Title page of report of the 1662 Trial, incorrectly dated as 1664.
The Bury St Edmunds witch trials were a series of trials conducted intermittently between the years 1599 and 1694 in the town of Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, England.
Two specific trials in 1645 and 1662 became historically well known. The 1645 trial "facilitated" by the Witchfinder General saw 18 people executed in one day. The judgment by the future Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Sir Matthew Hale in the 1662 trial acted as a powerful influence on the continuing persecution of witches in England and similar persecutions in the American Colonies.[1]
Jurisdiction
As well as being the seat of county assizes, Bury St Edmunds had been a site for both piepowder courts and court assizes, the latter since the Abbey was given a Liberty, namely the Liberty of St Edmund.[2][3][4] For the purposes of civil government the town and the remainder (or "body") of the county were quite distinct, each providing a separate grand jury to the assizes.[5]
Early trials
The first recorded account of a witch trial at Bury St Edmunds Suffolk was of one held in 1599 when Jone Jordan of Shadbrook (Stradbroke[6]) and Joane Nayler were tried, but there is no record of the charges or verdicts. In the same year, Oliffe Bartham of Shadbrook was executed,[7] for "sending three toads to destroy the rest (sleep[8]) of Joan Jordan".[6]
The 1645 trial
The trial was instigated by Matthew Hopkins, the self-proclaimed Witchfinder General,[9] and conducted at a special court under John Godbolt.[10] There was much to keep the minds of Parliamentarians busy at this time, with the Royalist Army heading towards Cambridgeshire, but concern about the events unfolding were being voiced. A report was carried to the Parliament that the witch-hunters were extracting confessions through torture; therefore, a special commission of oyer and terminer was formed, to ensure a fair trial.[11] On 27 August 1645, no fewer than 18 people were executed by hanging at Bury St Edmunds. 16 of the 18 people executed that day were women.[11] The executed were:
Anne Alderman, Rebecca Morris and Mary Bacon of Chattisham
It has been estimated that all of the English witch trials between the early 15th and early 18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions; in which case this one trial, with its 18 executions, accounted for more than 3.6% of the total.[13]
Witch Finder General, from a broadside published by Matthew Hopkins before 1650.
According to John Stearn(e),[14] known at various times as the witch–hunter,[15][16] and "witch pricker",[17] associate to Matthew Hopkins, in his book A Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft, there were one hundred and twenty others in gaol awaiting trial; of these 17 were men.[18]Thomas Ady in 1656 wrote of "about a hundred",[19] though others record "almost 200".[20] Following a three-week adjournment made necessary by the advancing King's Army,[21] the second sitting of the court resulted in 68other "condemnations";[21][22] though reports say "mass executions of sixty or seventy witches".[23][24] Both Hopkins and Stearne treated the search for witches and their trials as military campaigns, as shown in their choice of language in both seeking support for and reporting their endeavours.[25] After the trial and execution the Moderate Intelligencer, a parliamentary paper published during the English Civil War, in an editorial of 4–11 September 1645, expressed unease with the affairs in Bury:
But whence is it that Devils should choose to be conversant with silly Women that know not their right hands from their left, is the great wonder... The(y) will meddle with none but poore old women: as appears by what we receive this day from Bury... Divers[26] are condemned and some executed and more like to be. Life is precious and there is need of great inquisition before it is taken away.[25][27]
1655 Trial
Another recorded witch trial in Bury St Edmunds was in 1655 when a mother and daughter by the name of Boram were tried and were said to have been hanged.
The 1662 trial
...especially in these times, wherein things of this nature are so much controverted, and that by persons of much learning on both sides.[28]
Decrying the controversial ("so much controverted") nature of views on witchcraft and witch-phobia, even during the 17th century, the original pamphlet about the proceedings in 1662 A Tryal of Witches was only printed anonymously, and not until twenty years later.[28] The original writer is described as having sat in on the proceedings and taken an account "for his own satisfaction" before passing it to another anonymous "private Gentleman's hands in the country" who later passed it to the anonymous publisher of the work who printed it 1682.[29] Thus the three different people in this chain all chose to remain anonymous.
The trial began on 10 March 1662,[30] when two elderly widows, Rose Cullender and Amy Duny (or Deny or Denny), living in Lowestoft, were accused of witchcraft by their neighbours and faced 13 charges of the bewitching of several young children between the ages of a few months to 18 years old, resulting in one death.[31] They may have been aware of each other, inhabiting a small town,[32] but Cullender was from a property-owning family, whilst Denny was the widow of a labourer.[33] The charge of witchcraft was first brought against them by a Lowestoft merchant, Samuel Pacy,[34] who claimed that both women had separately called at his house to purchase herring, but had been upset to be turned away. Pacy accused the women of causing the afflictions of his two daughters, Elizabeth and Deborah, age eleven and nine respectively.[35] Pacy's sister Margaret also testified against the women.[36] They were tried at the Assize held in Bury St Edmunds under the auspices of the Witchcraft Act 1603,[37] by a well-respected judge Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.[38]
Thomas Browne attended the trial and was called upon to give his opinion.[39][40] His opinion was that the accused persons were bewitched and he related similar events that had recently occurred in Denmark. These views may have influenced the jury to bring a guilty verdict .[41][42] He had expressed his belief in the existence of witches twenty years earlier,[41] and that only: "they that doubt of these, do not only deny them, but spirits; and are obliquely, and upon consequence a sort not of infidels, but atheists"[43] in his work Religio Medici, published in 1643:
... how so many learned heads should so far forget their metaphysics, and destroy the ladder and scale of creatures, as to question the existence of spirits: for my part, I have ever believed, and do now know, that there are witches;
According to the pamphlet, the judge instructed the jury they only "had two things to enquire after. First, whether or no these children were bewitched? Secondly, whether the prisoners at the bar were guilty of it?" They were convicted on Thursday March 13, 1662 (Julian) and executed four days later at Bury St Edmunds on 17 March 1662.[44]
The 1682 pamphlet A Tryal of Witches erroneously dates the trial as March 1664, both on the front page and introduction. Original documents in the Public Record Office[45] and other contemporary records clearly states it took place in the 14th year of the reign of Charles II (30 January 1662 to 29 January 1663).[46][47]
We may see the witchcrafts here most exactly resemble the witchcrafts there;... And it is here the rather mentioned, because it was a trial much considered by the judges of New England .[51]
Cotton Mather's father, Clergyman Increase Mather was President of Harvard College during the trials at Salem (he was awarded Harvard's first doctorate during this time) and he also mentions the trials at Bury as a precedent in a work dated 3 October 1692.[52]
Clergyman John Hale, writing five years after the Salem trials, notes that the Salem area clergy and judges consulted and referenced seven different works including an earlier (1689) work by Cotton Mather Memorable Providences and Sir Matthew Hale's description of the Suffolk trials A Tryal of Witches.[53]
Hutchinson's Defense of the Accused
In a book published in 1718, Francis Hutchinson, a minister at the parish in Bury St Edmunds, re-visits these trials in taking up the cause of the accused.[54] Hutchinson also includes discussion of the trials at Salem in 1692, stating that he relies on a work that shares a similar sentiment by Robert Calef.[55] (Calef had been born and raised in Stanstead, England, only 11 miles south of Bury, before emigrating to Boston, Massachusetts.[56] Hutchinson does not mention this about Calef, and it is unclear if he was aware of it.)
An example of Hutchinson's clear-eyed defence can be found in his treatment of the case against Amy Duny. Hutchinson notes that she had every right to scold the man who had, after all, run into the corner of her house with a cart:[57]
And I ask, is it not likely there was either a jadish horse or a silly driver that belonged to that cart? For before the poor woman had spoken to them that cart could not keep the road but ran against her house. And without any witchcraft might not the same jadish horse or bad driver make it go wrong afterward as well as before? But this witness adds that the cart was set fast in a Gate-head, though it did not not touch the posts, as far as they could perceive. But if it did not touch the posts what made them cut the post down? Will cutting down a post that is not touched dissolve a charm? But they make themselves ridiculous, that they might lay blame upon this poor woman.
Last trial
The last was in 1694 when Lord Chief Justice Sir John Holt, "who did more than any other man in English history to end the prosecution of witches",[58] forced the acquittal of Mother Munnings' of Hartis (Hartest[59]) on charges of prognostications causing death.[60] The chief charge was 17 years old, the second brought by a man on his way home from an alehouse. Sir John "so well directed the jury that she was acquitted".[61]
Cotton Mather was a New England Puritan child prodigy, clergyman, theologian, and writer. Beginning his Harvard College undergraduate education at age twelve, he is the youngest person ever to be admitted there. In 1685, he joined his father, Increase Mather, who eventually became the sixth President of Harvard, as minister of the Congregationalist Old North Meeting House of Boston. He preached there for the rest of his life. Cotton Mather is remembered as one of the most influential Puritan ministers of his day, and was overall, a highly influential figure in early America.
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than 200 people were accused. Thirty people were found guilty, 19 of whom were executed by hanging. One other man, Giles Corey, died under torture after refusing to enter a plea, and at least five people died in jail.
Matthew Hopkins was an English witch-hunter whose career flourished during the English Civil War. He was mainly active in East Anglia and claimed to hold the office of Witchfinder General, although that title was never bestowed by Parliament.
Francis Hutchinson was a British minister in Bury St Edmunds when he wrote a famous book debunking witchcraft prosecutions and subsequently was made Bishop of Down and Connor in Ireland.
Increase Mather was a New England Puritan clergyman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and president of Harvard College for twenty years (1681–1701). He was influential in the administration of the colony during a time that coincided with the notorious Salem witch trials.
Spectral evidence is a form of legal evidence based upon the testimony of those who claim to have experienced visions.
Michael Wigglesworth (1631–1705) was a Puritan minister, physician, and poet whose poem The Day of Doom was a bestseller in early New England.
Bridget Bishop was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. Nineteen were hanged, and one, Giles Corey, was pressed to death. Altogether, about 200 people were tried.
George Burroughs was a non-ordained Puritan preacher who was the only minister executed for witchcraft during the course of the Salem witch trials. He is remembered especially for reciting the Lord's Prayer during his execution, something it was believed a witch could never do.
Mary Webster was a resident of colonial New England who was accused of witchcraft and was the target of an attempted lynching by friends of the accuser.
Goody Ann Glover was an Irish former indentured servant and the last person to be hanged in Boston as a witch, although the Salem witch trials in nearby Salem, Massachusetts, occurred mainly in 1692.
Robert Calef was a cloth merchant in colonial Boston. He was the author of More Wonders of the Invisible World, a book composed throughout the mid-1690s denouncing the recent Salem witch trials of 1692–1693 and particularly examining the influential role played by Cotton Mather.
Deodat Lawson was a British American minister in Salem Village from 1684 to 1688 and is famous for a 10-page pamphlet describing the witchcraft accusations in the early spring of 1692. The pamphlet was billed as "collected by Deodat Lawson" and printed within the year in Boston, Massachusetts.
Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis of Eye was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1662 when he inherited the peerage as Baron Cornwallis.
John Stearne was an associate of self-styled "Witchfinder General" Matthew Hopkins, who was active during the English Civil War. The duo's activities were heavily fictionalized in the 1968 horror film Witchfinder-General. Stearne was known at various times as the witch-hunter, and "witch pricker".
Sarah Cloyce was among the many accused during Salem Witch Trials including two of her older sisters, Rebecca Nurse and Mary Eastey, who were both executed. Cloyce was about 50-years-old at the time and was held without bail in cramped prisons for many months before her release.
Ivan Bunn is a British historian and author. He is from Lowestoft, Suffolk.
John Gaule was an English Puritan cleric, now remembered for his partially sceptical views on astrology, witchcraft and hermetic philosophy.
In a letter dated September 2, 1692, Cotton Mather wrote to judge William Stoughton. Among the notable things about this letter is the provenance: it seems to be the last important correspondence from Mather to surface in modern times, with the holograph manuscript not arriving in the archives for scholars to view, and authenticate, until sometime between 1978 and 1985.
↑ A detailed account of Hopkins and his fellow witchfinder John Stearne can be found in Malcolm Gaskill's Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy (Harvard, 2005). The duo's activities were portrayed, unreliably but entertainingly, in the 1968 cult classic Witchfinder-General (US: The Conqueror Worm).
↑ reign = actual: 29 May 1660 – 6 February 1685 but according to royalists de jure from 30 January 1649 the day of execution of his father. At this time the new year did not occur until March, so the father's death (and Charles II succession) would have been recorded as 1648. Further clarification if required
Robbins, Rossell Hope (1959). The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology. London: Peter Nevill Limited. ISBN978-0-517-36245-7.
Seth, Robert (1969). Children Against Witches. London: Robert Hale Co. ISBN978-0-7091-0603-6.
Sharpe, James (2002). "The Lancaster witches in historical context". In Poole, Robert (ed.). The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp.1–18. ISBN978-0-7190-6204-9.
Thomas, Keith (1971). Religion and the Decline of Magic – studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century England. London: Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-013744-6.
Wright, Pip & Joy (2005). Witches in and around Suffolk. Stowmarket: Paw-print Publishing. ISBN978-0-9548298-1-0.
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