Western trumpeter whiting

Western trumpeter whiting
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Spariformes
Family:	Sillaginidae
Genus:	Sillago
Species:	S. burrus
Binomial name
	Sillago burrus; Richardson, 1842
	Range of the western trumpeter whiting
Synonyms
	Sillago maculata burra Richardson, 1842;

Last updated October 28, 2023

The western trumpeter whiting (Sillago burrus) is a species of marine fish of the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae that is commonly found along the northern coast of Australia and in southern Indonesia and New Guinea. As its name suggests, it is closely related to and resembles the trumpeter whiting which inhabits the east coast of Australia and is distinguishable by swim bladder morphology alone. The species inhabits a variety of sandy, silty and muddy substrates in depths from 0 to 15 m deep, with older fish inhabiting deeper waters. Western trumpeter whiting are benthic carnivores which take predominantly crustaceans and polychaetes as prey. The species reaches sexual maturity at the end of its first year of age, spawning in batches between December and February. The species is taken as bycatch with other species of whiting and shrimps in Australia.

Taxonomy and naming

The western trumpeter whiting is one of over 30 species in the genus Sillago ,^[1] which is one of five genera belonging to the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae, this family was previously considered to be part of the Percoidea, a suborder of the Perciformes.^[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the Sillaginidae in the order Spariformes.^[3]

The species was first recorded by Lieutenant Emery of HMS Beagle during the Australian leg of its voyage, with Emery making a detailed sketch of the fish. This sketch and description was received by John Richardson in 1842, from which he described and named the species Sillago burrus without designating a holotype specimen, and furthermore the original sketch has apparently been lost. The location where the specimen was taken is also uncertain, with McKay narrowing down the range to between Depuch and Barrow Islands in northern Western Australia, with New Guinea an outside possibility. In 1985 McKay designated a neotype from the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia.^[2]

The species has only ever been assigned one synonym, S. maculata burrus by Whitley in 1948 with apparently no reason given for the reassignment, although McKay also treated the species as a subspecies of S. maculata in his comprehensive revision of the Sillaginidae.^[4]

Description

As with most of the genus Sillago, the western trumpeter whiting has a slightly compressed, elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth, reaching a maximum overall length of 36 cm (14 in).^[5] The body is covered in small ctenoid scales extending to the cheek and head. The first dorsal fin has 11 spines and the second dorsal fin has 1 leading spine with 19 to 21 soft rays posterior. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, but has 2 spines with 18 to 20 soft rays posterior to the spines. Other distinguishing features include 69 to 76 lateral line scales and a total of 34 to 36 vertebrae.^[4]

Swim bladder morphology is the most effective way to distinguish it between related species S. maculata and S. aeolus . The swim bladder has far reduced anterolateral extensions of swim bladder compared to S. maculata and differs from S. aeolus in having two extensions, not three.^[2]

The western trumpeter whiting has very similar in coloration to S. aeolus and S. maculata, with only minor differences between the species. The body is an overall light sandy brown, being darker above and paler on the lower sides, with a silver mid line of the belly. The darker and lighter regions of the body are separated by a dull silver longitudinal band positioned mid laterally on the side of the body. In S. burrus the blotches are like oblique bars and they are not joined as in S. maculata. There is an indistinct black spot at the base of the pectoral fin and the upper and lower margins of the caudal fin are not as dark as in S. maculata. The abdominal walls are usually white or silvery, where they are pale flesh coloured in the other trumpeter whitings.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

The western trumpeter whiting ranges from southern Western Australia ^[6] northwards along the coast of the Northern Territory and north Queensland as well as further north along southern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

S. burrus inhabits water between 5 and 15 m deep, with juveniles inhabiting shallow shoreline areas and moving offshore to slightly deeper water as they mature. They do not extend to the depths of other co-occurring sillaginids such as S. robusta .^[7]S. burrus prefers silty-sand or muddy substrates, with the larger adults feeding near channels and sandbars, and may also be found on mostly sandy bottoms.^[4]

The juveniles of the species are known to inhabit protected seagrass beds where they take advantage both the sheltered environment and also prey species that inhabit the seagrass community.^[8] The young are also known to inhabit mangrove creeks and broken bottom,^[4] as well as entering estuaries during Summer and Autumn in southern estuaries. Juvenile S. burrus are recruited to the estuary system, where with a number of other species continue a cycle of fish species throughout the year.^[9] The species also has the ability to withstand brackish water for extended periods, evident by their presence in intermittently open estuaries which are closed to the sea for most of the year.^[10]

Biology

Diet

The western trumpeter whiting occupies the same areas a number of other sillaginids, and therefore has a slightly different diet to these other species to avoid interspecific competition. The predominant prey consists of crustaceans, with copepods and to a lesser extent amphipods and shrimp and other decapods the main types taken. Polychaetes are also a common part of the diet, with bivalves and echinoderms also contributing to its diet. The main difference in its diet is the high amount of copepods consumed, especially in juveniles.^[11]

The diet of the western trumpeter whiting changes with age like many of its close relatives. During its juvenile stage, the species diet is predominantly grammarid amphipods and copepods, while as the fish grow to maturity, they tend to take more decapods such as caridean shrimps and crabs, as well as polychaetes.^[8]

Life cycle

The western trumpeter whiting spawns predominantly between December and February, with a peak in January. During the spawning period, the ovaries possess large numbers of hydrated oocytes and no post-ovulatory follicles, with the oocytes tending to form several relatively discrete size groups. This indicates that S. burrus produces eggs in batches and that the spawning of the members of this species is synchronised.^[12] The spreading of the release of eggs over the spawning periods would act as a buffer against any problems posed by adverse fluctuations in environmental conditions such as the amount of food available to larvae, or to predation pressure.^[13]

S. burrus becomes sexually mature between lengths of 130 to 139 mm (5.1 to 5.5 in) for females and 120 to 139 mm (4.7 to 5.5 in) for males, with this occurring normally by the end of the first year of life. Juveniles inhabit shallow protected waters, often in estuaries, mangroves or protected bays, remaining there for about three months before migrating to deeper waters between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) depth when they are around 70 mm (2.8 in) in length.^[12] This may be to reduce competition with other inshore sillaginid species such as S. vittata and S. bassensis , whose juvenile stages occupy the same shallow areas as S. burrus.^[14]^[15]

Relationship to humans

The western trumpeter whiting is commonly trawled in association with the western population of Sillago robusta, as well as Sillago lutea in depths up to 36 m (118 ft), with water between 5–15 m (16–49 ft) the most prolific. The juveniles are also part of the bycatch of shrimp trawlers, which sweep through the seagrass habitat of these juveniles.^[4] In some areas such as the Leschenault Estuary in Western Australia, the western trumpeter whiting is a sought after fish by anglers, who catch it alongside other species of whiting.^[6] The species is considered good eating, and is marketed fresh in Australia.^[4]

Related Research Articles

The Sillaginidae, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fish historically classified in the order Perciformes, although the 5th edition of Fishes of the World places the family in the Spariformes. The smelt-whitings inhabit a wide region covering much of the Indo-Pacific, from the west coast of Africa east to Japan and south to Australia. The family comprises only five genera and 35 species, of which a number are dubious, with the last major revision of the family in 1992 unable to confirm the validity of a number of species. They are elongated, slightly compressed fish, often light brown to silver in colour, with a variety of markings and patterns on their upper bodies. The Sillaginidae are not related to a number of fishes commonly called 'whiting' in the Northern Hemisphere, including the fish originally called whiting, Merlangius merlangus.

The King George whiting, also known as the spotted whiting or spotted sillago, is a coastal marine fish of the smelt-whitings family Sillaginidae. The King George whiting is endemic to Australia, inhabiting the south coast of the country from Jurien Bay, Western Australia to Botany Bay, New South Wales in the east. The King George whiting is the only member of the genus Sillaginodes and the largest member of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae, growing to a length of 80 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The species is readily distinguishable from other Australian whitings by its unique pattern of spots, as well as its highly elongate shape. King George whiting are often found in bays and protected waterways over sand and seagrass beds, also venturing out onto deep continental shelf reefs during adulthood. The species is a benthic carnivore, consuming a variety of crustaceans, polychaete worms, molluscs and fish. The King George whiting forms the basis of one of southern Australia's most important commercial fisheries, reportedly worth over five million Australian dollars per year. The species is also heavily targeted by recreational anglers, who value the whiting for its sporting and eating qualities.

The oriental trumpeter whiting is a widely distributed species of benthic inshore fish in the smelt-whiting family. The species ranges from east Africa to Japan, inhabiting much if the southern Asian and Indonesian coastlines. Its morphology is very similar to other species within the genus Sillago, with a long, compressed body and silvery overall colour. It can be distinguished from its relatives by colour patterns and particularly swim bladder morphology, which helps define most species of Sillago. S aeolus is a benthic predator, consuming a variety of crustaceans and polychaetes. As with most members of the smelt whiting family, it is important to small coastal fisheries in various areas of its range.

The golden lined whiting, also known as the Tin Can Bay whiting or rough-scale whiting, is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt whiting family, Sillaginidae that inhabits the coastlines of northern Australia and lower Papua New Guinea. The golden lined whiting can be more readily distinguished by its colour than other whitings in the genus Sillago, although swim bladder morphology and spine and ray counts are the most precise method of identification. S. analis is an opportunistic predator, taking a variety of crustaceans, polychaetes and molluscs, with a transition of diet seen as the fish mature. One unusual aspect about the species diet is the large amounts of molluscan siphons it takes. The species spawns between January and March, with juvenile fish inhabiting the shallow protected coastal waters. Golden lined whiting is important to fisheries centered on Shark Bay in Western Australia and also in Queensland, although makes up a relatively minor component of the whiting fishery.

The southern school whiting ,also known as the silver whiting or trawl whiting, is a common species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family that inhabits the south and south-west coasts of Australia. Its distribution overlaps a number of other common sillaginids, with careful observation of anatomical features occasionally needed to distinguish between species. The southern school whiting is closely related to the eastern school whiting, Sillago flindersi, and initially were thought to be all one species. The species inhabits both shallow inshore sandy waters, as well as deeper offshore waters, with a transition of habitats occurring with increasing age. It is a predatory fish, taking a variety of crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves as prey. It reaches sexual maturity at three years of age, and spawns multiple times between December and April. The southern school whiting is commonly caught by commercial and recreational fishermen, often while fishing for related species, especially the sought after King George whiting. The species is marketed fresh in southern Australia.

The sand whiting, also known as the summer whiting, yellowfin whiting or blue-nose whiting, is a common species of coastal marine fish of the family Sillaginidae, the smelt-whitings. It is a slender, slightly compressed fish that is very similar to other species of Sillago, with detailed spine, ray and lateral line scale counts needed to distinguish the species between its nearest relative Sillago analis. The sand whiting is distributed along the east coast of Australia from Cape York south to Tasmania, as well as Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.

The eastern school whiting, also known as the redspot whiting, Bass Strait whiting, Flinders' sillago, silver whiting or spotted whiting, is a species of benthic marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The eastern school whiting is endemic to Australia, distributed along the east coast from southern Queensland down to Tasmania and South Australia, where it inhabits sandy substrates from shallow tidal flats to depths of 180 m on the continental shelf. Eastern school whiting prey on various crustaceans and polychaete worms, with the diet varying seasonally and throughout the range of the species. Eastern school whiting reproduce in the deeper waters twice a year, releasing up to 110,000 eggs during a season.

The Indian whiting is a poorly known species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The species was named in 1985, having previously being misidentified as another species of Sillago, S. parvisquamis. The Indian whiting inhabits the east and west coasts of the Indian subcontinent, apparently not extending to the southern tip of India. Like all sillaginids, it is benthic in nature, living in depths to 30 m where it is caught by fishermen alongside other species of Sillago.

The bay whiting is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. The bay whiting's range extends throughout the west Indian Ocean, including northern Australia, Thailand, India and Taiwan, where it inhabits protected waters. It is benthic in nature, preying on shrimps, polychaetes and molluscs, however little else is known of its biology. Bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around Australia and Asia, where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species.

The Intermediate whiting, is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The intermediate whiting ranges from the west coast of India to the Gulf of Thailand in the east, inhabiting silty substrates in shallow waters. First identified in 1977 from a specimen found in a fish market, the species has had little research performed on its biology, and is frequently misidentified as Sillago sihama or Sillago maculata intermediate whiting are commonly caught by fishermen throughout their range and are marketed fresh locally.

The Japanese whiting, also known as the Japanese sillago or Shiro-gisu, is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. As suggested by its name, the Japanese whiting was first recorded from Japan in 1843, but has subsequently been found to extend to Korea, China and Taiwan.

The trumpeter whiting, also known as the winter whiting or diver whiting, is a common species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. The trumpeter whiting is endemic to Australia, inhabiting the eastern seaboard from southern New South Wales to northern Queensland. The species is found in bays, estuaries, coastal lakes and mangrove creeks on silty and muddy substrates in waters ranging from 0 to 30 m deep, occasionally inhabiting sandy and seagrass beds.

The northern whiting, also known as the silver whiting and sand smelt, is a marine fish, the most widespread and abundant member of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The northern whiting was the first species of sillaginid scientifically described and is therefore the type species of both the family Sillaginidae and the genus Sillago. The species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific region from South Africa in the west to Japan and Indonesia in the east. The northern whiting inhabits coastal areas to 60 m, but is most often found in shallow water around bays and estuaries, often entering freshwater. It is a carnivore, taking a variety of polychaetes and crustaceans. The species is of major economic importance throughout the Indo-Pacific. It is most frequently taken by seine nets and cast nets and marketed fresh.

The small-scale whiting, also known as the blue whiting, is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The small-scale whiting is very similar in body shape and colour to other species in the genus Sillago, but is distinguished by having 12 or 13 spines in the first dorsal fin compared to 11 in all other species. The species is distributed through parts of the west Pacific Ocean including Japan, Taiwan, Korea and India, inhabiting the tidal flats of major estuaries. It is a benthic predator taking crustaceans, molluscs and annelids. Spawning in the species takes place from May to September, with peaks identified in June and July. The eggs and larvae have been extensively studied in order to distinguish them from the more abundant Sillago sihama. Minor fisheries exist for the small-scale whiting, although it is thought be endangered by habitat loss and pollutionIUCN.

The soringa whiting, also known simply as soringa or soringa sillago, is a poorly known species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. The Soringa whiting is known exclusively from the east coast of India, inhabiting shallow inshore environments, particularly sandy substrates. S. soringa was first described in 1982 by Dutt and Sujatha, with the taxonomic status of the species was questioned by Roland McKay in his review of the Sillaginidae, with similar features to S. asiatica suggesting it is a senior synonym of the latter.

The estuarine whiting, also known as Vincent's whiting, is a species of benthic inshore marine fish of the smelt-whiting family, Sillaginidae. The estuarine whiting is very similar in appearance to the northern whiting, Sillago sihama, and as such was mistaken for the latter until 1980, when R.J. McKay identified the species based primarily on swimbladder morphology. The estuarine whiting is distributed along both the east and west coasts of India, primarily inhabiting the muddy substrates of estuaries. The species is locally important to fisheries in India, and is recognized as having aquaculture potential.

The western school whiting, also known as the banded whiting, golden whiting and bastard whiting, is a species of benthic marine fish in the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The species is one of three 'school whiting' that inhabit southern Australia and share a very similar appearance. Western school whiting are known to grow to 30 cm in length and 275 g in weight, although unconfirmed reports suggest this might be an underestimate. The western school whiting is distributed along the Western Australian coast from Maud Landing in the north to Rottnest Island in the south. The species inhabits both shallow inshore environments and waters to depths of 55 m. The species is a benthic predator, taking a variety of crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms, and shows a change in diet with age and habitat. S. vittata is a multiple spawner, reproducing between December and February once it has reached one or two years of age. Juveniles inhabit protected inshore waters, moving offshore once they reach sexual maturity. It is often found in association with other sillaginids and comprises a minor fraction of commercial whiting catches in Western Australia.

The stout whiting, also known as the yellow-cheek whiting or school whiting, is a species of benthic marine fish in the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. Like other sillaginids, it is an elongate, slightly compressed fish, growing to a maximum known length of 30 cm. The stout whiting is endemic to Australia, with the species divided into western and eastern populations, with the western population ranging from Shark Bay to Fremantle and the eastern population from Bustard Head, Queensland to northern New South Wales. The species inhabits deep, sandy continental shelf regions to a depth of at least 70 m.

The yellowfin whiting, also known as the western sand whiting or fine-scaled whiting, is a species of inshore marine fish in the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The species is endemic to the eastern Indian Ocean, ranging from Dampier, Western Australia to Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, with an apparent division in the populations of the two states. Yellowfin whiting inhabit relatively shallow waters for their entire life, often found on tidal flats and creeks, as well as large estuaries. It is one of the largest members of the smelt-whiting family, growing to 42 cm, and can be distinguished by a number of anatomical and colour related features. Yellowfin whiting are benthic carnivores, preying predominantly on polychaete worms, with minor amounts of copepods, amphipods and bivalves also commonly taken. The species shows a change in diet with age, and also dietary differences with other sillaginids presumably to minimize competition. Reproduction occurs at different times throughout its range, generally focused around summer, with up to 217,000 eggs produced per season. Yellowfin whiting reach sexual maturity at around 20 cm, with each individual spawning more than once. The species forms the basis of major fisheries in both Shark Bay, Western Australia and the two Gulfs of South Australia, with around 260 tonnes of fish taken each year. They are also a popular target for shore based anglers, with a reputation as a very good table fish.

Smelt-whiting is the common name for various species of the family Sillaginidae. The Sillaginidae are distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from the west coast of Africa to Japan and Taiwan in the east, as well occupying as a number of small islands including New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean. Well known members of this family include King George whiting, Japanese whiting, northern whiting, sand whiting and school whiting.

References

↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). Species of Sillago in FishBase . June 2023 version.
1 2 3 4 McKay, R.J. (1985). "A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Silaginidae". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 22 (1): 1–73.
↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
1 2 3 4 5 6 McKay, R.J. (1992). FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation. pp. 19–20. ISBN 92-5-103123-1.
↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Sillago burrus" in FishBase . June 2006 version.
1 2 Potter, I. C.; P. N. Chalmer; D. J. Tiivel; R. A. Steckis; M. E. Platell; R. C. J. Lenanton (December 2000). "The fish fauna and finfish fishery of the Leschenault Estuary in south-western Australia" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 83 (4): 481–501.
↑ Hyndes, G.A.; M. E. Platell; I. C. Potter; R. C. J. Lenanton (July 1999). "Does the composition of the demersal fish assemblages in temperate coastal waters change with depth and undergo consistent seasonal changes?". Marine Biology. 134 (2): 335–352. doi:10.1007/s002270050551.
1 2 Kwak, Seok Nam; David W. Klumpp (February 2004). "Temporal variation in species composition and abundance of fish and decapods of a tropical seagrass bed in Cockle Bay, North Queensland, Australia". Aquatic Botany . 78 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2003.09.009.
↑ Kanandjembo, A.N.; I. C. Potter; M. E. Platell (2001). "Abrupt shifts in the fish community of the hydrologically variable upper estuary of the Swan River". Hydrological Processes. 15 (13): 2503–2517. doi:10.1002/hyp.295.
↑ Potter, I.C.; G.C. Young; G.A. Hyndes; S. de Lestang (1997). "The ichthyofauna of an intermittently open estuary: Implications of bar breaching and low salinities on faunal composition". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science . 45 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0165.
↑ Hyndes, G.A.; M. E. Platell; I. C. Potter (1997). "Relationships between diet and body size, mouth morphology, habitat and movements of six sillaginid species in coastal waters: implications for resource partitioning". Marine Biology. 128 (4): 585–598. doi:10.1007/s002270050125.
1 2 Hyndes, G.A.; I. C. Potter; S. A. Hesp (September 1996). "Relationships between the movements, growth, age structures, and reproductive biology of the teleosts Sillago burrus and S. vittata in temperate marine waters". Marine Biology. 126 (3): 549–558. doi:10.1007/BF00354637.
↑ Lambert, T.C.; T.M. Ware (1984). "Reproductive strategies of demersal and pelagic spawning fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 41 (11): 1564–1569. doi:10.1139/f84-194.
↑ Hyndes, G.A.; I.C. Potter (1997). "Age, growth and reproduction of Sillago schomburgkii in south-western Australian, nearshore waters and comparisons of life history styles of a suite of Sillago species". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 49 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1023/A:1007357410143.
↑ Hyndes, G.A.; I.C. Potter (July 1996). "Comparisons between the age structures, growth and reproductive biology of two co-occurring sillaginids, Sillago robusta and S. bassensis, in temperate coastal waters of Australia". Journal of Fish Biology. 49 (1): 14–32. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00002.x.

External links

Western trumpeter whiting at Fishbase

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[Fishbase2-1] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). Species of Sillago in FishBase . June 2023 version.

[McKay1985-2] 1 2 3 4 McKay, R.J. (1985). "A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Silaginidae". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 22 (1): 1–73.

[Nelson5-3] Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.

[McKayFAO-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 McKay, R.J. (1992). FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation. pp. 19–20. ISBN 92-5-103123-1.

[Fishbase-5] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Sillago burrus" in FishBase . June 2006 version.

[Potter00-6] 1 2 Potter, I. C.; P. N. Chalmer; D. J. Tiivel; R. A. Steckis; M. E. Platell; R. C. J. Lenanton (December 2000). "The fish fauna and finfish fishery of the Leschenault Estuary in south-western Australia" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 83 (4): 481–501.

[7] Hyndes, G.A.; M. E. Platell; I. C. Potter; R. C. J. Lenanton (July 1999). "Does the composition of the demersal fish assemblages in temperate coastal waters change with depth and undergo consistent seasonal changes?". Marine Biology. 134 (2): 335–352. doi:10.1007/s002270050551.

[Kwak04-8] 1 2 Kwak, Seok Nam; David W. Klumpp (February 2004). "Temporal variation in species composition and abundance of fish and decapods of a tropical seagrass bed in Cockle Bay, North Queensland, Australia". Aquatic Botany . 78 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2003.09.009.

[Pottery04-9] Kanandjembo, A.N.; I. C. Potter; M. E. Platell (2001). "Abrupt shifts in the fish community of the hydrologically variable upper estuary of the Swan River". Hydrological Processes. 15 (13): 2503–2517. doi:10.1002/hyp.295.

[Pottery97-10] Potter, I.C.; G.C. Young; G.A. Hyndes; S. de Lestang (1997). "The ichthyofauna of an intermittently open estuary: Implications of bar breaching and low salinities on faunal composition". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science . 45 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0165.

[11] Hyndes, G.A.; M. E. Platell; I. C. Potter (1997). "Relationships between diet and body size, mouth morphology, habitat and movements of six sillaginid species in coastal waters: implications for resource partitioning". Marine Biology. 128 (4): 585–598. doi:10.1007/s002270050125.

[Hyndesetal-12] 1 2 Hyndes, G.A.; I. C. Potter; S. A. Hesp (September 1996). "Relationships between the movements, growth, age structures, and reproductive biology of the teleosts Sillago burrus and S. vittata in temperate marine waters". Marine Biology. 126 (3): 549–558. doi:10.1007/BF00354637.

[13] Lambert, T.C.; T.M. Ware (1984). "Reproductive strategies of demersal and pelagic spawning fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 41 (11): 1564–1569. doi:10.1139/f84-194.

[14] Hyndes, G.A.; I.C. Potter (1997). "Age, growth and reproduction of Sillago schomburgkii in south-western Australian, nearshore waters and comparisons of life history styles of a suite of Sillago species". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 49 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1023/A:1007357410143.

[Hyndes19994-15] Hyndes, G.A.; I.C. Potter (July 1996). "Comparisons between the age structures, growth and reproductive biology of two co-occurring sillaginids, Sillago robusta and S. bassensis, in temperate coastal waters of Australia". Journal of Fish Biology. 49 (1): 14–32. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00002.x.

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