Atrina pectinata | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Bivalvia |
Order: | Pteriida |
Family: | Pinnidae |
Genus: | Atrina |
Species: | A. pectinata |
Binomial name | |
Atrina pectinata (Linnaeus, 1767) | |
Atrina pectinata is a species of bivalves belonging to the family Pinnidae. [1]
The species is found in the Old World. [1] They are important in commercial fishing in Asia. They have the common name of kijogae [pen shells]. [2] A. pectinata is a sedentary long-lived species that lives up to 7 years. [3] The byssus has been used in Sardinia to weave sea silk, as a replacement for the byssus of critically endangered Pinna nobilis . [4]
A. pectinata are patchy with small clusters. [5] They are commonly called kijogae [pen shells] due to their resemblance to a traditional Korean tool. [5] There are two physical morphs of A. pectinata: scaly and smooth, as a result of how the shells develop. [6] Recent research suggests that the two morphs are different enough for them to be taxonomically distinguishable. [6]
A. pectinata is widely located in the Indo-West Pacific. [5] The shellfish is an inhabitant of muddy or sandy surfaces. [5] In Korea, the shellfish is located in ocean depths of 20 to 50 m in muddy areas. [5] In the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea off the coast of China, it is found at habitats ranging from the subtidal zone to depths of 100m. [3] The specific locations of pen shell in Korean waters are the south seashore of Yeojaman, the west seashore of Boryeong and the Taean. [5]
In Japan, large numbers of A. pectinata were traditionally found off the southwestern coast, with commercial activity centered around Kyushu Island. [2]
A suspension study of A. pectinata showed that in artificial habitats, gonad development occurred at the same time for both male and female pen shells and corresponded to warming water temperatures and increased food availability. [6] A. pectinata is a broadcast spawner with external fertilization. [3] Spawning occurs after gonad development during the period from May to September and expended gonads are ejected in the fall. [6] Spawning is often triggered by environmental cues such as temperature. [3] 1.6% of spawning individuals are hermaphroditic. [6] A. pectinata has a pelagic larval phase that lasts about 30 days and mean fecundities of 29 million eggs per year, which suggests high dispersal potential. [3]
A. pectinata population has decreased rapidly since 1990 as a result of overfishing, habitat loss from coastal development, pollution, etc. [5] It is a popular food source and is commercially important to a number of countries which makes it a great interest to fisheries. [7] However, an effort to preserve this species has been made by aquaculture development. [5] This species serves as a commercial value, especially in the country of Korea. [5] It serves great purpose in Korean fisheries. [5] The shellfish was also desired for its taste for several years before its decline in the 1990s. [5]
A. pectinata mortality events in 2003 and 2004 reveal that the southwestern Japan population suffered from necrosis in their gills and kidneys not caused by known pathogenic agents. [2] The presence of particles resembling viral matter in the necrotic tissue may hint at an unknown viral agent that can trigger mass mortality events. [2] These mass mortality events are a part of a long decline in the population off the southern coast of Japan.
In an effort to conserve the shellfish species, microsatellite markers have been used to access the genetic variability and differentiation of A. pectinata. [5] Only one finding has shown that microsatellite markers were able to find genetic differentiation among the wild and hatchery population in Korea. [5] However, more sources need to confirm the genetic information and diversity of the pen shell in order to conserve the species. [5]
Selective breeding is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, cultivars, or breeds. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals.
A byssus is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusc that function to attach the mollusc to a solid surface. Species from several families of clams have a byssus, including pen shells (Pinnidae), true mussels (Mytilidae), and Dreissenidae.
A fish hatchery is a place for artificial breeding, hatching, and rearing through the early life stages of animals—finfish and shellfish in particular. Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish, shellfish, and crustaceans, primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems, such as fish farms, to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include Pacific oysters, shrimp, Indian prawns, salmon, tilapia and scallops.
The Pacific oyster, Japanese oyster, or Miyagi oyster is an oyster native to the Pacific coast of Asia. It has become an introduced species in North America, Australia, Europe, and New Zealand.
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The Pteriomorphia comprise a subclass of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. It contains several major orders, including the Arcida, Ostreida, Pectinida, Limida, Mytilida, and Pteriida. It also contains some extinct and probably basal families, such as the Evyanidae, Colpomyidae, Bakevelliidae, Cassianellidae, and Lithiotidae.
The California mussel is a large edible mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae.
Styela clava is a solitary, subtidal ascidian tunicate. It has a variety of common names such as the stalked sea squirt, clubbed tunicate, Asian tunicate, leathery sea squirt, or rough sea squirt. As its common names suggest, S. clava is club-shaped with an elongated oval body and a long peduncle for attaching to a substrate. Although native to the northwestern waters of the Pacific Ocean, since the 1900s, S. clava has become an increasingly successful invasive species outside of its native range. It is edible.
Atrina fragilis, the fan mussel, is a species of large saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells.
Pinna is a genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae.
Atrina is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae.
Pinna nobilis, whose common name is the noble pen shell or fan mussel, is a large species of Mediterranean clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells.
Pecten maximus, common names the great scallop, king scallop, St James shell or escallop, is a northeast Atlantic species of scallop, an edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae. This is the type species of the genus. This species may be conspecific with Pecten jacobaeus, the pilgrim's scallop, which has a much more restricted distribution.
Arca zebra, or the turkey wing ark clam, is a bivalve mollusc in the family Arcidae, the ark clams.
Pinna carnea, commonly called the amber pen shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae.
Atrina zelandica, one of several species known as the horse mussel, is a large species of saltwater clam. It is found around New Zealand.
Trachidermus fasciatus is a species of fish in the superfamily Cottoidea, the sculpins, and the only member of the monotypic genus Trachidermus. Its common name is roughskin sculpin. It has also been called four-gilled perch. It is native to the coastlines of China, Japan, and Korea, where it occurs at the mouths of rivers.
Endozoicomonas atrinae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the mollusk Atrina pectinata from Yeosu in Korea.
Pinna bicolor, also known as razorfish, razor clam, or pen shell, is a species of large saltwater clam in the family Pinnidae. It is commonly found in shallow waters up to 50 m (160 ft) deep. It can be found embedded in firm muddy intertidal sediments, seagrass beds, and reef flats along continental and island shores.
Mussel foot proteins (MFP) are proteins secreted by mussels that enable them to securely anchor themselves to other mussels and other underwater structures. The proteins form sticky byssal holdfast fibers (BHF). Species from several families of clams have a byssus, including pen shells (Pinnidae), true mussels (Mytilidae), and Dreissenidae.