A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at least the late 19th century. The heat engine does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the higher temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a lower temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to work. Also, some energy is unusable because of friction and drag.
Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its thermal conductivity, and is denoted k.
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter. Another statement is: "Not all heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process."
The men's 100 metres at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on August 6 and August 7. The winning margin was 0.17 seconds which as of 2024 is the greatest winning margin for the men's 100 metres at these championships.
These are the official results of the men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There were 37 nations competing. Canada won the gold medal with the United States claiming the silver and Brazil taking the bronze.
These are the official results of the men's 1500 metres event at the 1983 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. There were a total number of 52 participating athletes, with four qualifying heats, two semi-finals and the final held on Sunday 14 August 1983. The winning margin was 0.28 seconds.
The men's 4 × 100 metre relay event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 21 and 22 August at the Beijing National Stadium.
These are the official results of the Women's 100 metres event at the 2001 IAAF World Championships in Edmonton, Canada.
The Women's 100 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Daegu Stadium on August 27, 28 and 29.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2011 Summer Universiade was held on 16–17 August.
The men's 200 metres event at the 2011 Summer Universiade was held on 18–19 August.
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 2012 European Athletics Championships was held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 30 June and 1 July.
The women's 200 metres at the 2012 European Athletics Championships were held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 29 and 30 June.
The men's 100 metres at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Luzhniki Stadium on 10 and 11 August.
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Luzhniki Stadium on 11 and 12 August.
The men's 100 metres at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 22 and 23 August.
These are the complete results of the 2017 European Team Championships Super League on 23–25 June 2017 in Lille, France. As with the previous championships there were a couple of rules applying specifically to this competition, such as the limit of three attempts in the throwing events, long jump and triple jump and the limit of four misses total in the high jump and pole vault.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 23 and 24 August at the Taipei Municipal Stadium.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2019 Summer Universiade was held on 8 and 9 July at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples.
The men's 100 metres at the 2022 World Athletics Championships was held at the Hayward Field in Eugene on 15 and 16 July 2022. 76 athletes from 53 nations entered to the competition.
