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In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force.
Omega baryons are a family of subatomic hadrons which are represented by the symbol
Ω
and are either charge neutral or have a +2, +1 or −1 elementary charge. Additionally, they contain no up or down quarks. Omega baryons containing top quarks are also not expected to be observed. This is because the Standard Model predicts the mean lifetime of top quarks to be roughly 5×10−25 s, which is about a twentieth of the timescale necessary for the strong interactions required for Hadronization, the process by which hadrons form from quarks and gluons.
The top quark, sometimes also referred to as the truth quark, is the most massive of all observed elementary particles. It derives its mass from its coupling to the Higgs field. This coupling yt is very close to unity; in the Standard Model of particle physics, it is the largest (strongest) coupling at the scale of the weak interactions and above. The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and DØ experiments at Fermilab.
A pentaquark is a human-made subatomic particle, consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together; they are not known to occur naturally, or exist outside of experiments specifically carried out to create them.
In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system. It is defined as where is the number of quarks, and is the number of antiquarks. Baryons have a baryon number of +1, mesons have a baryon number of 0, and antibaryons have a baryon number of −1. Exotic hadrons like pentaquarks and tetraquarks are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number.
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.
In particle physics, a tetraquark is an exotic meson composed of four valence quarks. A tetraquark state has long been suspected to be allowed by quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of strong interactions. A tetraquark state is an example of an exotic hadron which lies outside the conventional quark model classification. A number of different types of tetraquark have been observed.
The LHCb experiment is a particle physics detector experiment collecting data at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LHCb is a specialized b-physics experiment, designed primarily to measure the parameters of CP violation in the interactions of b-hadrons. Such studies can help to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. The detector is also able to perform measurements of production cross sections, exotic hadron spectroscopy, charm physics and electroweak physics in the forward region. The LHCb collaborators, who built, operate and analyse data from the experiment, are composed of approximately 1650 people from 98 scientific institutes, representing 22 countries. Vincenzo Vagnoni succeeded on July 1, 2023 as spokesperson for the collaboration from Chris Parkes. The experiment is located at point 8 on the LHC tunnel close to Ferney-Voltaire, France just over the border from Geneva. The (small) MoEDAL experiment shares the same cavern.
In particle physics, quarkonium is a flavorless meson whose constituents are a heavy quark and its own antiquark, making it both a neutral particle and its own antiparticle. The name "quarkonium" is analogous to positronium, the bound state of electron and anti-electron. The particles are short-lived due to matter-antimatter annihilation.
Exotic hadrons are subatomic particles composed of quarks and gluons, but which – unlike "well-known" hadrons such as protons, neutrons and mesons – consist of more than three valence quarks. By contrast, "ordinary" hadrons contain just two or three quarks. Hadrons with explicit valence gluon content would also be considered exotic. In theory, there is no limit on the number of quarks in a hadron, as long as the hadron's color charge is white, or color-neutral.
b-tagging is a method of jet flavor tagging used in modern particle physics experiments. It is the identification of jets originating from bottom quarks.
The DØ experiment was a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. DØ was one of two major experiments located at the Tevatron Collider at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. The Tevatron was the world's highest-energy accelerator from 1983 until 2009, when its energy was surpassed by the Large Hadron Collider. The DØ experiment stopped taking data in 2011, when the Tevatron shut down, but data analysis is still ongoing. The DØ detector is preserved in Fermilab's DØ Assembly Building as part of a historical exhibit for public tours.
The Xi baryons or cascade particles are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have the symbol Ξ and may have an electric charge of +2 e, +1 e, 0, or −1 e, where e is the elementary charge.
Neutral B meson oscillations are one of the manifestations of the neutral particle oscillation, a fundamental prediction of the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the phenomenon of B mesons changing between their matter and antimatter forms before their decay. The
B
s meson can exist as either a bound state of a strange antiquark and a bottom quark, or a strange quark and bottom antiquark. The oscillations in the neutral B sector are analogous to the phenomena that produce long and short-lived neutral kaons.
The
B
s meson is a meson composed of a bottom antiquark and a strange quark. Its antiparticle is the
B
s meson, composed of a bottom quark and a strange antiquark.
The X(3872) is an exotic meson candidate with a mass of 3871.68 MeV/c2 which does not fit into the quark model. It was first discovered in 2003 by the Belle experiment in Japan and later confirmed by several other experimental collaborations. Several theories have been proposed for its nature, such as a mesonic molecule or a diquark-antidiquark pair (tetraquark).
The D mesons are the lightest particle containing charm quarks. They are often studied to gain knowledge on the weak interaction. The strange D mesons (Ds) were called "F mesons" prior to 1986.
The Y(4140) particle is an electrically neutral exotic hadron candidate that is about 4.4 times heavier than the proton. It was observed at Fermilab and announced on 17 March 2009. This particle is extremely rare and was detected in only 20 of billions of collisions.
In particle physics, W′ and Z′ bosons refer to hypothetical gauge bosons that arise from extensions of the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model. They are named in analogy with the Standard Model W and Z bosons.
References
- ↑ "[no title cited]". repository.ubn.ru.nl. 2066/26242.
- ↑ Abulencia, A.; et al. (CDF Collaboration) (2006). "Observation of
B0
s–
B0
s Oscillations". Physical Review Letters . 97 (24): 242003. arXiv: hep-ex/0609040 . Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97x2003A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.242003. PMID 17280271. - ↑ Abazov, V. M.; et al. (D0 Collaboration) (2006). "Direct Limits on the B0
s Oscillation Frequency" (PDF). Physical Review Letters . 97 (2): 021802. arXiv: hep-ex/0603029 . Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97b1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.021802. hdl:10211.3/194397. PMID 16907434. S2CID 11632404. - ↑ "Fermilab's CDF scientists make it official: They have discovered the quick-change behavior of the B-sub-s meson, which switches between matter and antimatter 3 trillion times a second" (Press release). Fermilab. 25 September 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
- ↑ Kotulak, R. (26 September 2006). "Antimatter discovery could alter physics: Particle tracked between real world, spooky realm". Deseret News . Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
- ↑ Overbye, D. (17 May 2010). "From Fermilab, a new clue to explain human existence?". The New York Times . Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ↑ Timmer, J. (29 August 2011). "LHCb detector causes trouble for supersymmetry theory". Ars Technica . Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ↑ CMS Collaboration; LHCb Collaboration (4 June 2015). "Observation of the rare B0
s → μ+ μ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data". Nature. 522 (7554): 68–72. arXiv: 1411.4413 . Bibcode:2015Natur.522...68C. doi:10.1038/nature14474. PMID 26047778. S2CID 4394036. - ↑ Aaij, R.; Beteta, C. Abellán; Adeva, B.; Adinolfi, M.; Affolder, A.; Ajaltouni, Z.; Akar, S.; Albrecht, J. (16 October 2015). "Search for the rare decays B0 → J/ψγ and B0
s → J/ψγ". Physical Review D. 92 (11): 112002. arXiv: 1510.04866 . Bibcode:2015PhRvD..92k2002A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.112002. S2CID 118320485. - ↑ Aaij, R.; et al. (21 February 2017). "Observation of the annihilation decay mode B0 → K+ K−". Physical Review Letters. 118 (8): 47–50. arXiv: 1610.08288 . Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118h1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.081801. PMID 2828221. S2CID 27186492.
