Bullock Creek | |
---|---|
Native name | Punungairo (Māori) |
Location | |
Country | New Zealand |
Region | West Coast |
District | Buller |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Paparoa Range |
• coordinates | 42°07′25″S171°31′21″E / 42.1235°S 171.5225°E |
Mouth | Pororari Lagoon |
• coordinates | 42°06′02″S171°20′26″E / 42.10061°S 171.34053°E |
• elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
Basin features | |
Progression | Bullock Creek → Pororari Lagoon → Tasman Sea |
Tributaries | |
• right | Bovis Creek |
Waterbodies | Taurus major submergence |
Bullock Creek or Punungairo [1] is a river valley in the Paparoa National Park, located just north of Punakaiki on the West Coast of New Zealand. It includes a rare and nationally significant polje, a large, flat-floored depression within karst limestone. The Bullock Creek polje is New Zealand's only example of this type of landform. [2]
Bullock Creek Road leaves State Highway 6 around 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the visitor centre at Punakaiki. It is a 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long gravel road that provides access to the polje area and to the mid-point of the Inland Pack Track. The road is prone to flooding and washouts during heavy rain. [3] The end of Bullock Creek Road also provides access to the walking track to Cave Creek / Kotihotiho. Cave Creek is most known for the 1995 Cave Creek disaster, in which 14 people died following the collapse of a viewing platform.
The tributaries of Bullock Creek, Pororari River to the south, and Fox River to the north all drain from high up on the Paparoa Range. However, comparison of the longitudinal profile of elevation of Bullock Creek with that of Pororari River and Fox River shows a marked difference. Bullock Creek rises steeply between 2 and 4 km in from the coast. A landslide has impounded the flow of the river and caused alluvium to build up, raising the elevation by 60 m. This has increased the hydraulic gradient from Bullock Creek to the Pororari River leading to increased subterranean flows. The entire flow of Bullock Creek can sink underground at the Taurus Major submergence, close to the end of the Bullock Creek road. The water flows 1.5 km underground to a resurgence in the Cave Creek canyon. [4] The underground flows are an example of river capture. The flow of water underground from Bullock Creek to Cave Creek was demonstrated in 1974 with a fluorescein dye test proving the connection. [5]
There are many caves in the Bullock Creek area, formed as a result of karst erosion. The main Bullock Creek caves (named Telluris and Winding Staircase) are former submergence caves of Bullock Creek and are part of a larger system named Xanadu. In dry conditions, Bullock Creek submerges entirely at the Taurus Major Submergence, where the stream meets limestone on the west side of the Punakaiki syncline. In flood conditions, the river overflows at the first submergence and then floods a series of smaller submergences further down the valley. Many of the caves are flooded during and after heavy rain. [6]
Bullock Creek includes a rare and nationally significant polje, a large enclosed depression with steep sides and a flat floor, caused by subsidence in a karst region. The Bullock Creek polje is New Zealand's only example of this type of landform. [2] In its West Coast Conservation Management Strategy 2010–2020, the Department of Conservation stated that a desired outcome would be for the Bullock Creek polje to become a wetland designated under the Ramsar Convention. [7]
Early settlers moved into the polje area in 1874 and began felling the forest and clearing native wetland vegetation to plant pasture for grazing. [8] A series of drains were constructed across the wetland, and by around 1900 there was only 100 hectares (250 acres) of wetland vegetation remaining. The entire area is prone to inundation in heavy rainfall, as water from underground passages overflows and re-emerges at the surface. Despite the construction of the drains, the area remained very wet. [2] Dairy farming in the area continued beyond the 1960s, and a Field Day was held onsite on 25 June 1969 for farmers from the Grey Valley Farm Improvement Club. [9] However, in 1986, when farming was no longer economic, the area was transferred into public ownership as conservation land. [2]
In April 2014, Cyclone Ita brought very strong winds to the West Coast along with heavy rain. The storm caused widespread damage and led to the closure of parts of the Inland Pack Track for two years. In 2016, the section of the track between Fox River and Bullock Creek was re-opened after the clearance of around 400 fallen trees. [10]
In 2020, the Minister of Conservation, Kiri Allan announced projects in Paparoa National Park that included conserving the Bullock Creek polje. The work was to be led by Conservation Volunteers New Zealand and the Department of Conservation. [11] Planting in the area began in 2020, with support from Te Uru Rākau, the One Billion Trees programme. [12]
The Bullock Creek Farm Conservation Area is surrounded by Paparoa National Park, but as at 2022 is not part of the National Park. The Conservation Area includes the Kotihotiho/Cave Creek resurgence and Punungairo/Bullock Creek polje. [13] The Paparoa National Park Management Plan 2017 describes the possibility of adding this unique area to the Park to protect its values. [14]
The Bullock Creek valley has become a popular location for sport climbing, with 88 routes as at 2022. The first routes were developed in 1985–86, but larger scale development did not occur until 2014. The crags are mostly north-facing, and accessed from the true left of Bullock Creek. Some names given to popular crags include: The Aboretum, The Coloseum and Hanging Gardens. [15]
Paparoa National Park is on the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The park was established in 1987 and encompasses 430 km2 (170 sq mi). The park ranges from or near the coastline to the peaks of the Paparoa Range. A separate section of the park lies to the north and is centred at Ananui Creek. The park protects a limestone karst area. The park contains several caves, of which Metro Cave / Te Ananui Cave is a commercial tourist attraction. The majority of the park is forested with a wide variety of vegetation. The park was the site of the 1995 Cave Creek disaster where fourteen people died as a result of the collapse of a scenic viewing platform.
Punakaiki is a small village on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located between Westport and Greymouth on State Highway 6, the only through-road on the West Coast. Punakaiki is immediately adjacent to Paparoa National Park, and is also the access point for a popular visitor attraction, the Pancake Rocks and Blowholes.
The Westland petrel(Procellaria westlandica),, also known as the Westland black petrel, is a moderately large seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae, that is endemic to New Zealand. Described by Robert Falla in 1946, it is a stocky bird weighing approximately 1,100 grams (39 oz), and is one of the largest of the burrowing petrels. It is a dark blackish-brown colour with black legs and feet. It has a pale yellow bill with a dark tip.
The Paparoa Range is a mountain range in the West Coast region of New Zealand's South Island. It was the first New Zealand land seen by a European – Abel Tasman in 1642. Part of the range has the country's highest protection as a national park; the Paparoa National Park was established in 1987. Within that park, the Cave Creek disaster occurred in 1995.
The Nambung River is a river in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 170 kilometres (106 mi) north of Perth. The river drains an area between the towns of Cervantes and Badgingarra. In its lower reaches the Nambung River forms a chain of waterholes in the Nambung Wetlands where it disappears underground into a limestone karst system 5.5 kilometres (3 mi) from the Indian Ocean.
The Pororari River, with an older spelling of Porarari, is a river of the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows northwest from its sources in the Paparoa Range, reaching the Tasman Sea at Punakaiki via Pororari Lagoon. Cave Creek / Kotihotiho is a tributary to the river. There are opportunities to tramp along this river, with two different options accommodating multi-hour loop walks. Further upstream, the Pororari River is followed by the new Paparoa Track, which provides an opportunity for multi-day tramping or mountain biking.
The Punakaiki River is a river of the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows predominantly northwest from its sources in the Paparoa Range, reaching the Tasman Sea two kilometres south of the town of Punakaiki. Most of the river's length is within Paparoa National Park.
The Fox River is a river in the Buller District of New Zealand. It arises in the Paparoa Range near Mount Dewar and flows north-west through the Paparoa National Park to the Tasman Sea at Woodpecker Bay. The river passes through a spectacular gorge. The northern branch of the river has limestone caves containing stalactite and stalagmite formations.
The Metro / Te Ananui Caves are a maze of limestone caves formed by the underground capture of Ananui Creek, a tributary of the Waitakere / Nile River. The caves are located in the Paparoa National Park in New Zealand, managed by the Department of Conservation. Parts of the cave system are accessible by cave tours and rafting, operated by a commercial tour operator out of Charleston.
The Paparoa Track is a 55.7 km (34.6 mi) shared hiking and mountain biking track located in Paparoa National Park in the South Island of New Zealand. The track was created as a memorial for the 29 miners who lost their lives in the Pike River Mine disaster. The track is the tenth Great Walk to be created and has been fully open since 1 March 2020. It was the first addition to the Great Walks in 25 years.
Cave Creek / Kotihotiho is a small river within Paparoa National Park, on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island.
Punakaiki Marine Reserve is a marine reserve administered by the Department of Conservation. The reserve includes the area of sea surrounding the pancake rocks and blowholes at Dolomite Point, at Punakaiki on the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It also includes most of the coastline on the western edge of Paparoa National Park.
The Barrytown Flats are a 17 km (11 mi) coastal plain north of Greymouth on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. A series of postglacial shorelines and dunes backed by a former sea cliff, they was originally covered with wetland and lowland forest, including numerous nīkau palms. The sands were extensively sluiced and dredged for gold from the 1860s, centred on the small settlement of Barrytown. The drier areas of the flats have been converted into pasture, but significant areas of forest remain, including Nikau Scenic Reserve. The flats are bordered by Paparoa National Park and the only breeding site of the Westland petrel. There are significant deposits of ilmenite in the Barrytown sands, and there have been several mining proposals, but the possible environmental consequences have been contentious.
The Ballroom Overhang is a large limestone outcrop on the Fox River in Paparoa National Park, in the Buller District of New Zealand. The Ballroom Overhang provides a sheltered place for resting or overnight camping. The overhang is 10 m (33 ft) at its highest point, 100 m (330 ft) long, and 30 m (98 ft) at its widest point.
The Pancake Rocks and Blowholes are a coastal rock formation at Punakaiki on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. They are a popular visitor attraction.
The Inland Pack Track is a trail in the Paparoa National Park on West Coast of New Zealand. The full length of the trail commences at the Punakaiki River in the south, and ends at the mouth of the Fox River in the north. It takes two or three days to complete the track.
The Pike29 Memorial Track is a hiking track located near the Paparoa National Park in the Grey District of the South Island of New Zealand. The track was created as a memorial for the 29 miners who lost lives in the Pike River Mine disaster. The track is a branch of the Paparoa Track, the tenth Great Walk created. Both tracks were originally scheduled to open in 2018. The Pike29 Memorial Track opened in February 2024, four years after the Paparoa Track. The Pike River Mine portal features a memorial and interpretation centre.
The Waitakere / Nile River is a river on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It rises in the Paparoa Range and flows through a limestone karst landscape in a roughly northwest direction for its entire length, reaching the Tasman Sea just north of Charleston. The river and its surrounds are a popular tourist destination, particularly for a bush train along the river's canyon and caving through the nearby Metro / Te Ananui Caves. The lower reaches of the river are also a popular fishing spot, particularly for brown trout.
The Fenian Track is a historic walking track in Kahurangi National Park, in the West Coast Region of New Zealand. The track was originally constructed as a bridle track, to provide improved access to a gold mining site in Fenian Creek. Gold was discovered in the creek in the 1860s, but the bulk of the West Coast gold rush was happening at more accessible claims further south, so it took nearly twenty years for mining to begin. Construction of the path began at Market Cross, Karamea, in 1876, but it was not completed all the way to Fenian Creek until 1904. Returns from gold mining here were poor; although mining revived in the 1930s during the Great Depression, even with government assistance it was not a profitable claim.
{{cite book}}
: |website=
ignored (help){{cite book}}
: |website=
ignored (help)