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10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 16 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.
The Federalist Party, referred to as the Pro-Administration party until the 3rd United States Congress as opposed to their opponents in the Anti-Administration party, was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to the 1820s, with their last presidential candidate being fielded in 1816. They appealed to business and to conservatives who favored banks, national over state government, manufacturing, and preferred Britain and opposed the French Revolution.
The Democratic-Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison around 1792 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasury and chief architect of George Washington's administration. From 1801 to 1825, the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their political philosophy, republicanism. They distrusted the Federalist tendency to centralize and loosely interpret the Constitution, believing these policies were signs of monarchism and anti-republican values. The party splintered in 1824, with the faction loyal to Andrew Jackson coalescing into the Jacksonian movement, the faction led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay forming the National Republican Party and some other groups going on to form the Anti-Masonic Party. The National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and other opponents of Andrew Jackson later formed themselves into the Whig Party.
As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.
Senate Party Division, 4th Congress (1795–1797)
Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record. [1]
The Third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4, 1793, to March 4, 1795, during the fifth and sixth years of George Washington's presidency.
After the April 24, 1794 special election in Pennsylvania.
A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
A6 | A7 | A8 | A9 Ran | A10 Ran | A11 Ran | A12 Unknown | A13 Unknown | V1 | P16 Retired |
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Majority → | |||||||||
P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 Ran | P13 Ran | P14 Unknown | P15 Retired |
P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 |
A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
A6 | A7 | A8 | DR1 Gain from A | DR2 Gain from A | V1 | F8 Gain from A | F7 Gain from A | F6 Gain from A | F5 Gain from P |
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F4 Gain from P | |||||||||
P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | F1 Gain from P | F2 Gain from P | F3 Gain from P | |
P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 |
DR5 Changed | DR4 Changed | DR3 Changed | DR2 Changed | DR1 Changed | |||||
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DR6 Changed | DR7 Changed | DR8 Changed | DR9 | DR10 | F20 Gain | F19 | F18 | F17 | F16 |
Majority → | |||||||||
F6 Changed | F7 Changed | F8 Changed | F9 Changed | F10 Changed | F10 Changed | F12 | F13 | F14 | F15 |
F5 Changed | F4 Changed | F3 Changed | F2 Changed | F1 Changed |
Key: |
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Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.
In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
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Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Albert Gallatin | Anti-Administration | [[United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, 1794|1793 (Special)]] | Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794. New senator elected March 31, 1794. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress. | √ James Ross (Federalist) 51.72% Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23% Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15% Not voting 6.7% |
Virginia (Class 1) | James Monroe | Anti-Administration | [[United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1790|1790 (Special)]] | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. | √ Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Virginia (Class 2) | John Taylor | Anti-Administration | [[United States Senate special election in Virginia, 1792|1792 (Special)]] | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration gain. Winner would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. | √ Henry Tazewell (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Delaware (Class 1) | Vacant | George Read (P) had resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware. New senator elected February 7, 1795. Pro-Administration gain. Winner would become a Federalist in the next Congress. | √ Henry Latimer (Pro-Administration) 15 John Dickinson (Anti-Administration) 14 [2] |
In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
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Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Connecticut | Stephen Mitchell | Pro-Administration | 1793 (Appointed) | Incumbent appointee retired. New senator's election date unknown. Federalist gain. | √ Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.] |
Georgia | James Gunn | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected November 13, 1794 to a new party. Federalist gain. | √ James Gunn (Federalist) 36 Edward Telfair 12 William Few 3 [3] |
Kentucky | John Edwards | Anti-Administration | [[United States Senate elections in Kentucky, 1792|1792 (New state)]] | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. | √ Humphrey Marshall (Federalist) 28 John Breckinridge 22 [4] |
Maryland | John Henry | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected in 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain. | √ John Henry (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.] |
New Hampshire | John Langdon | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-election date to a new party unknown. Democratic-Republican gain. | √ John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) [Data unknown/missing.] |
New York | Rufus King | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain. | √ Rufus King (Federalist) 47 Thomas Tillotson 30 John Lawrence (Federalist) 1 [5] |
North Carolina | Benjamin Hawkins | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1795 on the fifth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. | √ Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican) John Leigh Alfred Moore Nathaniel Macon Withdrew John Skinner Withdrew Charles Johnson Withdrew William Lenoir [6] |
Pennsylvania | Robert Morris | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 26, 1795. Federalist gain. | √ William Bingham (Federalist) 58 Peter Muhlenberg 35 [7] |
South Carolina | Ralph Izard | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. | √ Jacob Read (Federalist) John Hunter [8] |
Vermont | Stephen R. Bradley | Anti-Administration | [[United States Senate elections in Vermont, 1791|1791 (New state)]] | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794. Federalist gain. | √ Elijah Paine (Federalist) [Data unknown/missing.] |
There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.
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The Delaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.
George Read was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. Read was one of only two statesmen who signed all three of the great State papers on which the country's history is based: the original Petition to the King of the Congress of 1774, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States.
The Supreme Court of Delaware is the sole appellate court in the United States' state of Delaware. Because Delaware is a popular haven for corporations, the Court has developed a worldwide reputation as a respected source of corporate law decisions, particularly in the area of mergers and acquisitions.
Dr. Henry Latimer was an American physician and politician from Newport, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was elected to the Continental Congress from Delaware, and was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as U.S. Representative from Delaware, and U.S. Senator from Delaware.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Federalist | Henry Latimer | 15 | 51.72% | |
Democratic-Republican | John Dickinson | 14 | 48.28% | |
Total votes | 29 | 100% |
The Fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from March 4, 1795, to March 4, 1797, during the last two years of George Washington's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790. The Senate had a Federalist majority, and the House had a Democratic-Republican majority.
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 17th Congress took place in the various states between July 3, 1820 (Louisiana) and August 10, 1821 (Tennessee). In four states the election coincided with the taking of the 4th Census. Future enumerations would henceforth be held at a different time of year.
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 16th Congress were held in the various states between April 28, 1818 and August 12, 1819, with Alabama electing its first representatives September 20–21, 1819 during James Monroe's first term. The Congress assembled December 6, 1819.
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 15th Congress were held in the various states between April 1816 and August 14, 1817. The Congress first met on December 1, 1817.
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 10th Congress were held at various dates in each state between April 29, 1806 and August 4, 1807 during Thomas Jefferson's second term with the new Congress meeting on October 26, 1807.
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 9th Congress were held at various dates in each state between April 24, 1804 and August 5, 1805. The Congress first met on December 2, 1805. The elections occurred at the same time as President Thomas Jefferson's re-election.
The United States Senate elections of 1804 and 1805 were elections that expanded the Democratic-Republican Party's overwhelming control over the United States Senate. The Federalists went into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.
The United States Senate elections of 1806 and 1807 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party increase its overwhelming control of the Senate by one additional Senator. The Federalists went into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus. As it was, however, they lost one of the two seats they were defending and picked up no gains from their opponents.
The United States Senate elections of 1808 and 1809 were elections that had the Federalist Party gain one seat in the United States Senate, and which coincided with the 1808 presidential election. The Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.
The United States Senate elections of 1810 and 1811 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party maintain their majority the United States Senate. The minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats that they had won all of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.
The United States Senate elections of 1812 and 1813 were elections that, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election, had the Democratic-Republican Party lose two seats but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.
The United States Senate elections of 1814 and 1815 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party lose a seat but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. Unlike in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with a chance of regaining their long-lost majority had they swept almost all the seats. However, only one seat switched parties. Two seats held by Democratic-Republicans were left unfilled until long after the next Congress began.
The United States Senate elections of 1816 and 1817 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party gain a net of two seats from the admission of a new state, and which coincided with the presidential election.
The United States Senate elections of 1818 and 1819 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party gain two seats. The Federalists had only three seats being contested, of which they lost two and the third was left vacant due to a failure to elect.
The United States Senate elections of 1802 and 1803 were elections for the United States Senate which had the Democratic-Republican Party assume an overwhelming control thereof.
The United States Senate elections of 1800 and 1801 were elections for the United States Senate that, coinciding with their takeover of the White House, led to the Democratic-Republican Party taking control of the United States Senate. Although the Federalists began the next (7th) Congress with a slim majority, they lost their majority shortly thereafter due to mid-year special elections.
The United States Senate elections of 1798 and 1799 were held at the middle of President John Adams's administration and had no net change in political control of the Senate.
The United States Senate elections of 1796 and 1797 were elections for the United States Senate which, coinciding with John Adams's election as President, had the ruling Federalist Party gain one seat.
The United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2.
The United States Senate elections of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as "Pro-Administration," and the senators against him as "Anti-Administration."