpur district), defined by William Alexander Cosgrave, the president of Manipur State Darbar, in 1907. The reserve was apparently reconfirmed in 1941–1942, and its borders delineated. [6] [7]

Ukha played a leading role in the Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919 (also called Anglo-Kuki War). [8] The village chief at that time was Semchung Haokip (or Semkholun Haokip). In early 1917, the local chiefs met at Ukha to discuss the emerging conflict with the British authorities. The chief of Aishan, considered the tribal chief (piba) of Thadou Kuki tribes, presided over the meeting. [9] [10] After Mombi was burned by the British, an all-Kuki War Council was called by the chief of Chassad, and the chiefs received a signal to resist and fight. Another meeting was held in October, with 22 chiefs attending, and a decision was made to resist. War preparations were begun immediately. [11] In December 1917, the chief of Ukha sent 12 Kukis to collect his mithuns from Kangvai. They are said to have been fired upon by British troops, an action that so enraged the Kangvai Kukis that they joined the Ukha Kukis in their rebellion. On 19 December, the combined Kukis raided the Manipur State forest toll station at Ithai, presumably for arms and for neutralising the state forces. [12]

On 25 December, the British Political Agent J. C. Higgins went with a force to the foothills of Thangjing Hill to punish the Ukha Kukis. [13] The Ukha Kukis staged an able defence of the Thangjing Hill, with sniper attacks and home-made leather cannons, causing several casualties on the British troops, but no Kuki was captured. Ukha was reportedly burnt down, and the Kukis escaped into the forests. [14] [10] The failure of the operation and a similar one at Mombi stunned the British officers. [15] Another attack with a larger force was launched in February 1918, with similar results. [16] Eventually the rebellion was suppressed only by wholesale destruction of villages, including their livestock and foodgrains, and driving the people into the woods to starve, along with women and children. [17]

During World War II, the British withdrew from Tedim to Imphal, fighting seven decisive battles along the Tedim Road. All the villages within seven kilometre distance of the road were asked to be evacuated within two days. The people of Kangvai and other villages mostly went to southwest Manipur to stay with relatives. The original intention appears to have to been to stay at Ukha, but the village did not have enough food supplies to support them and it was not considered safe enough either. Modern commentators notice that no refugee camps were set up anywhere in the vicinity. [18]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Alternative spellings: "Luaikhai" and "Loaikhai".

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011) , p. 134
  2. ↑ BJP MLA Paolienlal Haokip Slams BJYM’s Attempt To Plant Trees On Thangjing Hill, The Frontier Manipur, 17 May 2022. "The MLA said that so far as the Thangjing Hills are concerned, the Chief of Ukha (Loikhai) has clear orders of the settlement officer, excluding the land belonging to Loikhai village, which includes Thangjing Hills, from the Churachandpur Khopum Protected Forest."
  3. 1 2 Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 223.
  4. ↑ Zou, S. Thangboi (2021), "The Zou Gal (1917–1919): A military history with special reference to the Zou in Manipur-Chin borders", in Ngamjahao Kipgen; Doungul Letkhojam Haokip (eds.), Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919, Routledge, p. 38, ISBN   978-1-003-00065-5
  5. ↑ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (2011), p. 134.
  6. ↑ Haokip, Sielen (2012), "What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective", in Thongkholal Haokip (ed.), The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture, Bookwell, p. 91, ISBN   9789380574448, During British rule a greater part of the hills surrounding Churachandpur was accorded the status of 'Haokip Reserve'.
  7. ↑ Haokip, T. S. Letkhosei (2018), Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies, Educreation Publishing, p. 128, As per Mr Cosgrave's Order Of 1907 in the document and the sketch Map drawn in 1941-42, signed and sealed by the president of the Manipur Hill Darbar, and the interview statement of Shri TL Thenkhomang Haokip (23 Nov 2010), Chief of Ukha-Loikhai village Churachandpur, Northern Haokip Reserved Land in Churachandpur covers the following areas; Seitol (Saiton) – Kangvai – Tingkai/Loibol bordering present Bishnupur district and Tamenglong district in the north, Leimata river in the west, Natyang-Koite in the south and Tuitha (Khuga) river in the east.
  8. ↑ Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters (2019), p. 123: "In the Southwestern hills, Pakang (Henglep), Semchung (Ukha), Haoneh (Nabil) and Paosum (Songphu) led the war.".
  9. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), pp. 38–39: "Aishan’s announcement was followed by a series of meetings held in different parts of Kuki hills – Chassad, Jampi, Taloulong, Mombi, Ukha, Henglep, etc.".
  10. 1 2 Kuki Inpi Manipur, Anglo-Kuki War (1917-1919), Imphal Free Press, 29 September 2019. ProQuest   2298810123
  11. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 42.
  12. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 46.
  13. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 47: "On 25 December 1917, [Political Agent J. C. Higgins] set out again with his sepoys to punish the Ukha Kukis. On 28 December, he reached the foothills of Thangting where he saw a ‘war-like preparation’ and had therefore ordered ‘to fire on any Kuki seen with a gun in his hand’. It was here that they met the first Kuki attack...".
  14. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), p. 47.
  15. ↑ Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet (2019), pp. 47–48.
  16. ↑ Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters (2019), p. 125.
  17. ↑ Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis (2019), p. 100.
  18. ↑ Vaiphei, Second World War and Southern Manipur (2022), pp. 70–71.

Bibliography

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