List of quasiparticles

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This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics.

List

Quasiparticles
QuasiparticleSignificationUnderlying particles
AngulonUsed to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015, [1] the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory. [2] [3]
Anyon A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons.exciton
Biexciton A bound state of two free excitons
Bion A bound state of solitons, named for Born–Infeld model soliton
Bipolaron A bound pair of two polaronspolaron
Bogoliubon Broken Cooper pairelectron, hole
Composite fermion Arise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect. [4] electron
Configuron [5] An elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond
Cooper pair A bound pair of two electronselectron
Dirac electron Electrons in graphene behave as relativistic massless Dirac fermionselectron
Dislon A localized collective excitation associated with a dislocation in crystalline solids. [6] It emerges from the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a classical dislocation
DoublonPaired electrons in the same lattice site [7] [8] [9] electrons
Dropleton The first known quasiparticle that behaves like a liquid [10]
DuonQuasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow. [11]
Electron quasiparticle An electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid electron
Electron hole (hole)A lack of electron in a valence band crystal lattice
Exciton A bound state of an electron and a hole (See also: biexciton)electron, hole
Exciton-polariton A bound state of an exciton and a photon.photon, exciton
FerronA quasiparticle that carries heat and polarization, akin to phonon and magnons. [12] [13]
Fracton A collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure.
Fracton (subdimensional particle) An emergent quasiparticle excitation that is immobile when in isolation.
Helical Dirac fermion Dirac electron with spin locked to its translational momentum.Dirac electron
Holon (chargon)A quasi-particle resulting from electron spin-charge separationelectron
Hopfion A topological soliton. 3D counterpart of 2D magnetic skyrmion.
Intersubband polariton Dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures.photon
Leviton A collective excitation of a single electron within a metal
Magnetic monopole Arise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass.
Magnetic skyrmion Statically stable solitons which appear in magnetic materials. In 3D these are sometimes called hopfions.
Magnon A coherent excitation of electron spins in a material
Majorana fermion A quasiparticle equal to its own antiparticle, emerging as a midgap state in certain superconductors
Nematicon A soliton in nematic liquid-crystal media
Orbiton [14] A quasiparticle resulting from electron spin–orbital separation
Oscillon A soliton-like single wave in vibrating media
Pines' demon Collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Named after David Pines electrons
Phason Vibrational modes in a quasicrystal associated with atomic rearrangementscrystal lattice
Phoniton A theoretical quasiparticle which is a hybridization of a localized, long-living phonon and a matter excitation [15] phonon
Phonon Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shiftscrystal lattice
Phonon polariton A coupling between phonon and photons.optical phonon, photon
PlasmaritonCoupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon.plasmon, photon
Plasmaron A quasiparticle emerging from the coupling between a plasmon and a hole plasmon, hole
Plasmon A coherent excitation of a plasma electron
Plexciton Coupling plasmons with excitons
Polaron A moving charged quasiparticle that is surrounded by ions in a materialelectron, phonon
Polariton A mixture of photon with other quasiparticlesphoton, optical phonon
RelaxonA collective phonon excitation [16] Phonon
Rydberg polaron Polarons in ensembles of Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensates.Rydberg atom
Roton Collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex.
Semi-Dirac electron Particle with zero mass gap in one direction of space.electron
Surface magnon polariton Coupling between spin waves and electromagnetic waves.magnon, photon
Surface phonon Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts at the surface.
Surface plasmon A coherent excitation of a plasma at the surface of a metal.
Surface plasmon polariton Coupling between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves.Surface plasmon, photon
Soliton A self-reinforcing solitary excitation wave
Spinon A quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin–charge separation that can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquid
TI-polaron Translational invariant polaronpolaron
Trion A coherent excitation of three quasiparticles (two holes and one electron or two electrons and one hole)electron, hole
TriplonA quasiparticle formed from electrons with triplet state pairing [17] [18] electron
Wrinklon A localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system [19] [20]
Weyl electrons In Weyl semimetals, electrons behave as massless, following the Weyl equation.electron

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polariton</span> Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling

In physics, polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid or liquid matter. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roton</span> Collective excitation in superfluid helium-4 (a quasiparticle)

In theoretical physics, a roton is an elementary excitation, or quasiparticle, seen in superfluid helium-4 and Bose–Einstein condensates with long-range dipolar interactions or spin-orbit coupling. The dispersion relation of elementary excitations in this superfluid shows a linear increase from the origin, but exhibits first a maximum and then a minimum in energy as the momentum increases. Excitations with momenta in the linear region are called phonons; those with momenta close to the minimum are called rotons. Excitations with momenta near the maximum are called maxons.

In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. At present the only confirmed massless particle is the photon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnon</span> Spin 1 quasiparticle; quantum of a spin wave

A magnon is a quasiparticle, a collective excitation of the spin structure of an electron in a crystal lattice. In the equivalent wave picture of quantum mechanics, a magnon can be viewed as a quantized spin wave. Magnons carry a fixed amount of energy and lattice momentum, and are spin-1, indicating they obey boson behavior.

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is the observation of precisely quantized plateaus in the Hall conductance of 2-dimensional (2D) electrons at fractional values of , where e is the electron charge and h is the Planck constant. It is a property of a collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasiparticles, and excitations have a fractional elementary charge and possibly also fractional statistics. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Robert Laughlin, Horst Störmer, and Daniel Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". The microscopic origin of the FQHE is a major research topic in condensed matter physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wigner crystal</span> Solid (crystalline) phase of electrons

A Wigner crystal is the solid (crystalline) phase of electrons first predicted by Eugene Wigner in 1934. A gas of electrons moving in a uniform, inert, neutralizing background will crystallize and form a lattice if the electron density is less than a critical value. This is because the potential energy dominates the kinetic energy at low densities, so the detailed spatial arrangement of the electrons becomes important. To minimize the potential energy, the electrons form a bcc lattice in 3D, a triangular lattice in 2D and an evenly spaced lattice in 1D. Most experimentally observed Wigner clusters exist due to the presence of the external confinement, i.e. external potential trap. As a consequence, deviations from the b.c.c or triangular lattice are observed. A crystalline state of the 2D electron gas can also be realized by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field. However, it is still not clear whether it is the Wigner crystallization that has led to observation of insulating behaviour in magnetotransport measurements on 2D electron systems, since other candidates are present, such as Anderson localization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topological quantum computer</span> Hypothetical fault-tolerant quantum computer based on topological condensed matter

A topological quantum computer is a theoretical type of quantum computer proposed by Russian-American physicist Alexei Kitaev in 1997. It utilizes quasiparticles, known as anyons, in two-dimensional systems. These anyons' world lines intertwine to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime. These braids act as the logic gates of the computer. The primary advantage of using quantum braids over trapped quantum particles is enhanced stability. While small, cumulative perturbations can cause quantum states to decohere and introduce errors in traditional quantum computations, such perturbations do not alter the topological properties of the braids. This stability is akin to the difference between cutting and reattaching a string to form a different braid versus a ball colliding with a wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majorana fermion</span> Fermion that is its own antiparticle

A Majorana fermion or Majorana particle is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore Majorana in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to Dirac fermion, which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles.

A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain compound en masse, in a highly correlated fashion. Unlike a superconductor, however, the electric CDW current often flows in a jerky fashion, much like water dripping from a faucet, due to its electrostatic properties. In a CDW, the combined effects of pinning and electrostatic interactions likely play critical roles in the CDW current's jerky behavior, as discussed in sections 4 & 5 below.

In condensed matter physics, second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. Its presence leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of entropy and temperature is similar to the propagation of pressure waves in air (sound). The phenomenon of second sound was first described by Lev Landau in 1941.

A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect, but subsequently took on a life of their own, exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena.

Spinons are one of three quasiparticles, along with holons and orbitons, that electrons in solids are able to split into during the process of spin–charge separation, when extremely tightly confined at temperatures close to absolute zero. The electron can always be theoretically considered as a bound state of the three, with the spinon carrying the spin of the electron, the orbiton carrying the orbital location and the holon carrying the charge, but in certain conditions they can behave as independent quasiparticles.

The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase can arise in a superconductor under large magnetic fields. Among its characteristics are Cooper pairs with nonzero total momentum and a spatially non-uniform order parameter, leading to normally conducting areas in the system.

In condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samarium hexaboride</span> Chemical compound

Samarium hexaboride (SmB6) is an intermediate-valence compound where samarium is present both as Sm2+ and Sm3+ ions at the ratio 3:7. It is a Kondo insulator having a metallic surface state.

Bose–Einstein condensation can occur in quasiparticles, particles that are effective descriptions of collective excitations in materials. Some have integer spins and can be expected to obey Bose–Einstein statistics like traditional particles. Conditions for condensation of various quasiparticles have been predicted and observed. The topic continues to be an active field of study.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rydberg polaron</span>

A Rydberg polaron is an exotic quasiparticle, created at low temperatures, in which a very large atom contains other ordinary atoms in the space between the nucleus and the electrons. For the formation of this atom, scientists had to combine two fields of atomic physics: Bose–Einstein condensates and Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms are formed by exciting a single atom into a high-energy state, in which the electron is very far from the nucleus. Bose–Einstein condensates are a state of matter that is produced at temperatures close to absolute zero.

The term Dirac matter refers to a class of condensed matter systems which can be effectively described by the Dirac equation. Even though the Dirac equation itself was formulated for fermions, the quasi-particles present within Dirac matter can be of any statistics. As a consequence, Dirac matter can be distinguished in fermionic, bosonic or anyonic Dirac matter. Prominent examples of Dirac matter are graphene and other Dirac semimetals, topological insulators, Weyl semimetals, various high-temperature superconductors with -wave pairing and liquid helium-3. The effective theory of such systems is classified by a specific choice of the Dirac mass, the Dirac velocity, the gamma matrices and the space-time curvature. The universal treatment of the class of Dirac matter in terms of an effective theory leads to a common features with respect to the density of states, the heat capacity and impurity scattering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron-on-helium qubit</span> Quantum bit

An electron-on-helium qubit is a quantum bit for which the orthonormal basis states |0⟩ and |1⟩ are defined by quantized motional states or alternatively the spin states of an electron trapped above the surface of liquid helium. The electron-on-helium qubit was proposed as the basic element for building quantum computers with electrons on helium by Platzman and Dykman in 1999. 

Aron Pinczuk was an Argentine-American experimental condensed matter physicist who was professor of physics and professor of applied physics at Columbia University. He was known for his work on correlated electronic states in two dimensional systems using photoluminescence and resonant inelastic light scattering methods. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

  1. ↑ Schmidt, Richard; Lemeshko, Mikhail (18 May 2015). "Rotation of Quantum Impurities in the Presence of a Many-Body Environment". Physical Review Letters. 114 (20): 203001. arXiv: 1502.03447 . Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114t3001S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.203001. PMID   26047225. S2CID   9111150.
  2. ↑ Lemeshko, Mikhail (27 February 2017). "Quasiparticle Approach to Molecules Interacting with Quantum Solvents". Physical Review Letters. 118 (9): 095301. arXiv: 1610.01604 . Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118i5301L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.095301. PMID   28306270. S2CID   5190749.
  3. ↑ "Existence of a new quasiparticle demonstrated". Phys.org. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Physics Today Article".[ dead link ]
  5. ↑ Angell, C.A.; Rao, K.J. (1972). "Configurational excitations in condensed matter, and "bond lattice" model for the liquid-glass transition". J. Chem. Phys. 57 (1): 470–481. Bibcode:1972JChPh..57..470A. doi:10.1063/1.1677987.
  6. ↑ M. Li, Y. Tsurimaki, Q. Meng, N. Andrejevic, Y. Zhu, G. D. Mahan, and G. Chen, "Theory of electron-phonon-dislon interacting system – toward a quantized theory of dislocations", New J. Phys. (2017) http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aaa383/meta
  7. ↑ Bergan, Brad (2021-06-29). "Physicist Just Discovered a New Quasiparticle". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  8. ↑ Besedin, Ilya S.; Gorlach, Maxim A.; Abramov, Nikolay N.; Tsitsilin, Ivan; Moskalenko, Ilya N.; Dobronosova, Alina A.; Moskalev, Dmitry O.; Matanin, Alexey R.; Smirnov, Nikita S.; Rodionov, Ilya A.; Poddubny, Alexander N.; Ustinov, Alexey V. (2021-06-17). "Topological excitations and bound photon pairs in a superconducting quantum metamaterial". Physical Review B. 103 (22). arXiv: 2006.12794 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.103.224520. ISSN   2469-9950.
  9. ↑ Azcona, P. Martínez; Downing, C. A. (2021-06-15). "Doublons, topology and interactions in a one-dimensional lattice". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91778-z. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   8206211 . PMID   34131200.
  10. ↑ Clara Moskowitz (26 February 2014). "Meet the Dropleton—a "Quantum Droplet" That Acts Like a Liquid". Scientific American . Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  11. ↑ Saeed, Imran; Pak, Hyuk Kyu; Tlusty, Tsvi (2023-01-26). "Quasiparticles, flat bands and the melting of hydrodynamic matter". Nature Physics. 19 (4): 536–544. arXiv: 2203.13615 . Bibcode:2023NatPh..19..536S. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01893-5. ISSN   1745-2481. S2CID   247749037.
  12. ↑ Wooten, Brandi L.; Iguchi, Ryo; Tang, Ping; Kang, Joon Sang; Uchida, Ken-ichi; Bauer, Gerrit; Heremans, Joseph P. (2023-02-03). "Electric field–dependent phonon spectrum and heat conduction in ferroelectrics". Science Advances. 9 (5): eadd7194. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add7194. ISSN   2375-2548. PMC   9891688 . PMID   36724270.
  13. ↑ Gasparini, Allison (2023-02-17). "Researchers Spot a Ferron". Physics. 16: 28. doi: 10.1103/Physics.16.28 . S2CID   257618626.
  14. ↑ J. Schlappa; K. Wohlfeld; K. J. Zhou; M. Mourigal; M. W. Haverkort; V. N. Strocov; L. Hozoi; C. Monney; S. Nishimoto; S. Singh; A. Revcolevschi; J.-S. Caux; L. Patthey; H. M. Rønnow; J. van den Brink; T. Schmitt (2012-04-18). "Spin–orbital separation in the quasi-one-dimensional Mott insulator Sr2CuO3". Nature. 485 (7396): 82–5. arXiv: 1205.1954 . Bibcode:2012Natur.485...82S. doi:10.1038/nature10974. PMID   22522933. S2CID   43990784.
  15. ↑ "Introducing the Phoniton: a tool for controlling sound at the quantum level". University of Maryland Department of Physics. Retrieved 26 Feb 2014.
  16. ↑ McGaughey, Alan (2016-10-17). "Relaxons Heat Up Thermal Transport". Physics. 9: 118. arXiv: 1603.02608 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041013.
  17. ↑ Drost, Robert; Kezilebieke, Shawulienu; Lado, Jose L.; Liljeroth, Peter (2023-08-22). "Real-Space Imaging of Triplon Excitations in Engineered Quantum Magnets" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 131 (8): 086701. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.086701. PMID   37683177. S2CID   256194268.
  18. ↑ McRae, Mike (2023-08-25). "Waves of Entanglement Seen Rippling Through a Quantum Magnet For The First Time". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  19. ↑ Johnson, Hamish. "Introducing the 'wrinklon'". Physics World . Retrieved 26 Feb 2014.
  20. ↑ Meng, Lan; Su, Ying; Geng, Dechao; Yu, Gui; Liu, Yunqi; Dou, Rui-Fen; Nie, Jia-Cai; He, Lin (2013). "Hierarchy of graphene wrinkles induced by thermal strain engineering". Applied Physics Letters. 103 (25): 251610. arXiv: 1306.0171 . Bibcode:2013ApPhL.103y1610M. doi:10.1063/1.4857115. S2CID   119234537.
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